References
- Aholou, T. M., Murray, A., & Sutton, M. Y. (2016). The social, structural, and clinical context of HIV prevention and care for Black/African American and Hispanic Women/Latinas in the United States. In Understanding the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States (pp. 131–175). Cham: Springer.
- Auerbach, J. D., Kinsky, S., Brown, G., & Charles, V. (2015). Knowledge, attitudes, and likelihood of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) use among US women at risk of acquiring HIV. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 29(2), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2014.0142
- Bazzi, A. R., Yotebieng, K., Otticha, S., Rota, G., Agot, K., Ohaga, S., & Syvertsen, J. L. (2019). Pr EP and the syndemic of substance use, violence, and HIV among female and male sex workers: A qualitative study in Kisumu, Kenya. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 22(4), e25266. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25266
- Beydoun, H. A., Beydoun, M. A., Kaufman, J. S., Lo, B., & Zonderman, A. B. (2012). Intimate partner violence against adult women and its association with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 75(6), 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.025
- Blashill, A. J., Bedoya, C. A., Mayer, K. H., O’Cleirigh, C., Pinkston, M. M., Remmert, J. E., Mimiaga, M. J., & Safren, S. A. (2015). Psychosocial syndemics are additively associated with worse ART adherence in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS and Behavior, 19(6), 981–986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0925-6
- Blashill, A. J., Brady, J. P., Rooney, B. M., Rodriguez-Diaz, C. E., Horvath, K. J., Blumenthal, J., Morris, S., Moore, D. J., & Safren, S. A. (2019). Syndemics and the PrEP cascade: Results from a sample of young Latino men who have sex with men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(1), 125–135. doi: 10.1007/s10508-019-01470-7
- Bond, K. T., & Gunn, A. J. (2016). Perceived Advantages and disadvantages of using Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among sexually active black women: An exploratory study. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 3(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2016.0019
- Bradley, E., Forsberg, K., Betts, J. E., DeLuca, J. B., Kamitani, E., Porter, S. E., Sipe, T. A., & Hoover, K. W. (2019). Factors affecting pre-exposure prophylaxis implementation for women in the United States: A systematic review. Journal of Women's Health, 28(9), 1272–1285. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7353
- Braksmajer, A., Leblanc, N. M., El-Bassel, N., Urban, M. A., & McMahon, J. M. (2018). Feasibility and acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis use among women in violent relationships. AIDS Care, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1503634.
- Brennan, J., Kuhns, L. M., Johnson, A. K., Belzer, M., Wilson, E. C., & Garofalo, R., & Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for, H. I. V. A. I (2012). Syndemic theory and HIV-related risk among young transgender women: The role of multiple, co-occurring health problems and social marginalization. American Journal of Public Health, 102(9), 1751–1757. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300433
- Calabrese, S. K., Dovidio, J. F., Tekeste, M., Galvao, R. W., Safon, C. B., Willie, T. C., Caldwell, A., Kaplan, C., & Kershaw, T. S. (2018). HIV preexposure prophylaxis stigma as a multidimensional barrier to uptake among women who attend Planned Parenthood. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 79(1), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001762
- Calabrese, S. K., Willie, T. C., Galvao, R. W., Tekeste, M., Dovidio, J. F., Safon, C. B., Blackstock, O., Taggart, T., Kaplan, C., Caldwell, A., & Kershaw, T. S. (2019). Current US guidelines for prescribing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) disqualify many women who are at risk and motivated to use PrEP. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 81(4), 395–405. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002042.
- Campbell, J. C., & Soeken, K. L. (1999). Forced sex and intimate partner violence: Effects on women's risk and women's health. Violence Against Women, 5(9), 1017–1035. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801299005009003
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017a). HIV Among Women. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/group/gender/women/cdc-hiv-women.pdf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017b). Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States – 2017 update: A clinical practice guideline. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/risk/prep/cdc-hiv-prep-guidelines-2017.pdf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). HIV Among Women. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/women/index.html
- El-Bassel, N., & Strathdee, S. A. (2015). Women who use or inject drugs: An action agenda for women-specific, multilevel and combination HIV prevention and research. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 69(Suppl 2), S182–S190. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000628
- Flash, C. A., Stone, V. E., Mitty, J. A., Mimiaga, M. J., Hall, K. T., Krakower, D., & Mayer, K. H. (2014). Perspectives on HIV prevention among urban black women: A potential role for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 28(12), 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2014.0003
- Garfinkel, D. B., Alexander, K. A., McDonald-Mosley, R., Willie, T. C., & Decker, M. R. (2016). Predictors of HIV-related risk perception and PrEP acceptability among young adult female family planning patients. AIDS Care, 29(6), 751–758. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1234679.
- Gilbert, L., Raj, A., Hien, D., Stockman, J., Terlikbayeva, A., & Wyatt, G. (2015). Targeting the SAVA (substance abuse, violence and AIDS) syndemic among women and girls: A global review of epidemiology and integrated interventions. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 69(2), S118–S127. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000626
- Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M., McCabe, B. E., Vermeesch, A. L., Cianelli, R., Florom-Smith, A. L., & Peragallo, N. (2012). Cultural phenomena and the syndemic factor: Substance abuse, violence, HIV, and depression among Hispanic women. Annals of Anthropological Practice, 36(2), 212–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/napa.12001
- Goparaju, L., Praschan, N. C., Warren-Jeanpiere, L., Experton, L. S., Young, M. A., & Kassaye, S. (2017). Stigma, partners, providers and costs: Potential barriers to PrEP uptake among US women. Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, 8(9), 730. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000730.
- Jain, J. P., Strathdee, S. A., Patterson, T. L., Semple, S. J., Harvey-Vera, A., Magis-Rodríguez, C., Martinez, G., & Pines, H. A. (2019). Perceived barriers to pre-exposure prophylaxis use and the role of syndemic factors among female sex workers in the Mexico-United States border region: A latent class analysis. AIDS Care, 32(5), 557–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1626338.
- Koblin, A., Grant, S., Frye, V., Superak, H., Sanches, B., Lucy, D., Dunbar, D., Graham, P., Madenwald, T., Escamilia, G., Swann, E., Morgan, C., Novak, R. M., & Frank, I. (2015). HIV sexual risk and syndemics among women in three urban areas in the United States: Analysis from HVTN 906. Journal of Urban Health, 92(3), 572–583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-015-9944-5
- Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
- Manea, L., Gilbody, S., & McMillan, D. (2012). Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): A meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(3), E191–E196. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110829
- Martinez, I., Kershaw, T. S., Lewis, J. B., Stasko, E. C., Tobin, J. N., & Ickovics, J. R. (2017). Between synergy and travesty: A sexual risk syndemic among pregnant Latina immigrant and non-immigrant adolescents. AIDS and Behavior, 21(3), 858–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1461-3
- Meyer, J. P., Springer, S. A., & Altice, F. L. (2011). Substance abuse, violence, and HIV in women: A literature review of the syndemic. Journal of Women's Health, 20(7), 991–1006. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2010.2328
- Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (2012). Mplus statistical modeling software: Release 7.0. Muthén & Muthén.
- Organista, K. C., Carrillo, H., & Ayala, G. (2004). HIV prevention with Mexican migrants: Review, critique, and recommendations. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 37, S227–S239. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000141250.08475.91
- Peasant, C., Sullivan, T. P., Weiss, N. H., Martinez, I., & Meyer, J. P. (2017). Beyond the syndemic: Condom negotiation and use among women experiencing partner violence. AIDS Care, 29(4), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1224296
- Pitpitan, E. V., Kalichman, S. C., Eaton, L. A., Cain, D., Sikkema, K. J., Watt, M. H., Skinner, D., & Pieterse, D. (2013). Co-occurring psychosocial problems and HIV risk among women attending drinking venues in a South African township: A syndemic approach. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9420-3
- Roberts, S. T., Haberer, J., Celum, C., Mugo, N., Ware, N. C., Cohen, C. R., Tappero, J. W., Kiarie, J., Ronald, A., Mujugira, A., Tumwesigye, E., Were, E., Irungu, E., Baeten, J. M., Mujugira, A., & Partners PrEP Study Team. (2016). Intimate partner violence and adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in African women in HIV serodiscordant relationships: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 73(3), 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001093.
- Rojas-Guyler, L., Ellis, N., & Sanders, S. (2005). Acculturation, health protective sexual communication, and HIV/AIDS risk behavior among Hispanic women in a large Midwestern city. Health Education & Behavior, 32(6), 767–779. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198105277330
- SAS Institute. (1990). SAS/STAT user's guide: Version 6 (Vol. 2): Sas Inst.
- Siegler, A. J., Mouhanna, F., Giler, R. M., Weiss, K., Pembleton, E., Guest, J., Jones, J., Castel, A., Yeung, H., Kramer, M., McCallister, S., & Sullivan, P. S. (2018). The prevalence of PrEP use and the PrEP-to-need ratio in the fourth quarter of 2017, United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 28(12), 841–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.06.005.
