Relationship between network operators and risky sex behaviors among female versus transgender commercial sex workers in Pakistan

References

• Abdool, K. Q., Abdool, K. S., & Nkomokazi, J. (1991). Sexual behaviour and knowledge of AIDS among urban black mothers. Implications for AIDS intervention programmes. South African Medical Journal=Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde, 80(7), 340–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altaf, A., Zahidie, A., & Agha, A. (2012). Comparing risk factors of HIV among hijra sex workers in Larkana and other cities of Pakistan: An analytical cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 279–287. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, C. H., Faxelid, E., Sychaerun, V., & Phrasisombath, K. (2015). Determinants of consistent condom use among female sex workers in Savannakhet. Lao PDR. BMC Women’s Health, 15(63), 1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baral, S., Beyrer, C., Muessig, K., Poteat, T., Wirtz, A. L., Decker, M. R., & Kerrigan, D. (2012). Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12(7), 538–549. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70066-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basuki, E., Wolffers, I., Devillé, W., Erlaini, N., Luhpuri, D., Hargono, R., & Beelen, N. v. (2002). Reasons for not using condoms among female sex workers in Indonesia. AIDS Education and Prevention, 14(2), 102–116. doi: 10.1521/aeap.14.2.102.23901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankenship, K. M., West, B. S., Kershaw, T. S., & Biradavolu, M. R. (2008). Power, community mobilization, and condom use practices among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. AIDS (London, England), 22(5), S109–S116. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000343769.92949.dd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S. Y. P., & Holroyd, E. (2007). The influence of power, poverty and Agency in the negotiation of condom Use for female sex workers in Mainland China. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 9(5), 489–503. doi: 10.1080/13691050701220446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmanuel, F., Thompson, L. H., Athar, U., Salim, M., Sonia, A., Akhtar, N., & Blanchard, J. F. (2013). The organisation, operational dynamics and structure of female sex work in Pakistan. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 89, ii29–ii33. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, C., & Lambert, H. (2008). The limits of behaviour change theory: Condom use and contexts of HIV risk in the Kolkata sex industry. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(1), 27–41. doi: 10.1080/13691050701561393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghose, T., Swendeman, D., George, S., & Chowdhury, D. (2008). Mobilizing collective identity to reduce HIV risk among sex workers in Sonagachi, India: The boundaries, consciousness, negotiation framework. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 67(2), 311–320. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, G. R., Weiss, E., & Whelan, D. (1996). Women and AIDS: building a new HIV prevention strategy. Popline. Retrieved from http://www.popline.org/node/300289
   Google Scholar
• Hashim, A. (2018). Pakistan passes landmark transgender rights law. Al Jazeera News. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/pakistan-passes-landmark-transgender-rights-law-180509095207950.html
   Google Scholar
• Jie, W., Xiaolan, Z., Ciyong, L., Moyer, E., Hui, W., Lingyao, H., & Xueqing, D. (2012). A qualitative Exploration of Barriers to condom use among female sex workers in China. PLOS ONE, 7(10), 1–10. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joesoef, M. R., Linnan, M., Kamboji, A., Barakbah, Y., & Idajadi, A. (2000). Determinants of condom use in female sex workers in Surabaya, Indonesia. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 11(4), 262–265. doi: 10.1258/0956462001915679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, W. C., Revollo, R., Kaune, V., Vega, J., Tinajeros, F., Garnica, M., … Kuritsky , J. N. (1998). Decline in sexually transmitted disease prevalence in female Bolivian sex workers: Impact of an HIV prevention project. Aids (london, England), 12(14), 1899–1906. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199814000-00022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian, W. M., Chan, R., & Wee, S. (2000). Sex workers’ perspectives on condom use for oral sex with clients: A qualitative study. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 27(4), 502–516. doi: 10.1177/109019810002700411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher, L., Somers, J.-M., Phlong, P., Couture, M.-C., Stein, E., Evans, J., … Page, K. (2011). Selling sex in unsafe spaces: Sex work risk environments in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Harm Reduction Journal, 8(1), 30–40. doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-8-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, A. (2013, September 30). Prostitution spreads as law looks on. DAWN. Retrieved from http://www.dawn.com/news/1046355
   Google Scholar
• Mohyuddin, A., & Ali, M. (2013). Social Organization of transgender Sex workers. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 03(07), 436–440. doi: 10.4236/ojapps.2013.37054
   Google Scholar
• NACP. (2008). Integrated Behavioral and Biological Surveillance : Field Operations and Monitoring Manual. Islamabad: National AIDS Control Program.
