206
Views
52
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Biomarkers of HIV related central nervous system disease

&
Pages 73-88 | Published online: 11 Jul 2009

References

  • Abdulle S, Hagberg L, Gisslen M. Effects of antiretroviral treatment on blood-brain barrier integrity and intrathecal immunoglobulin production in neuroasymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients. HIV Medicine 2005; 6: 164–169
  • Abdulle S, Hagberg L, Svennerholm B, Fuchs D, Gisslen M. Continuing intrathecal immunoactivation despite two years of effective antiretroviral therapy against HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2002; 16: 2145–2149
  • Abdulle S, Mellgren A, Brew BJ, Cinque P, Hagberg L, Price RW, et al. CSF neurofilament protein (NFL)–A marker of active HIV-related neurodegeneration. Journal of Neurology 2007; 254(8)1026–1032
  • Achim CL, Heyes MP, Wiley CA. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus, immune activation factors, and quinolinic acid in AIDS brains. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1993; 91: 2769–2775
  • Albrecht D, Garcia L, Cartier L, Kettlun AM, Vergara C, Collados L, et al. Trophic factors in cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord of patients with tropical spastic paraparesis, HIV, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. AIDS Research Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22: 248–254
  • Andersson LM, Hagberg L, Fuchs D, Svennerholm B, Gisslen M. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in neuro-asymptomatic HIV-1-infected individuals - Correlation with cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 RNA and neopterin levels. Journal of Neurovirology 2001; 7: 542–547
  • Andreasen N, Sjogren M, Blennow K. CSF markers for Alzheimer's disease: Total tau, phospho-tau and Abeta42. World Journal of Biol Psychiatry 2003; 4: 147–155
  • Armitage RJ. Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members and their ligands. Current Opinion Immunol 1994; 6: 407–413
  • Avison MJ, Nath A, Greene-Avison R, Schmitt FA, Bales RA, Ethisham A, et al. Inflammatory changes and breakdown of microvascular integrity in early human immunodeficiency virus dementia. Journal of Neurovirology 2004; 10: 223–232
  • Baker SJ, Reddy EP. Transducers of life and death: TNF receptor superfamily and associated proteins. Oncogene 1996; 12: 1–9
  • Bazan NG, Packard MG, Teather L, Allan G. Bioactive lipids in excitatory neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity. Neurochem Int 1997; 30: 225–231
  • Behan WM, McDonald M, Darlington LG, Stone TW. Oxidative stress as a mechanism for quinolinic acid-induced hippocampal damage: Protection by melatonin and deprenyl. British Journal of Pharmacology 1999; 128: 1754–1760
  • Berger JR, Avison M, Mootoor Y, Beach C. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics and human immunodeficiency virus dementia: Preliminary observations. Journal of Neurovirology 2005; 11: 557–562
  • Bernasconi S, Cinque P, Peri G, Sozzani S, Crociati A, Torri W, et al. Selective elevation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus encephalitis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996; 174: 1098–1101
  • Bito H, Nakamura M, Honda Z, Izumi T, Iwatsubo T, Seyama Y, et al. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor in rat brain: PAF mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ in hippocampal neurons. Neuron 1992; 9: 285–294
  • Brew BJ. AIDS dementia complex. HIV neurology, BJ Brew. Oxford University Press, New York 2001a; 53–90
  • Brew BJ. Principles of HIV Neurology. HIV neurology, BJ Brew. Oxford University Press, New York 2001b; 32–35
  • Brew BJ, Bhalla RB, Paul M, Gallardo H, McArthur JC, Schwartz MK, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Annals of Neurology 1990; 28: 556–560
  • Brew BJ, Bhalla RB, Paul M, Sidtis JJ, Keilp JJ, Sadler AE, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid beta 2-microglobulin in patients with AIDS dementia complex: An expanded series including response to zidovudine treatment. AIDS 1992; 6: 461–465
  • Brew BJ, Dunbar N, Pemberton L, Kaldor J. Predictive markers of AIDS dementia complex: CD4 cell count and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996; 174: 294–298
  • Brew BJ, Pemberton L, Blennow K, Wallin A, Hagberg L. CSF amyloid beta42 and tau levels correlate with AIDS dementia complex. Neurology 2005; 65: 1490–1492
  • Brew BJ, Pemberton L, Cunningham P, Law MG. Levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with AIDS dementia stage. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997; 175: 963–966
  • Calvo ME, Arranz GF, Sánchez-Portocarrero J, Roca AV, Puente M, Elias AA, et al. [Alpha tumor necrosis factor in central nervous system disease associated with HIV infection.]. An Med Interna 1995; 12: 263–266
  • Campbell IL, Krucker T, Steffensen S, Akwa Y, Powell HC, Lane T, et al. Structural and functional neuropathology in transgenic mice with CNS expression of IFN-alpha. Brain Research 1999; 835: 46–61
  • Cauwels A, Frei K, Sansano S, Fearns C, Ulevitch R, Zimmerli W, et al. The origin and function of soluble CD14 in experimental bacterial meningitis. Journal of Immunology 1999; 162: 4762–4772
  • Chawla-Sarkar M, Lindner DJ, Liu YF, Williams BR, Sen GC, Silverman RH, et al. Apoptosis and interferons: Role of interferon-stimulated genes as mediators of apoptosis. Apoptosis 2003; 8: 237–249
  • Cherner M, Letendre S, Heaton RK, Durelle J, Marquie-Beck J, Gragg B, et al. Hepatitis C augments cognitive deficits associated with HIV infection and methamphetamine. Neurology 2005; 64: 1343–1347
  • Cinque P, Bestetti A, Marenzi R, Sala S, Gisslen M, Hagberg L, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10, CXCL10) in HIV-1 infection. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2005; 168: 154–163
  • Cinque P, Nebuloni M, Santovito ML, Price RW, Gisslen M, Hagberg L, et al. The urokinase receptor is overexpressed in the AIDS dementia complex and other neurological manifestations. Annals of Neurology 2004; 55: 687–694
  • Cinque P, Vago L, Mengozzi M, Torri V, Ceresa D, Vicenzi E, et al. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 correlate with HIV-1 encephalitis and local viral replication. AIDS 1998; 12: 1327–1332
  • Conant K, Garzino-Demo A, Nath A, McArthur JC, Halliday W, Power C, et al. Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in HIV-1 Tat-stimulated astrocytes and elevation in AIDS dementia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA 1998; 95: 3117–3121
  • Conant K, McArthur JC, Griffin DE, Sjulson L, Wahl LM, Irani DN. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of MMP-2, 7, and 9 are elevated in association with human immunodeficiency virus dementia. Annals of Neurology 1999; 46: 391–398
  • Cosman D. Hematopoietic cell growth factors and their receptors. Blood cell biochemistry, Vol 7, AD Whetten, J Gordon. Plenum Press, New York 1996
  • Cysique LA, Maruff P, Brew BJ. Variable benefit in neuropsychological function in HIV-infected HAART-treated patients. Neurology 2006; 66: 1447–1450
  • Dore GJ, McDonald A, Li Y, Kaldor JM, Brew BJ. Marked improvement in survival following AIDS dementia complex in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003; 17: 1539–1545
  • Ellis RJ, Gamst AC, Capparelli E, Spector SA, Hsia K, Wolfson T, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA originates from both local CNS and systemic sources. Neurology 2000; 54: 927–936
  • Ellis RJ, Hsia K, Spector SA, Nelson JA, Heaton RK, Wallace MR, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels are elevated in neurocognitively impaired individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Annals of Neurology 1997; 42: 679–688
  • Ellis RJ, Moore DJ, Childers ME, Letendre S, McCutchan JA, Wolfson T, et al. Progression to neuropsychological impairment in human immunodeficiency virus infection predicted by elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of human immunodeficiency virus RNA. Arch Neurol 2002; 59: 923–928
  • Elovaara I, Iivanainen M, Valle SL, Suni J, Tervo T, Lahdevirta J. CSF protein and cellular profiles in various stages of HIV infection related to neurological manifestations. Journal of Neurological Science 1987; 78: 331–342
  • Enting RH, Foudraine NA, Lange JM, Jurriaans S, van der Poll T, Weverling GJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid beta2-microglobulin, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and soluble tumour necrosis factor alpha receptors before and after treatment with lamivudine plus zidovudine or stavudine. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2000; 102: 216–221
