References
- Amirkhanian, Y. A. (2014). Social networks, sexual networks and HIV risk in men who have sex with men. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 11(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-013-0194-4
- Arya, M., Behforouz, H. L., & Viswanath, K. (2009). African American women and HIV/AIDS: A national call for targeted health communication strategies to address a disparity. The AIDS Reader, 19(2), 79–84. C73.
- Barrington, C., Gandhi, A., Gill, A., Villa Torres, L., Brietzke, M. P., & Hightow-Weidman, L. (2018). Social networks, migration, and HIV testing among Latinos in a new immigrant destination: Insights from a qualitative study. Global Public Health, 13(10), 1507–1519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2017.1409783
- Barrington, C., Latkin, C., Sweat, M. D., Moreno, L., Ellen, J., & Kerrigan, D. (2009). Talking the talk, walking the walk: Social network norms, communication patterns, and condom use among the male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Social Science & Medicine, 68(11), 2037–2044. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.009
- Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine, 51(6), 843–857. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00065-4
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
- Brooks, R. A., Etzel, M. A., Hinojos, E., Henry, C. L., & Perez, M. (2005). Preventing HIV among Latino and African American gay and bisexual men in a context of HIV-related stigma, discrimination, and homophobia: Perspectives of providers. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 19(11), 737–744. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2005.19.737
- Carey, M. P., & Schroder, K. E. (2002). Development and psychometric evaluation of the brief HIV knowledge questionnaire. AIDS Education and Prevention, 14(2), 172–182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.14.2.172.23902
- Caton, C. L., El-Bassel, N., Gelman, A., Barrow, S., Herman, D., Hsu, E., Tochterman, A. Z., Johnson, K., & Felix, A. (2013). Rates and correlates of HIV and STI infection among homeless women. AIDS and Behavior, 17(3), 856–864. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0198-x
- Cederbaum, J. A., Rice, E., Craddock, J., Pimentel, V., & Beaver, P. (2017). Social networks of HIV-positive women and their association with social support and depression symptoms. Women & Health, 57(2), 268–282. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1157126
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019, February). Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2010-2016. Retrieved May 15, from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020a, February). Ending the HIV epidemic: A place for America. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Retrieved June 1, from https://www.cdc.gov/endhiv/docs/ending-HIV-epidemic-overview-508.pdf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020b, May 18). HIV and women. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/women/index.html
- Darrow, W. W., Montanea, J. E., & Gladwin, H. (2009). AIDS-related stigma among Black and Hispanic young adults. AIDS and Behavior, 13(6), 1178–1188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-009-9601-7
- Dimmitt Champion, J., Harlin, B., & Collins, J. L. (2013). Sexual risk behavior and STI health literacy among ethnic minority adolescent women. Applied Nursing Research, 26(4), 204–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2013.06.003
- Dombrowski, K., Sittner, K., Crawford, D., Welch-Lazoritz, M., Habecker, P., & Khan, B. (2016). Network approaches to substance use and HIV/hepatitis C risk among homeless youth and adult women in the United States: A review. Health (Irvine Calif), 8(12), 1143–1165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2016.812119.
- Earnshaw, V. A., & Chaudoir, S. R. (2009). From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: A review of HIV stigma mechanism measures. AIDS and Behavior, 13(6), 1160–1177. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-009-9593-3
- Earnshaw, V. A., Smith, L. R., Chaudoir, S. R., Lee, I. C., & Copenhaver, M. M. (2012). Stereotypes about people living with HIV: Implications for perceptions of HIV risk and testing frequency among at-risk populations. AIDS Education and Prevention, 24(6), 574–581. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2012.24.6.574
- Ebrahim, S. H., Anderson, J. E., Weidle, P., & Purcell, D. W. (2004). Race/ethnic disparities in HIV testing and knowledge about treatment for HIV/AIDS: United States, 2001. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 18(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/108729104322740893
- Ferguson, K. M., Bender, K., Thompson, S., Xie, B., & Pollio, D. (2011). Correlates of street-survival behaviors in homeless young adults in four U.S. Cities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(3), 401–409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01108.x
- Galvan, F. H., Davis, E. M., Banks, D., & Bing, E. G. (2008). HIV stigma and social support among African Americans. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 22(5), 423–436. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2007.0169
- Gonzalez, J. S., Hendriksen, E. S., Collins, E. M., Duran, R. E., & Safren, S. A. (2009). Latinos and HIV/AIDS: Examining factors related to disparity and identifying opportunities for psychosocial intervention research. AIDS and Behavior, 13(3), 582–602. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9402-4
- Herek, G. M., Widaman, K. F., & Capitanio, J. P. (2005). When sex equals AIDS: Symbolic stigma and heterosexual adults’ inaccurate beliefs about sexual transmission of AIDS. Social Problems, 52(1), 15–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2005.52.1.15