   Google Scholar
• Nanda, S. (1986). The hijras of India. Journal of Homosexuality, 11(3–4), 35–54. doi: 10.1300/J082v11n03_03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Operario, D., Kuo, C. C., Sosa-Rubí, S. G., & Gálarraga, O. (2013). Conditional economic incentives for Reducing HIV risk behaviors: Integration of Psychology and Behavioral economics. Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 32(9), 932–940. doi: 10.1037/a0032760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauw, I., & Brener, L. (2003). You are just whores–you can’t be raped”: Barriers to safer sex practices among women street sex workers in Cape Town. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 5(6), 465–481. doi: 10.1080/136910501185198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto, R. M., Melendez, R. M., & Spector, A. Y. (2008). Male-to-Female transgender individuals Building social support and capital from Within a gender-focused network. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 20(3), 203–220. doi: 10.1080/10538720802235179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rekart, M. L. (2005). Sex-work harm reduction. The Lancet, 366(9503), 2123–2134. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67732-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., Kerr, T., Allinott, S., Chettiar, J., Shoveller, J., & Tyndall, M. W. (2008). Social and structural violence and power relations in mitigating HIV risk of drug-using women in survival sex work. Social Science & Medicine, 66(4), 911–921. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. Y., Emmanuel, F., Adrien, A., Holte-Mckenzie, M., Archibald, C. P., Sandstrom, P., & Blanchard, J. F. (2011). The descriptive epidemiology of male sex workers in Pakistan: A biological and behavioural examination. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 87(1), 73–80. doi: 10.1136/sti.2009.041335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui, A. U. R., Qian, H.-Z., Altaf, A., Cassell, H., Shah, S. A., & Vermund, S. H. (2011). Condom use during commercial sex among clients of Hijra sex workers in Karachi, Pakistan (cross-sectional study). BMJ Open, 1(2), 1–5. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swendeman, D., Basu, I., Das, S., Jana, S., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2009). Empowering sex workers in India to reduce vulnerability to HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 69(8), 1157–1166. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamene, M. M., Tessema, G. A., & Beyera, G. K. (2015). Condom utilization and sexual behavior of female sex workers in Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Pan African Medical Journal, 21(50).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tata, L. S. (2004). Factors facilitating and hindering safer sex negotiations among female sex workers in Pune, India: Conversations with women in sex work (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States, Illinois. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.albany.edu/pqdtglobal/docview/305197602/abstract/56AB0092087D48AFPQ/1
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, L. H., Salim, M., Baloch, C. R., Musa, N., Reza, T., Dar, N., & Emmanuel, F. (2013). Heterogeneity of characteristics, structure, and dynamics of male and sex workers in hijra selected cities of Pakistan. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 89(Suppl 2), ii43–ii47. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050901
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2001). Another decade of social scientific work on sex work: A review of research 1990-2000. Annual Review of Sex Research, 12, 242–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varga, C. A. (2001). Coping with HIV/AIDS in Durban’s commercial sex industry. AIDS Care, 13(3), 351–365. doi: 10.1080/09540120120044008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wawer, M. J., Podhisita, C., Kanungsukkasem, U., Pramualratana, A., & McNamara, R. (1996). Origins and working conditions of female sex workers in urban Thailand: Consequences of social context for HIV transmission. Social Science & Medicine, 42(3), 453–462. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00150-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wee, S., Barrett, M. E., Lian, W. M., Jayabaskar, T., & Chan, K. W. R. (2004). Determinants of inconsistent condom use with female sex workers among men attending the STD clinic in Singapore. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 80(4), 310–314. doi: 10.1136/sti.2003.008342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2011). WHO Prevention and treatment of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men and transgender people. Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/msm_guidelines2011/en/
   Google Scholar
• Wojcicki, J. M., & Malala, J. (2001). Condom use, power and HIV/AIDS risk: Sex-workers bargain for survival in Hillbrow/joubert Park/berea, Johannesburg. Social Science & Medicine, 53(1), 99–121. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00315-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, M. L., Chan, K. R., & Koh, D. (1998). A sustainable behavioral intervention to increase condom use and reduce gonorrhea among sex workers in Singapore: 2-year follow-up. Preventive Medicine, 27(6), 891–900. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1998.0398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar