“It is not an easy decision on HIV, especially in Zambia”: opting for silence, limited disclosure and implicit understanding to retain a wider identity

References

• Ayles , H. , Sismanidis , C. , Beyers , N. , Hayes , R. and Godfrey-Faussett , P. 2008 . ZAMSTAR, The Zambia South Africa TB and HIV reduction study: Design of a 2×2 factorial community randomized trial . Trials , 9 : 63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond , V. , Chilikwela , L. , Clay , S. , Kafuma , T. , Nyblade , L. , & Bettega , N . 2003 . “Kanayaka” – the light is on: Understanding HIV/AIDS related stigma and discrimination in Zambia . Working report . Lusaka , , Zambia : Associated Press . Retrieved from http://www.icrw.org
   Google Scholar
• Central Statistics Office 2007 . Zambia Health Demographic Survey 2007 . Calverton , MD : CSO and Macro International .
   Google Scholar
• Clay , S. , Bond , V. , & Nyblade , L. 2003 . “We can tell them: AIDS is not spread by being together” – children's experiences of HIV-related stigma and discrimination in Zambia . Working report. Lusaka, Zambia: Associated Press. Retrieved from http://www.icrw.org
   Google Scholar
• Colson , E. 2005 . AIDS and behavioural change: Gwembe Valley, Zambia . African Social Research , 51 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Daniel , M. , Apila , H.M. , Bjorjo , R. and Lie , G.R. 2007 . Breaching cultural silence: Enhancing resilience among Ugandan orphans . African Journal of AIDS Research , 6 ( 2 ) : 109 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkle , K.L. , Stephenson , R. , Karita , E. , Chomba , E. , Kayitenkore , K. , Vwalika , C. and Allen , S. 2008 . New heterosexually transmitted HIV infections in married or cohabiting couples in urban Zambia and Rwanda: An analysis of survey and clinical data . The Lancet , 371 ( 9631 ) : 2183 – 2191 . …
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald , M . 2008 . Stigma and the social context of anti-retroviral treatment in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa Doctoral dissertation . London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine : London .
   Google Scholar
• Garnett , G.P. and Baggaley , R.F. 2009 . Treating our way out of the HIV pandemic: Could we, would we, should we? . The Lancet , 373 ( 9657 ) : 9 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1963 . Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity , New York : Simon and Schuser .
   Google Scholar
• Granich , R.M. , Gilks , C.F. , Dye , C. , De Cock , K.M. and Williams , B.G. 2009a . Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: A mathematical model . The Lancet , 373 ( 9657 ) : 48 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granich , R.M. , Gilks , C.F. , Dye , C. , De Cock , K.M. and Williams , B.G. 2009b . Universal voluntary HIV testing and immediate antiretroviral therapy-authors’ reply . The Lancet , 373 ( 9669 ) : 1080 – 1081 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greeff , M. , Phetihu , R. , Makoae , L.N. , Diamini , P.S. , Holzemer , W.L. , Naidoo , J.R. and Chirwa , M. 2008 . Disclosure of HIV status: Experience and perceptions of persons living with HIV/AIDS and nurses involved in their care in Africa . Qualitative Health Research , 18 : 311 – 324 . …
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , K. , Derlega , V.J. , Yep , G.A. and Petronio , S. 2003 . Privacy and disclosure of HIV in interpersonal relationships, a sourcebook for researchers and practitioners , Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch 2007 . Hidden in the mealie meal: Gender based abuses and women's HIV treatment in Zambia . Retrieved from http://hrw.org/reports/2007/zambia1207
   Google Scholar
• Johannesburg Civil Society Consultation on ART for Prevention 2009 . Declaration at a consultative meeting co-hosted by ARASA, OSISA and OSI to discuss ART for prevention model, 29 April, Johannesburg, South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Kidd , R. , & Clay , S. 2003 . Understanding and challenging HIV stigma: Toolkit for action . Washington , DC : The Academy for Educational Development/The CHANGE Project and ICRW . Retrieved from http://www.icrw.org
   Google Scholar
• Kruse , G.R. , Tambatamba Chapula , B. , Ikeda , S. , Nkoma , M. , Quiterio , N. , Pankratz , D. and Reid , S.E. 2009 . Utilization of HIV services and burnout amongst healthcare workers in Lusaka district, Zambia, resubmitted after peer review for publication . Human Resources for Health , 7 : 55 …
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan , A.P. , Sayles , J.N. , Patel , V.A. , Remien , R.H. , Sawires , S.R. , Ortiz , D.J. and Coates , T.J. 2008 . Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: A review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward . AIDS , 22 ( Suppl. 2 ) : S67 – S79 . …
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinowski , B. 1959 . Crime and custom in savage society , Totowa , NJ : Rowman & Allanheld .
