Clarifying the relationship between unexplained chronic fatigue and psychiatric morbidity: results from a community survey in Great Britain

References

• ABBEY, S.E. & GARFINKEL, P.E. (1991). Chronic fatigue syndrome and depression: cause, effect, or covariate. Review of Infectious Diseases, 13 (Suppl 1), S73-S83.
   Google Scholar
• BUCHWALD, D., UMALI, P., UMALI, J., KITH, P., PEARLMAN, T. & KOMAROFF, A. (1995) Chronic fatigue and the chronic fatigue syndrome: prevalence in a Pacific Northwest health care system. Annals of Internal Medicine, 123, 81-88.
   Google Scholar
• CHALDER, T., BERELOWITZ, G., PAWLIKOWSKA, T., WATTS, L., WESSELY, S., WRIGHT, D. & WALLACE, E.P. (1993). Development of a fatigue scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 37, 147-153.
   Google Scholar
• COPE, H., MANN, A., PELOSI, A. & DAVID, A. (1996). Psychosocial risk factors for chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome following presumed viral illness: a case-control study. Psychological Medicine, 26, 1197-1209.
   Google Scholar
• DAVID, A.S., WESSELY, S. & PELOSI, A.J. (1988). Post-viral fatigue syndrome: time for a new approach. British Medical Journal, 296, 696-699.
   Google Scholar
• DROSSMAN, D.A., MCKEE, D.C., SANDLER, R.S., MITCHELL, C.M., CRAMER, E.M., LOWMAN, B.C. & BURGER, A.L. (1988). Psychosocial factors in the irritable bowel syndrome: a multivariate study of patients and non-patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology, 95, 701-708.
   Google Scholar
• FUKUDA, K., STRAUS, S., HICKIE, I., SHARPE, M., DOBBINS, J. & KOMAROFF, A. (1994). The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 121, 953-959.
   Google Scholar
• KOMAROFF, A.L. (1994). Clinical presentation and evaluation of fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. In: S.E. STRAUS (Ed), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (pp 61-84). New York: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• KOMAROFF, A.L., FAGIOLI, L.R., DOOLITTLE, T.H., GANDEK, B., GLEIT, M.A., GUERRIERO, R.T., KORNISH, R.J., WARE, N.C., WARE, J.E. & BATES, D.W. (1996). Health status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and in general population and disease comparison groups. American Journal of Medicine, 101, 281-290.
   Google Scholar
• KROENKE, K., WOOD, D.R., MANGELSDORFF, D., MEIER, N.J. & POWELL, J.B. (1988). Chronic fatigue in primary care: prevalence, patients’ characteristics, and outcome. JAMA, 260, 929-934.
   Google Scholar
• LAWRIE, S.M., PELOSI, A.J. (1995). Chronic fatigue in the community: prevalence and associations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 793-797.
   Google Scholar
• LEWIS, G. & WESSELY, S. (1992). The epidemiology of fatigue: more questions than answers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 46, 92-97.
   Google Scholar
• LEWIS, G., PELOSI, A.J., ARAYA, R. & DUNN, G. (1992). Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychological Medicine, 22, 465-486.
   Google Scholar
• MANU, P., MATTHEWS, D.A. & LANE, T.J. (1988). The mental health of patients with a chief complaint of chronic fatigue: a prospective evaluation and follow-up. Archives of Internal Medicine, 148, 2213-2217.
   Google Scholar
• MELTZER, H., GILL, B., PETTICREW, M. & HINDS, K. (1995a). OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity Report 1: The Prevalence of Psychiatric Morbidity Among Adults Living in Private Households. London: HerMajesty’s Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• MELTZER, H., GILL, B., PETTICREW, M. & HINDS, K. (1995b). OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity Report 2: Physical Complaints, Use of Services and Treatment of Adults With Psychiatric Disorders. London: HerMajesty’s Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• MELTZER, H., GILL, B., PETTICREW, M. & HINDS, K. (1995c). OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity Report 3: Economic Activity and Social Functioning of Adults With Psychiatric Disorders. London: HerMajesty’s Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• ORMEL, J., VONKORFF, M., USTUN, T.B., PINI, S., KORTEN, A. & OLDEHINKEL, T. (1994). Common mental disorders and disability across cultures: results from the WHO Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care. JAMA, 272, 1741-1748.