- Hermanstyne, K. A., Green, H. D., Jr., Cook, R., Tieu, H. V., Dyer, T. V., Hucks-Ortiz, C., Wilton, L., Latkin, C., & Shoptaw, S. (2018). Social network support and decreased risk of seroconversion in Black MSM: Results of the BROTHERS (HPTN 061) study. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 78(2), 163–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001645
- Hoffman, I. F., Latkin, C. A., Kukhareva, P. V., Malov, S. V., Batluk, J. V., Shaboltas, A. V., Skochilov, R. V., Sokolov, N. V., Verevochkin, S. V., Hudgens, M. G., & Kozlov, A. P. (2013). A peer-educator network HIV prevention intervention among injection drug users: Results of a randomized controlled trial in St. Petersburg, Russia. AIDS and Behavior, 17(7), 2510–2520. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0563-4
- Kelly, J. A., Amirkhanian, Y. A., Seal, D. W., Galletly, C. M., Difranceisco, W., Glasman, L. R., Stevenson, L. Y., & Rosado, N. (2010). Levels and predictors of sexual HIV risk in social networks of men who have sex with men in the Midwest. AIDS Education and Prevention, 22(6), 483–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2010.22.6.483
- Kelly, J. D., Hartman, C., Graham, J., Kallen, M. A., & Giordano, T. P. (2014). Social support as a predictor of early diagnosis, linkage, retention, and adherence to HIV care: Results from the steps study. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 25(5), 405–413. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2013.12.002
- Kimbrough, L. W., Fisher, H. E., Jones, K. T., Johnson, W., Thadiparthi, S., & Dooley, S. (2009). Accessing social networks with high rates of undiagnosed HIV infection: The social networks demonstration project. American Journal of Public Health, 99(6), 1093–1099. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139329
- Kohler, H. P., Behrman, J. R., & Watkins, S. C. (2007). Social networks and HIV/AIDs risk perceptions. Demography, 44(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2007.0006
- Latkin, C., Donnell, D., Liu, T. Y., Davey-Rothwell, M., Celentano, D., & Metzger, D. (2013). The dynamic relationship between social norms and behaviors: The results of an HIV prevention network intervention for injection drug users. Addiction, 108(5), 934–943. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12095
- Latkin, C. A., Forman, V., Knowlton, A., & Sherman, S. (2003). Norms, social networks, and HIV-related risk behaviors among urban disadvantaged drug users. Social Science & Medicine, 56(3), 465–476. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00047-3
- Latkin, C. A., & Knowlton, A. R. (2005). Micro-social structural approaches to HIV prevention: A social ecological perspective. AIDS Care, 17(Suppl 1), 102–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120500121185
- Latkin, C. A., & Knowlton, A. R. (2015). Social network assessments and interventions for health behavior change: A critical review. Behavioral Medicine, 41(3), 90–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2015.1034645
- LaVeist, T. A., Isaac, L. A., & Williams, K. P. (2009). Mistrust of health care organizations is associated with underutilization of health services. Health Services Research, 44(6), 2093–2105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2009.01017.x
- Lyons, T., Kerr, T., Duff, P., Feng, C., & Shannon, K. (2014). Youth, violence and non-injection drug use: Nexus of vulnerabilities among lesbian and bisexual sex workers. AIDS Care, 26(9), 1090–1094. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.869542
- Mays, V. M., Coles, C. N., & Cochran, S. D. (2012). Is there a legacy of the U.S. public health syphilis study at Tuskegee in HIV/AIDS-related beliefs among heterosexual African-Americans and Latinos? Ethics & Behavior, 22(6), 461–471. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2012.730805
- McLeroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 15(4), 351–377. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818801500401
- Melton, M. L. (2011). Sex, lies, and stereotypes: HIV positive Black women's perspectives on HIV stigma and the need for public policy as HIV/AIDS prevention intervention. Race, Gender & Class, 18(1/2), 295–313.
- Morris, M. D., Evans, J., Montgomery, M., Yu, M., Briceno, A., Page, K., & Hahn, J. A. (2014). Intimate injection partnerships are at elevated risk of high-risk injecting: A multi-level longitudinal study of HCV-serodiscordant injection partnerships in San Francisco, CA. PLoS One, 9(10), e109282. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109282
- Mulawa, M., Yamanis, T. J., Hill, L. M., Balvanz, P., Kajula, L. J., & Maman, S. (2016). Evidence of social network influence on multiple HIV risk behaviors and normative beliefs among young Tanzanian men. Social Science & Medicine, 153, 35–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.002
- National Institutes of Health (NIH). (2014). Women of color health information collection: HIV infection and AIDS. Retrieved June 1, from https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/WOC_Booklet_HIV_AIDS-2C-508.pdf
- Neblett, R. C., Davey-Rothwell, M., Chander, G., & Latkin, C. A. (2011). Social network characteristics and HIV sexual risk behavior among urban African American women. Journal of Urban Health, 88(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9513-x
- Nunn, A., Eng, W., Cornwall, A., Beckwith, C., Dickman, S., Flanigan, T., & Kwakwa, H. (2012). African American patient experiences with a rapid HIV testing program in an urban public clinic. Journal of the National Medical Association, 104(1-2), 5–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30125-5
- Perry, B. L., Pescosolido, B. A., & Borgatti, S. P. (2018). Egocentric network analysis: Foundations, methods, and models. Cambridge University Press.