  • Epstein LG, Gelbard HA. HIV-1-induced neuronal injury in the developing brain. Journal of Leukoc Biol 1999; 65: 453–457
  • Erichsen D, Lopez AL, Peng H, Niemann D, Williams C, Bauer M, et al. Neuronal injury regulates fractalkine: Relevance for HIV-1 associated dementia. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2003; 138: 144–155
  • Franciotta DM, Melzi d’Eril GL, Bono G, Brustia R, Ruberto G, Pagani I. Tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with AIDS. Funct Neurol 1992; 7: 35–38
  • Franconi F, Miceli M, De Montis MG, Crisafi EL, Bennardini F, Tagliamonte A. NMDA receptors play an anti-aggregating role in human platelets. Thromb Haemost 1996; 76: 84–87
  • Fuchs D, Forsman A, Hagberg L, Larsson M, Norkrans G, Reibnegger G, et al. Immune activation and decreased tryptophan in patients with HIV-1 infection. Journal of Interferon Research 1990; 10: 599–603
  • Gallo P, Frei K, Rordorf C, Lazdins J, Tavolato B, Fontana A. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system: An evaluation of cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid. Journal of Neuroimmunology 1989a; 23: 109–116
  • Gallo P, Laverda AM, De Rossi A, Pagni S, Del, Mistro A, Cogo P, et al. Immunological markers in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-1-infected children. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 80: 659–666
  • Gallo P, Piccinno MG, Pagni S, Argentiero V, Giometto B, Bozza F, et al. Immune activation in multiple sclerosis: Study of IL-2, sIL-2R, and gamma-IFN levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Journal of Neurological Science 1989b; 92: 9–15
  • Gallo P, Sivieri S, Rinaldi L, Yan XB, Lolli F, De Rossi A, et al. Intrathecal synthesis of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in viral and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Journal of Neurological Science 1994; 126: 49–53
  • Gelbard HA, Nottet HS, Swindells S, Jett M, Dzenko KA, Genis P, et al. Platelet-activating factor: A candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced neurotoxin. Journal of Virology 1994; 68: 4628–4635
  • Gendelman HE, Zheng J, Coulter CL, Ghorpade A, Che M, Thylin M, et al. Suppression of inflammatory neurotoxins by highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1998; 178: 1000–1007
  • Giovannoni G, Heales SJ, Silver NC, O’Riordan J, Miller RF, Land JM, et al. Raised serum nitrate and nitrite levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurological Science 1997; 145: 77–81
  • Giovannoni G, Miller RF, Heales SJ, Land JM, Harrison MJ, Thompson EJ. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid and serum nitrate and nitrite levels in patients with central nervous system complications of HIV-1 infection: A correlation with blood-brain-barrier dysfunction. Journal of Neurological Science 1998; 156: 53–58
  • Gisolf EH, van Praag RM, Jurriaans S, Portegies P, Goudsmit J, Danner SA, et al. Increasing cerebrospinal fluid chemokine concentrations despite undetectable cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA in HIV-1-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 2000; 25: 426–433
  • Gisslen M, Hagberg L, Rosengren L, Brew BJ, Cinque P, Spudich S, et al. Defining and evaluating HIV-related neurodegenerative disease and its treatment targets: A combinatorial approach to use of cerebrospinal fluid molecular biomarkers. J Neuroimmune Pharmacology 2007; 2(1)112–119
  • Gisslen M, Rosengren L, Hagberg L, Deeks SG, Price RW. Cerebrospinal fluid signs of neuronal damage after antiretroviral treatment interruption in HIV-1 infection. AIDS Research Therapy 2005; 2: 6
  • Glass JD, Fedor H, Wesselingh SL, McArthur JC. Immunocytochemical quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus in the brain: Correlations with dementia. Annals of Neurology 1995; 38: 755–762
  • Gonzalez E, Rovin BH, Sen L, Cooke G, Dhanda R, Mummidi S, et al. HIV-1 infection and AIDS dementia are influenced by a mutant MCP-1 allele linked to increased monocyte infiltration of tissues and MCP-1 levels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA 2002; 99: 13795–13800
  • Griffin DE, McArthur JC, Cornblath DR. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor and soluble CD8 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid during human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurologic disease. Journal of Neuroimmunology 1990; 28: 97–109
  • Griffin DE, McArthur JC, Cornblath DR. Neopterin and interferon-gamma in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-associated neurologic disease. Neurology 1991; 41: 69–74
  • Griffin DE, Wesselingh SL, McArthur JC. Elevated central nervous system prostaglandins in human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Annals of Neurology 1994; 35: 592–597
  • Gruss HJ, Dower SK. Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily: Involvement in the pathology of malignant lymphomas. Blood 1995; 85: 3378–3404
  • Hall CD, Snyder CR, Robertson KR, Messenheimer JA, Wilkins JW, Robertson WT, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1992; 22: 139–143
  • Hamerlinck FF. Neopterin: A review. Exp Dermatol 1999; 8: 167–176
  • He J, Chen Y, Farzan M, Choe H, Ohagen A, Gartner S, et al. CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia. Nature 1997; 385: 645–649
  • Heidenreich F, Arendt G, Jander S, Jablonowski H, Stoll G. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) in patients with HIV-1 associated neurological diseases. Journal of Neuroimmunology 1994; 52: 117–126
  • Hesselgesser J, Horuk R. Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the central nervous system. Journal of Neurovirology 1999; 5: 13–26
  • Heyes MP, Brew B, Martin A, Markey SP, Price RW, Bhalla RB, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid concentrations are increased in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991; 294: 687–690
  • Hu J, Ferreira A, Van Eldik LJ. S100beta induces neuronal cell death through nitric oxide release from astrocytes. Journal of Neurochemistry 1997; 69: 2294–2301
  • Huang SH, Jong AY. Cellular mechanisms of microbial proteins contributing to invasion of the blood-brain barrier. Cell Microbiology 2001; 3: 277–287
  • Johnson MD, Kim P, Tourtellotte W, Federspiel CF. Transforming growth factor beta and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of immunocompromised patients with HIV-1 infection. Journal of Neuro AIDS 2004; 2: 33–43
  • Kelder W, McArthur JC, Nance-Sproson T, McClernon D, Griffin DE. Beta-chemokines MCP-1 and RANTES are selectively increased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Annals of Neurology 1998; 44: 831–835
  • Kolb SA, Sporer B, Lahrtz F, Koedel U, Pfister HW, Fontana A. Identification of a T cell chemotactic factor in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-1-infected individuals as interferon-gamma inducible protein 10. Journal of Neuroimmunology 1999; 93: 172–181
  • Krivine A, Force G, Servan J, Cabee A, Rozenberg F, Dighiero L, et al. Measuring HIV-1 RNA and interferon-alpha in the cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients: Insights into the pathogenesis of AIDS Dementia Complex. Journal of Neurovirology 1999; 5: 500–506
  • Kusdra L, McGuire D, Pulliam L. Changes in monocyte/macrophage neurotoxicity in the era of HAART: Implications for HIV-associated dementia. AIDS 2002; 16: 31–38
  • Lafeuillade A, Poggi C, Pellegrino P, Corti K, Profizi N, Sayada C. HIV-1 replication in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Infection 1996; 24: 367–371
  • Landmann R, Muller B, Zimmerli W. CD14, new aspects of ligand and signal diversity. Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 295–304
  • Laverda AM, Gallo P, De Rossi A, Sivieri S, Cogo P, Pagliaro A, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in HIV-1-infected children: Immunological and virological findings before and after AZT therapy. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83: 1038–1042
  • Letendre S, Marquie-Beck J, Capparelli E, Best B, Clifford D, Collier AC, et al. Validation of the CNS penetration-effectiveness rank for qualifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system. Archives of Neurology, for the CHARTER Group. (In press)
  • Letendre S, Buzzell M, Marquie-Beck J, Cherner M, Ances B, & Ellis RJ. ATH Group. 2006, The effects of antiretroviral use on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and neuropsychological performance. In 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections: Denver, CO. Available at: www.retroconference.org/2008/
