Publication Cover
AIDS Care
Psychological and Socio-medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV
Volume 11, 1999 - Issue 4
28
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Lack of legal income is strongly associated with an increased risk of AIDS and death in HIV-infected injecting drug users

Pages 429-436 | Published online: 27 May 2010

References

  • ALBACES , P. , SCHOENBAUM , E.E. and KLEIN , R.S. 1993 . Correlates of the rate of decline of CD4 + lymphocytes among injection drug users infected with human immunodeficiency virus . American Journal of Epidemiology , 137 : 989 – 1000 .
  • CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION . 1992 . 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case for AIDS definition among adolescents and adults . MMWR , 41 : 1 – 19 . Atlanta
  • CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION . 1993 . HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report , October : 1 – 19 .
  • CHAISSON , R.E. , KERULY , J.C. and MOORE , R.D. 1995 . Race, sex, and progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 333 : 751 – 756 .
  • DELTA COORDINATING COMMITTEE . 1996 . Delta: a randomised double blind controlled trial comparing combinations of zidovudine plus didanosine or zalcitabine with zidovudine alone in HIV-infected individuals . The Lancet , 348 : 283 – 291 .
  • DES JARLAIS , D.C. , FRIEDMAN , S.R. , CHOOPANYA , K. , VANICHSENI , S. and WARD , T.P. 1992 . International epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among injecting-drug users . AIDS , 6 : 1053 – 1068 .
  • DES JARLAIS , D.C. , FRIEDMAN , S.R. , MARMOR , M. , COHEN , H. , MILDVAN , D. YANCOVITZ , S. 1987 . Development of AIDS, HIV seroconversion, and potential co-factors for T4 cell loss in a cohort of intravenous drug users . AIDS , I : 105 – 111 .
  • EASTERBROOK , P.J. , KERULY , J.C. , CREAGH-KIRK , T. , RICHMAN , D.D. , CHAISSON , R.E. MOORE , R.D. 1991 . Racial and ethnic differences in outcome in zidovudine-treated patients with advanced HIV disease: zidovudine epidemiology study group . Journal of the American Medical Association , 266 : 2713 – 2718 .
  • GALAI , N. , VLAHOV , D. , MARGOLICK , J.B. , CHEN , K. , GRAHAM , N.M.H. and MUNOZ , A. 1995 . Changes in markers of disease progression in HIV-1 seroconverters: a comparison between cohorts of injecting drug users and homosexual men . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , 8 : 66 – 74 .
  • KITAYAPORN , D. , TANSUPHASWADIKUL , S. , LOHSOMBOOM , P. , PANNACHET , K. , KAEWKUNGWAL , J. , LIMPAKARNJANARAT , K. and MASTRO , T.D. 1995 . Survival of AIDS patients in the emerging epidemic in Bangkok, Thailand . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology , 11 : 77 – 82 .
  • LYLES , C.M. , MARGOLICK , J.B. , ASTEMBORSKI , J. , GRAHAM , N.M.H. , ANTHONY , J.C. HOOVER , D.R. 1997 . The influence of drug use patterns on the rate of CD4[sup +] lymphocyte decline among HIV-1-infected injecting drug users . AIDS , 11 : 1255 – 1262 .
  • MARGOLICK , J.B. , MUNOZ , A. , VLAHOV , D. , SOLOMON , L. , ASTEMBORSKI , J. COLIN , S. 1992 . Changes in T-lymphocytes subsets in intravenous drug users with HIV infection. Multiccnter AIDS cohort study . Journal of the American Medical Association , 267 : 1631 – 1636 .
  • MIENTJES , G.H. , VAN AMEIDEN , E.J. , VAN DEN HOEK , A.J. and COUTINHO , R.A. 1992 . Increasing morbidity without rise in non-AIDS mortality among HIV-infected intravenous drug users in Amsterdam . AIDS , 6 : 207 – 212 .
  • MONTELLA , F. , DISORA , F. , PERUCCI , C.A. , ABENI , D.D. and RECCHIA , O. 1992 . T-lymphocytes subsets in intravenous drug users with HIV-1 infection . Journal of the American Medical Association , 268 : 2516 – 2517 .
  • MOORE , R.D. , HIDALGO , J. , SUGLAND , B.W. and CHAISSON , R.E. 1991 . Zidovudine and the natural history of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . New England Journal of Medicine , 324 : 1412 – 1416 .
  • O'CONNOR , P.G. , SELWYN , P.A. and SCHOTTENFELD , R.S. 1994 . Medical care for injection-drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection . New England Journal of Medicine , 331 : 450 – 459 .
  • PEHRSON , P. , LINDBACK , S. , LINDMAN , C. , GAINES , H. and GIESECKF , J. 1997 . Longer survival after HIV infection for injecting drug users than for homosexual men: implications for immunology . AIDS , 11 : 1007 – 1012 .
  • PHILIPS , A.N. , PEZZOTTI , P. , LEPRI , A.C. , REZZA , G. and THE ITALIAN SEROCONVERSION STUDY . 1994 . CD4 count as a determinant of the time from HIV seroconversion to AIDS and death from AIDS: evidence from the Italian seroconversion study . AIDS , 8 : 1299 – 1305 .
  • PIETTE , J.D. , INTRATOR , O. , ZIERLER , S. , MOR , V. and STEIN , M.D. 1995 . An exploratory analysis of survival with AIDS using a non parametric tree-structured approach . Epidemiology , 3 : 310 – 318 .
  • RONALD , P.J.M. , ROBERTSON , J.R. and ELTON , R.A. 1994 . Continued drug use and other cofactors for progression to AIDS among injecting drug users . AIDS , 8 : 339 – 343 .
  • SCHECHTER , M.T. , HOGG , R.S. , AYLWARD , B. , CRAIB , K.J.P. , LE , T.N. and MONTANER , J.S.G. 1994 . Higher socioeconomic status is associated with slower progression of HIV infection independent of access to health care . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 47 : 59 – 67 .
  • SCHNEIDER , P.M.M.E. , HOPELMAN , A.I.M. , EEFTICK SCHATTENKERK , J.K.M. , NIELSEN , T.L. , VAN DER GRAAF , Y. FRISSEN , J.P. 1992 . A controlled trial of aerosolized pentamidine or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection . New England Journal of Medicine , 327 : 1836 – 1841 .
  • SCHOEENBAUM , E.E. , HARTEL , D. , SELWYN , P.A. , KLEIN , R.S. , DAVENNY , K. ROGERS , M. 1989 . Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in intravenous drug users . New England Journal of Medicine , 321 : 874 – 879 .
  • SELWYN , P.A. , ALCABES , P. , HARTEL , D. , BUENO , D. , SCHOENBAUM , E.E. KLEIN , R.S. 1992 . Clinical manifestations and predictors of disease progression in drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection . New England Journal of Medicine , 327 : 1697 – 1703 .
  • VAN HAASTRECHT , H.J. , VAN DEN HOEK , A.J. and COUTINHO , R.A. 1994 . High mortality among HIV-infected injecting drug users without AIDS diagnosis: implications for HIV infection epidemic modelers? . AIDS , 8 : 363 – 366 .
  • VON OVERBECK , J. , EGGER , M. , SMITH , G.D. , SCHOEP , M. , LEDERGERBER , B. FURRER , H. 1994 . Survival in HIV infection: do sex and category of transmission matter? Swiss HIV cohort study . AIDS , 8 : 1307 – 1313 .
  • WEBER , R. , LEDERGERBER , B. , OPRAVIL , M. , SIEGENTHALER , W. and LUTHY , R. 1990 . Progression of HIV infection in misusers of injected drugs who stop injecting or follow a programme of maintenance treatment with methadone . British Medical Journal , 301 : 1362 – 1365 .
  • ZACCARELLI , M. , GATTARI , P. , REZZA , G. , CONTI , S. , SPIZZICHINO , L. VLAHOF , D. 1994 . Impact of HIV infection on non AIDS mortality among Italian injecting drug users . AIDS , 8 : 345 – 350 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.