- Pescosolido, B. A., & Manago, B. (2018). Getting underneath the power of “contact”: Revisiting the fundamental lever of stigma as a social network phenomenon. In B. Major, J. F. Dovidio, & B. G. Link (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of stigma, discrimination, and health (pp. 397–411). Oxford University Press.
- Pescosolido, B. A., Martin, J. K., Lang, A., & Olafsdottir, S. (2008). Rethinking theoretical approaches to stigma: A framework integrating normative influences on stigma (FINIS). Social Science & Medicine, 67(3), 431–440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.018
- Qiao, S., Li, X., & Stanton, B. (2014). Social support and HIV-related risk behaviors: A systematic review of the global literature. AIDS and Behavior, 18(2), 419–441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0561-6
- Ross, M. W., Essien, E. J., & Torres, I. (2006). Conspiracy beliefs about the origin of HIV/AIDS in four racial/ethnic groups. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 41(3), 342–344. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000209897.59384.52
- Shelton, R. C., Goldman, R. E., Emmons, K. M., Sorensen, G., & Allen, J. D. (2011). An investigation into the social context of low-income, urban Black and Latina women: Implications for adherence to recommended health behaviors. Health Education & Behavior, 38(5), 471–481. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198110382502
- Shushtari, Z. J., Hosseini, S. A., Sajjadi, H., Salimi, Y., Latkin, C., & Snijders, T. A. B. (2018). Social network and HIV risk behaviors in female sex workers: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1020. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5944-1
- StataCorp. (2013). Stata statistical software: Release 13. StataCorp LP.
- Swenson, R. R., Rizzo, C. J., Brown, L. K., Vanable, P. A., Carey, M. P., Valois, R. F., DiClemente, R. J., & Romer, D. (2010). HIV knowledge and its contribution to sexual health behaviors of low-income African American adolescents. Journal of the National Medical Association, 102(12), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30772-0
- Teixeira da Silva, D., Bouris, A., Voisin, D., Hotton, A., Brewer, R., & Schneider, J. (2020). Social networks moderate the syndemic effect of psychosocial and structural factors on HIV risk among young Black transgender women and men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 24(1), 192–205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02575-9
- Tobin, K. E., Kuramoto, S. J., Davey-Rothwell, M. A., & Latkin, C. A. (2011). The STEP into action study: A peer-based, personal risk network-focused HIV prevention intervention with injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. Addiction, 106(2), 366–375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03146.x
- Tyler, K. (2008). Social network characteristics and risky sexual and drug related behaviors among homeless young adults. Social Science Research, 37(2), 673–685. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.09.004
- Veinot, T. C., Caldwell, E., Loveluck, J., Arnold, M. P., & Bauermeister, J. (2016). HIV testing behavior and social network characteristics and functions among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in metropolitan Detroit. AIDS and Behavior, 20(11), 2739–2761. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1296-y
- Wagner, G. J., Hoover, M., Green, H., Tohme, J., & Mokhbat, J. (2015). Social, relational and network determinants of unprotected anal sex and HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Beirut, Lebanon. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 264–275. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2014.969467
- Wang, K., Brown, K., & Shen, S. Y., & Tucker, J. (2011). Social network-based interventions to promote condom use: A systematic review. AIDS and Behavior, 15(7), 1298–1308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-0020-1
- Westergaard, R. P., Beach, M. C., Saha, S., & Jacobs, E. A. (2014). Racial/ethnic differences in trust in health care: HIV conspiracy beliefs and vaccine research participation. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(1), 140–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-013-2554-6
- White, R. M. (2005). Misinformation and misbeliefs in the Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis fuel mistrust in the healthcare system. Journal of the National Medical Association, 97(11), 1566–1573. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16334509
- Wingood, G., & DiClemente, R. (2006). Enhancing adoption of evidence-based HIV interventions: Promotion of a suite of HIV prevention interventions for African American women. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18(4 Suppl A), 161–170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2006.18.supp.161
- Yamanis, T. J., Dervisevic, E., Mulawa, M., Conserve, D. F., Barrington, C., Kajula, L. J., & Maman, S. (2017). Social network influence on HIV testing among urban men in Tanzania. AIDS and Behavior, 21(4), 1171–1182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1513-8