   Google Scholar
• ORMEL, J., VONKORFF, M., VAN DEN BRINK, W., KATON, W., BRILMAN, E. & OLDEHINKEL, T. (1993). Depression, anxiety, and social disability show synchrony of change in primary care patients. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 385-390.
   Google Scholar
• PAWLIKOWSKA, T., CHALDER, T., HIRSCH, S.R., WALLACE, P., WRIGHT, D.J.M. & WESSELY, S. (1994). Population based study of fatigue and psychological distress. British Medical Journal, 308, 763-766.
   Google Scholar
• PRICE, R., NORTH, C.S., WESSELY, C.S. & FRASER, V.J. (1992). Estimating the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome and associated symptoms in the community. Public Health Reports, 107, 514-522.
   Google Scholar
• RICHMAN, J.A., FLAHERTY, J.A. & ROSPENDA, K.M. (1994). Chronic fatigue syndrome: have flawed assumptions been derived from treatment-based studies? American Journal of Public Health, 84, 282-284.
   Google Scholar
• ROTHMAN, K.J. & GREENLAND, S. (1998). Precision and validity in epidemiologic studies. In: K.J. ROTHMAN & S. GREENLAND (Eds), Modern Epidemiology, 2nd ed. (pp. 115-134). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS (1996). Chronic Fatigue Syndrome—Report of a Joint Working Group of the Royal Colleges of Physicians, Psychiatrists and General Practitioners. London: Gaskell.
   Google Scholar
• RUSSO, J., KATON, W., CLARK, M., KITH, P., SINTAY, M. & BUCHWALD, D. (1998). Longitudinal changes associated with improvement in chronic fatigue patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 45, 67-76.
   Google Scholar
• SHARPE, M. (1996). Chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19, 549-573.
   Google Scholar
• SHARPE, M., CHALDER, T., PALMER, I. & WESSELY, S. (1997). Chronic fatigue syndrome: a practical guide to assessment and management. General Hospital Psychiatry, 19, 185-199.
   Google Scholar
• STATA CORPORATION (1995). Stata Version 4.0. College Station, Texas: Stata Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• STEWART, W.F., SHECHTER, A. & LIBERMAN, J. (1992). Physician consultation forheadache pain and history of panic: results from a population based study. American Journal of Medicine, 92 (Suppl 1A), 35S-40S.
   Google Scholar
• SULLIVAN, M.D., KATON, W., DOBIE, R., SAKAI, C., RUSSO, J. & HARROP-GRIFFITHS, J. (1988). Disabling tinnitus: association with affective disorder. General Hospital Psychiatry, 10, 285-291.
   Google Scholar
• SWARTZ, M.N. (1988). The chronic fatigue syndrome— one entity ormany? New England Journal of Medicine, 319, 1726-1728.
   Google Scholar
• WALKER, E.A., KATON, W.J. & JEMELKA, R.P. (1993). Psychiatric disorders and medical care utilization among people in the general population who report fatigue. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 8, 436-440.
   Google Scholar
• WESSELY, S. (1995). The epidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome. Epidemiological Review, 17, 139-151.
   Google Scholar
• WESSELY, S., CHALDER, T., HIRSCH, S., WALLACE, P. & WRIGHT, D. (1996). Psychological symptoms, somatic symptoms, and psychiatric disorder in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective study in the primary care setting. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1050-1059.
   Google Scholar
• WESSELY, S., CHALDER, T., HIRSCH, S., WALLACE, P. & WRIGHT, D. (1997). The prevalence and morbidity of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective primary care study. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1449-1455.
   Google Scholar