The effects of age and physical health on processing speed in HIV

References

• Becker, J. T., Lopez, O. L., Dew, M. A., & Aizenstein, H. J. (2004). Prevalence of cognitive disorders differs as a function of age in HIV virus infection. AIDS, 18 (Suppl. 1), S11–S18. doi:00002030-200418001-00003[pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton, A., Hamsher, K., Varney, N., & Spreen, O. (1983). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: a clinical manual. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, J. R., & Spreen, O. (1989). Predicting premorbid IQ: A revision of the national adult reading test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 129–136. doi: 10.1080/13854048908403285
   Google Scholar
• Bryan, J., Luszcz, M. A., & Crawford, J. R. (1997). Verbal knowledge and speed of information processing as mediators of age differences in verbal fluency performance among older adults. Psychology and aging, 12(3), 473–478.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, C., Woods, S., Rippeth, J., Gonzalez, R., Moore, D., Marcotte, T., … HNRC Group. (2004). Initial validation of a screening battery for the detection of HIV-associated cognitive impairment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18(2), 234–248. doi: 10.1080/13854040490501448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cysique, L. A., Maruff, P., & Brew, B. J. (2006). The neuropsychological profile of symptomatic AIDS and ADC patients in the pre-HAART era: A meta-analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12(3), 368–382. doi: 10.1017/S1355617706060401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). Delis–Kaplan executive function system. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Earles, J. L., & Salthouse, T. A. (1995). Interrelations of age, health, and speed. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 50(1), P33–P41. doi: 10.1093/geronb/50B.1.P33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Effros, R. B., Fletcher, C. V., Gebo, K., Halter, J. B., Hazzard, W. R., Horne, F. M., … High, K. P. (2008). Aging and infectious diseases: Workshop on HIV infection and aging: What is known and future research directions. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 47(4), 542–553. doi:10.1086/590150
   Google Scholar
• Ettenhofer, M. L., Hinkin, C., Castellon, S., Durvasula, R., Ullman, J., Lam, M., … Foley, J. (2009). Aging, neurocognition, and medication adherence in HIV infection. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(4), 281–290. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31819431bd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state.” A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. doi:0022-3956(75)90026-6[pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, D. J., & Hinkin, C. H. (2002a). Reaction time performance in adults with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(7), 912–929. doi: 10.1076/jcen.24.7.912.8391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, D. J., & Hinkin, C. H. (2002b). Reaction time slowing in adults with HIV: results of a meta-analysis using brinley plots. Brain and Cognition, 50(1), 25–34. doi:S0278262602000076[pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, D. J., Hinkin, C., Satz, P., Stenquist, P. K., Van Gorp, W., & Moore, L. H. (1999). Age differences and neurocognitive performance in HIV-infected adults. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 28(2), 94–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., Butters, N., White, D. A., Kirson, D., Atkinson, J. H., … the HNRC Group. (1995). The HNRC 500 – Neuropsychology of HIV infection at different disease stages. HIV neurobehavioral research center. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1(3), 231–251. doi: 10.1017/S1355617700000230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heaton, R. K., Marcotte, T. D., Mindt, M. R., Sadek, J., Moore, D. J., Bentley, H., … HNRC Group. (2004). The impact of HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment on everyday functioning. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(3), 317–331. doi:10.1017/S1355617704102130S1355617704102130[pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurica, P. J., Leitten, C. L., & Mattis, S. (2001). Dementia Rating Scale – 2. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Klove, H. (1963). Clinical neuropsychology. Medical Clinics of North America, 47, 1647–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, A. J., Hardy, D. J., Barclay, T. R., Reinhard, M. J., Cole, M. M., & Hinkin, C. H. (2008). Elements of attention in HIV-infected adults: Evaluation of an existing model. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(1), 53–62. doi:773143962[pii]10.1080/13803390601186684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorente, A. M., Miller, E. N., D'Elia, L. F., Selnes, O. A., Wesch, J., Becker, J. T., & Satz, P. (1998). Slowed information processing in HIV-1 disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20(1), 60–72. doi: 10.1076/jcen.20.1.60.1489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowd, J., Hoffman, L., Rozek, E., Lyons, K. E., Pahwa, R., Burns, J., & Kemper, S. (2011). Understanding verbal fluency in healthy aging, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychology, 25(2), 210–225. doi:10.1037/a0021531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellgren, A., Norkrans, G., Hagberg, L., Dunlop, O., Wejstal, R., & Gisslen, M. (2000). Slowed reaction time in HIV-1-infected patients without AIDS. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 102(3), 169–174. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.102003169.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed, M. A., Barker, P. B., Skolasky, R. L., Selnes, O. A., Moxley, R. T., Pomper, M. G., & Sacktor, N. C. (2010). Brain metabolism and cognitive impairment in HIV infection: A 3-T magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 28(9), 1251–1257. doi:10.1016/j.mri.2010.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi, P., & Näätänen, R. (1981). Foreperiod and simple reaction time. Psychological Bulletin, 89(1), 133–162. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.89.1.133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogunrin, A. O., Odiase, F. E., & Ogunniyi, A. (2007). Reaction time in patients with HIV/AIDS and correlation with CD4 count: A case-control study. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101(5), 517–522. doi:S0035-9203(06)00328-2[pii]10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reger, M., Welsh, R., Razani, J., Martin, D. J., & Boone, K. B. (2002). A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological sequelae of HIV infection. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(3), 410–424. doi: 10.1017/S1355617702813212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revicki, D. A., Sorensen, S., & Wu, A. W. (1998). Reliability and validity of physical and mental health summary scores from the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey. Medical Care, 36(2), 126–137. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199802000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda, S., Raboud, J., Mustard, C., Bayoumi, A., Lavis, J. N., & Rourke, S. B. (2011). Employment status is associated with both physical and mental health quality of life in people living with HIV. AIDS Care, 23(4), 435–443. doi:932783804[pii]10.1080/09540121.2010.507952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). Verbal fluency A compendium of neuropsychological tests (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tozzi, V., Balestra, P., Galgani, S., Murri, R., Bellagamba, R., Narciso, P., … Wu, A. W. (2003). Neurocognitive performance and quality of life in patients with HIV infection. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 19(8), 643–652. doi:10.1089/088922203322280856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valcour, V., Paul, R., Neuhaus, J., & Shikuma, C. (2011). The effects of age and HIV on neuropsychological performance. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(1), 190–195. doi:S1355617710001438[pii]10.1017/S1355617710001438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallesi, A., Shallice, T., & Walsh, V. (2007). Role of the prefrontal cortex in the foreperiod effect: TMS evidence for dual mechanisms in temporal preparation. Cerebral Cortex, 17(2), 466–474. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance, D. E., Fazeli, P. L., Ross, L. A., Wadley, V. G., & Ball, K. K. (2012). Speed of processing training with middle-age and older adults with HIV: A pilot study. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 23(6), 500–510. doi:S1055-3290(12)00008-8[pii]10.1016/j.jana.2012.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance, D. E., Wadley, V. G., Crowe, M. G., Raper, J. L., & Ball, K. K. (2011). Cognitive and everyday functioning in older and younger adults with and without HIV. Clinical Gerontology, 34(5), 413–426. doi:10.1080/07317115.2011.588545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhaeghen, P., & Cerella, J. (2008). Everything we know about aging and response times. In S. M. Hofer & D. F. Alwin (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive aging (pp. 134–150). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Wolinsky, F. D., Mahncke, H., Vander Weg, M. W., Martin, R., Unverzagt, F. W., Ball, K. K., … Tennstedt, S. L. (2010). Speed of processing training protects self-rated health in older adults: Enduring effects observed in the multi-site ACTIVE randomized controlled trial. International Psychogeriatrics, 22(3), 470–478. doi:S1041610209991281[pii]10.1017/S1041610209991281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, A. W., Revicki, D. A., Jacobsen, D., & Malitz, F. E. (1997). Evidence for reliability, validity and usefulness of the medical outcomes Study HIV health survey (MOS-HIV). Quality of Life Research, 6(6), 481–493. doi: 10.1023/A:1018451930750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar