“We know this will be hard at the beginning, but better in the long term”: understanding PrEP uptake in the general population in Eswatini

References

• Anderson, P. L., Glidden, D. V., Liu, A., Buchbinder, S., Lama, J. R., Guanira, J. V., … Montoya-Herrera, O. (2012). Emtricitabine-tenofovir concentrations and pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy in men who have sex with men. Science Translational Medicine, 4(151), 151ra125–151ra125. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach, J. D., Kinsky, S., Brown, G., & Charles, V. (2015). Knowledge, attitudes, and likelihood of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among US women at risk of acquiring HIV. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 29(2), 102–110. doi: 10.1089/apc.2014.0142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AVAC. (2017). Ongoing and planned PrEP demonstration and implementation studies. Retrieved from https://www.avac.org/resource/ongoing-and-planned-prep-demonstration-and-implementation-studies
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, J. L., Molino, S. T., Vega, A. D., & Badowski, M. (2017). A review of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: The female perspective. Infectious Diseases and Therapy, doi: 10.1007/s40121-017-0159-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, R. A., Kaplan, R. L., Lieber, E., Landovitz, R. J., Lee, S.-J., & Leibowitz, A. A. (2011). Motivators, concerns, and barriers to adoption of preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among gay and bisexual men in HIV-serodiscordant male relationships. AIDS Care, 23(9), 1136–1145. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2011.554528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, R. A., Landovitz, R. J., Kaplan, R. L., Lieber, E., Lee, S.-J., & Barkley, T. W. (2012). Sexual risk behaviors and acceptability of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among HIV-negative gay and bisexual men in serodiscordant relationships: A mixed methods study. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 26(2), 87–94. doi: 10.1089/apc.2011.0283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese, S. K., Earnshaw, V. A., Underhill, K., Hansen, N. B., & Dovidio, J. F. (2014). The impact of patient race on clinical decisions related to prescribing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): Assumptions about sexual risk compensation and implications for access. AIDS and Behavior, 18(2), 226–240. doi: 10.1007/s10461-013-0675-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castleberry, A. (2014). NVivo 10 [software program]. Version 10. QSR International; 2012. In: AJPE.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing Grounded Theory (2nd Edn). London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Clinicaltrials.gov. (2017, August 18). PrEP demonstration study in Swaziland. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03254550
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. E., Vittinghoff, E., Bacon, O., Doblecki-Lewis, S., Postle, B. S., Feaster, D. J., … Estrada, Y. (2015). High interest in pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men at risk for HIV-infection: Baseline data from the US PrEP demonstration project. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 68(4), 439–448. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Delany-Moretlwe, S., Mullick, S., Eakle, R., & Rees, H. (2016). Planning for HIV preexposure prophylaxis introduction: Lessons learned from contraception. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 11(1), 87–93. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dlamini-Simelane, T. T., & Moyer, E. (2016). ‘Lost to follow up’: Rethinking delayed and interrupted HIV treatment among married Swazi women. Health Policy and Planning, 32(2), 248–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnell, D., Baeten, J. M., Bumpus, N. N., Brantley, J., Bangsberg, D. R., Haberer, J. E., … Hendrix, C. (2014). HIV protective efficacy and correlates of tenofovir blood concentrations in a clinical trial of PrEP for HIV prevention. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 66(3), 340–348. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elopre, L., Kudroff, K., Westfall, A. O., Overton, E. T., & Mugavero, M. J. (2017). Brief report: The right people, right places, and right practices disparities in PrEP access among African American men, women, and MSM in the Deep South. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 74(1), 56–59. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonner, V. A., Armstrong, K. S., Kennedy, C. E., O’Reilly, K. R., & Sweat, M. D. (2014). School based sex education and HIV prevention in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 9(3), e89692. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonner, V. A., Dalglish, S. L., Kennedy, C. E., Baggaley, R., O’reilly, K. R., Koechlin, F. M., … Grant, R. M. (2016). Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. AIDS (London, England), 30(12), 1973–1983. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub, S. A., Kowalczyk, W., Weinberger, C. L., & Parsons, J. T. (2010). Preexposure prophylaxis and predicted condom use among high-risk men who have sex with men. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 54(5), 548–555. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181e19a54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankins, C. A., & Dybul, M. R. (2013). The promise of pre-exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV transmission: A review. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 8(1), 50–58. doi: 10.1097/COH.0b013e32835b809d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hojilla, J. C., Koester, K. A., Cohen, S. E., Buchbinder, S., Ladzekpo, D., Matheson, T., & Liu, A. Y. (2016). Sexual behavior, risk compensation, and HIV prevention strategies among participants in the San Francisco PrEP demonstration project: A qualitative analysis of counseling notes. AIDS and Behavior, 20(7), 1461–1469. doi: 10.1007/s10461-015-1055-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horter, S., Thabede, Z., Dlamini, V., Bernays, S., Stringer, B., Mazibuko, S., … Jobanputra, K. (2017). “Life is so easy on ART, once you accept it”: Acceptance, denial and linkage to HIV care in Shiselweni, Swaziland. Social Science & Medicine, 176, 52–59. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosek, S. G., Rudy, B., Landovitz, R., Kapogiannis, B., Siberry, G., Rutledge, B., … Zimet, G. (2017). An HIV preexposure prophylaxis demonstration project and safety study for young MSM. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 74(1), 21–29. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, S. D., Sheon, N., Andrew, E. V., Cohen, S. E., Doblecki-Lewis, S., & Liu, A. Y. (2018). Body/selves and beyond: Men’s narratives of sexual behavior on PrEP. Medical Anthropology, 37(5), 387–400. doi: 10.1080/01459740.2017.1416608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. A., St Lawrence, J. S., Stevenson, L. Y., Hauth, A. C., Kalichman, S. C., Diaz, Y. E., … Morgan, M. G. (1992). Community AIDS/HIV risk reduction: The effects of endorsements by popular people in three cities. American Journal of Public Health, 82(11), 1483–1489. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.82.11.1483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koechlin, F. M., Fonner, V. A., Dalglish, S. L., O’Reilly, K. R., Baggaley, R., Grant, R. M., … Kennedy, C. E. (2017). Values and preferences on the use of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention among multiple populations: A systematic review of the literature. AIDS and Behavior, 21(5), 1325–1335. doi: 10.1007/s10461-016-1627-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koester, K., Amico, K., Liu, A., McMahan, V., Hosek, S., Mayer, K., & Grant, R. (2014). Sex on PrEP: Qualitative findings from the iPrEx open label extension (OLE) in the US. Paper presented at the 20th International AIDS Conference, Melbourne.
   Google Scholar
• Koester, K. A., Erguera, X. A., & Myers, J. J. (2017). “PrEP makes my relationship even more normal:” The discursive production of hope in the context of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among young adults with partners living with HIV infection. In Cross-cultural perspectives on couples with mixed HIV status: Beyond positive/negative (pp. 23–35). Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• McMahon, S. A, & Winch, P.J. (2018). Systematic debriefing after qualitative encounters: An essential analysis step in applied qualitative research. BMJ Global Health, 3(5), e000837. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOH. (2012). Swaziland HIV incidence measurement survey.
   Google Scholar
• Paxton, L. A., Hope, T., & Jaffe, H. W. (2007). Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection: What if it works? The Lancet, 370(9581), 89–93. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61053-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root, R. (2010). Situating experiences of HIV-related stigma in Swaziland. Global Public Health, 5(5), 523–538. doi: 10.1080/17441690903207156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sileo, K. M., Fielding-Miller, R., Dworkin, S. L., & Fleming, P. J. (2018). What role do masculine norms play in men’s HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa?: A scoping review. AIDS and Behavior, 22(8), 2468–2479. doi: 10.1007/s10461-018-2160-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaziland National AIDS Program (SNAP). (2016). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the prevention of HIV infection in Swaziland: Situational analysis and national implementation framework for PrEP demonstration projects. Mbabane: Swaziland National AIDS Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Syvertsen, J. L., Bazzi, A. M. R., Scheibe, A., Adebajo, S., Strathdee, S. A., & Wechsberg, W. M. (2014). The promise and peril of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): Using social science to inform prep interventions among female sex workers. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 18(3), 74–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellalian, D., Maznavi, K., Bredeek, U. F., & Hardy, W. D. (2013). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV infection: Results of a survey of HIV healthcare providers evaluating their knowledge, attitudes, and prescribing practices. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 27(10), 553–559. doi: 10.1089/apc.2013.0173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2017). Databook.
   Google Scholar
• Underhill, K., Operario, D., Mimiaga, M. J., Skeer, M. R., & Mayer, K. H. (2010). Implementation science of pre-exposure prophylaxis: Preparing for public use. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 7(4), 210–219. doi: 10.1007/s11904-010-0062-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vissers, D. C., Voeten, H. A., Nagelkerke, N. J., Habbema, J. D. F., & de Vlas, S. J. (2008). The impact of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) on HIV epidemics in Africa and India: A simulation study. PLoS One, 3(5), e2077. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheelock, A., Eisingerich, A. B., Gomez, G. B., Gray, E., Dybul, M. R., & Piot, P. (2012). Views of policymakers, healthcare workers and NGOs on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): A multinational qualitative study. BMJ Open, 2(4), e001234. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2012). Guidance on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for serodiscordant couples, men and transgender women who have sex with men at high risk of HIV: Recommendations for use in the context of demonstration projects, July 2012 (9241503882).
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2014). PrEP demonstration projects. A framework for country level procotol development. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
   Google Scholar