- Singer, M. (2000). A dose of drugs, a touch of violence, a case of AIDS: Conceptualizing the SAVA syndemic. Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 28(1), 13–24.
- Singer, M. (2009). Introduction to syndemics: A critical systems approach to public and community health. John Wiley & Sons.
- Singer, M., & Clair, S. (2003). Syndemics and public health: Reconceptualizing disease in bio-social context. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 17(4), 423–441. https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.2003.17.4.423
- State of Connecticut Department of Public Health (Cartographer). (2017). Newly diagnoses HIV infection by residence at diagnosis, Connecticut, 2017.
- Stockman, J. K., Lucea, M. B., & Campbell, J. C. (2013). Forced sexual initiation, sexual intimate partner violence and HIV risk in women: A global review of the literature. AIDS and Behavior, 17(3), 832–847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0361-4
- Storholm, E. D., Volk, J. E., Marcus, J. L., Silverberg, M. J., & Satre, D. D. (2017). Risk perception, sexual behaviors, and PrEP adherence among substance-using men who have sex with men: A qualitative study. Prevention Science, 18(6), 737–747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0799-8
- Straus, M. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2004). A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for severity and mutuality. Violence and Victims, 19(5), 507–520. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.19.5.507.63686
- Tan, D. H., Leon-Carlyle, M., Mills, R., Moses, E., & Carvalhal, A. (2016). Self-administered screening for syndemic mental health problems should be routinely implemented among MSM PrEP users. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 20(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2015.1105765
- Tekeste, M., Hull, S., Dovidio, J. F., Safon, C. B., Blackstock, O., Taggart, T., Kershaw, T. S., Kaplan, C., Caldwell, A., Lane, S., & Calabrese, S. K. (2019). Differences in medical mistrust between black and white women: Implications for patient–provider communication about PrEP. AIDS and Behavior, 23(7), 1737–1748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2283-2.
- W. Batchelder, A., Lounsbury, D. W., Palma, A., Carrico, A., Pachankis, J., Schoenbaum, E., & Gonzalez, J. S. (2016). Importance of substance use and violence in psychosocial syndemics among women with and at-risk for HIV. AIDS Care, 28(10), 1316–1320. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1173637
- Willie, T., Kershaw, T. S., Campbell, J. C., & Alexander, K. A. (2018). Intimate partner violence and PrEP acceptability among low-income, young black women: Exploring the mediating role of reproductive coercion. AIDS and Behavior, 21(8), 2261–2269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1767-9.
- Willie, T. C., Powell, A., & Kershaw, T. (2016). Stress in the city: Influence of urban social stress and violence on pregnancy and postpartum quality of life among adolescent and young mothers. Journal of Urban Health, 93(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-015-0021-x
- Willie, T. C., Stockman, J. K., Keene, D., Calabrese, S. K., Alexander, K. A., & Kershaw, T. (2020). Intimate partner violence influences women’s engagement in the early stages of the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care continuum: Using doubly robust estimation. AIDS and Behavior, 24, 560–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02469-w.
- Willie, T. C., Stockman, J. K., Keene, D. E., Calabrese, S. K., Alexander, K. A., & Kershaw, T. S. (2019). Social networks and its impact on women's awareness, interest, and uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): Implications for women experiencing intimate partner violence. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999, 80(4), 386–393. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001935.
- Willie, T. C., Stockman, J. K., Overstreet, N. M., & Kershaw, T. S. (2018). Examining the impact of intimate partner violence type and timing on pre-exposure prophylaxis awareness, interest, and coercion. AIDS and Behavior, 22(4), 1190–1200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1901-8
- Wilton, J., Noor, S. W., Schnubb, A., Lawless, J., Hart, T. A., Grennan, T., Fowler, S., Maxwell, J., & Tan, D. H. (2018). High HIV risk and syndemic burden regardless of referral source among MSM screening for a PrEP demonstration project in Toronto, Canada. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 292. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5180-8
- Wingood, G. M., & DiClemente, R. J. (2000). Application of the theory of gender and power to examine HIV-related exposures, risk factors, and effective interventions for women. Health Education & Behavior, 27(5), 539–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700502
- Wyatt, G. E., Gomez, C. A., Hamilton, A. B., Valencia-Garcia, D., Gant, L. M., & Graham, C. E. (2013). The intersection of gender and ethnicity in HIV risk, interventions, and prevention: New frontiers for psychology. American Psychologist, 68(4), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032744
- Ya-lin, A. H., Zhu, W., Smith, D. K., Harris, N., & Hoover, K. W. (2018). HIV preexposure prophylaxis, by race and ethnicity—United States, 2014–2016. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(41), 1147. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6741a3