   Google Scholar
• McNeill , F.G. 2009 . “Condoms cause AIDS”: Poison, prevention and denial in Venda, South Africa . African Affairs , 108 ( 432 ) : 353 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and National AIDS Council 2008 . Zambia country report. Multi-sectoral AIDS response monitoring and evaluation biennial report 2006–2007 . Submitted to the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on AIDS , Republic of Zambia .
   Google Scholar
• Mogensen , H.O. 2002 December 5–8 Exploring the space between availability and inaccessibility: Antiretroviral treatment and the Ugandan family . Paper presented at African Studies Association Conference , Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Mwanza , I . 1994 , March 23–25 . Fighting AIDS or fighting taboos? Coping with home-care and death of a family member . In V. Bond Proceedings of the AIDS and the family, 4th National AIDS Conference , 9 12 . Lusaka : Zambia National AIDS Network .
   Google Scholar
• Namakhoma , I. , Obermeyer , C. , Bongololo , G. , Nyirenda , L. , Phoya A. , Bello , G. , & Theobald , S … . 2009 , May 7–8 . Negotiating multiple barriers: S’ access to counselling and testing in Malawi . Paper presented at conference on expanding ART in resource limited settings: Social dynamics and policy challenges , HIV and Development Group, University of East Anglia , Norwich , , UK .
   Google Scholar
• Ogden , J. , & Nyblade , L. 2005 . Common at its core: HIV-related stigma across contexts . Retrieved from http://www.icrw.org
   Google Scholar
• Peters , P. , Walker , P. and Kambewa , D. 2008 . Striving for normality in a time of AIDS in Malawi . Journal of Modern African Studies , 46 ( 4 ) : 659 – 687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setel , P. 1999 . A plague of paradoxes: AIDS, culture and demography in Northern Tanzania , Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , A. 2009a April 15–17 . It's better to know? ART take-up amongst a cohort of Catholic mission educated men in Zambia . Paper presented at prolonging life, challenging religion conference , Lusaka , Zambia .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , A. 2009b . Boys to men in the shadow of AIDS: Masculinities and HIV risk in Zambia , New York : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Tanzania Stigma Indicators Field Test Group . 2005 . Measuring HIV stigma: Results of a field test in Tanzania . Washington , DC : USAID . Retrieved from http://www.icrw.org/docs/2005-StigmaIndicatorsReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , M. 2009 April 9 . BBC world service news report on children and orphans in Zimbabwe . Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2009/06/090610-thomson2-wksl-shtml
   Google Scholar
• Twehaze , J. 2009 April 15–17 . Disclosure and silence: Challenges to marital relationships in Uganda . Paper presented at prolonging life, challenging religion conference , Lusaka , Zambia .
   Google Scholar
• Visser , M.J. , Makin , J.D. , Vandormael , A. , Sikkema , K.J. and Forsyth , B.W.C. 2009 . HIV/AIDS stigma in a South African community . AIDS Care , 21 ( 2 ) : 197 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallman , S. 2002 . Boundaries of Memory and Anthropology . Ethnos , 67 ( 1 ) : 99 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• WHO , 2009 . Towards universal access, scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector , Progress report , WHO Press : Geneva , , Switzerland .
   Google Scholar