  • Letendre S, Zheng J, Yiannoutsos C, Lopez A, Ellis R, Marquie-Beck J. Chemokines correlate with cerebral metabolites on magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A sub-study of ACTG 301 and 700. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA, 2004, www.retroconference.org/2008/
  • Letendre SL, Cherner M, Ellis RJ, Marquie-Beck J, Gragg B, Marcotte T, et al. The effects of hepatitis C, HIV, and methamphetamine dependence on neuropsychological performance: Biological correlates of disease. AIDS 2005; 19(Suppl 3)S72–78
  • Letendre SL, Lanier ER, McCutchan JA. Cerebrospinal fluid beta chemokine concentrations in neurocognitively impaired individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999; 180: 310–319
  • Lien E, Aukrust P, Sundan A, Muller F, Froland SS, Espevik T. Elevated levels of serum-soluble CD14 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection: Correlation to disease progression and clinical events. Blood 1998; 92: 2084–2092
  • Liuzzi GM, Mastroianni CM, Santacroce MP, Fanelli M, D’Agostino C, Vullo V, et al. Increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-associated neurological diseases. Journal of Neurovirology 2000; 6: 156–163
  • Lotz M, Terkeltaub R, Villiger PM. Cartilage and joint inflammation. Regulation of IL-8 expression by human articular chondrocytes. Journal of Immunology 1992; 148: 466–473
  • Luo X, Carlson KA, Wojna V, Mayo R, Biskup TM, Stoner J, et al. Macrophage proteomic fingerprinting predicts HIV-1-associated cognitive impairment. Neurology 2003; 60: 1931–1937
  • Marshall DW, Brey RL, Butzin CA, Lucey DR, Abbadessa SM, Boswell RN. CSF changes in a longitudinal study of 124 neurologically normal HIV-1-infected US Air Force personnel. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1991; 4: 777–781
  • Marshall DW, Brey RL, Cahill WT, Houk RW, Zajac RA, Boswell RN. Spectrum of cerebrospinal fluid findings in various stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 954–958
  • Martin A, Heyes MP, Salazar AM, Kampen DL, Williams J, Law WA, et al. Progressive slowing of reaction time and increasing cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of quinolinic acid in HIV-infected individuals. Journal of Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992; 4: 270–279
  • Mastroianni CM, Paoletti F, Massetti AP, Falciano M, Vullo V. Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with HIV-associated neurological disorders. Acta Neurologica (Napoli) 1990; 12: 66–67
  • Mastroianni CM, Paoletti F, Valenti C, Vullo V, Jirillo E, Delia S. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and neurological disorders in HIV infection. Journal of Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 219–221
  • McArthur JC, McClernon DR, Cronin MF, Nance-Sproson TE, Saah AJ, St Clair M, et al. Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia and viral load in cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Annals of Neurology 1997; 42: 689–698
  • McArthur JC, Nance-Sproson TE, Griffin DE, Hoover D, Selnes OA, Miller EN, et al. The diagnostic utility of elevation in cerebrospinal fluid beta 2-microglobulin in HIV-1 dementia. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology 1992; 42: 1707–1712
  • Milstien S, Sakai N, Brew BJ, Krieger C, Vickers JH, Saito K, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid nitrite/nitrate levels in neurologic diseases. Journal of Neurochemistry 1994; 63: 1178–1180
  • Monteiro de Almeida S, Letendre S, Zimmerman J, Lazzaretto D, McCutchan A, Ellis R. Dynamics of monocyte chemoattractant protein type one (MCP-1) and HIV viral load in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2005; 169: 144–152
  • Neuenburg JK, Furlan S, Bacchetti P, Price RW, Grant RM. Enrichment of activated monocytes in cerebrospinal fluid during antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2005; 19: 1351–1359
  • Nockher WA, Bergmann L, Scherberich JE. Increased soluble CD14 serum levels and altered CD14 expression of peripheral blood monocytes in HIV-infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 98: 369–374
  • Norgren N, Rosengren L, Stigbrand T. Elevated neurofilament levels in neurological diseases. Brain Research 2003; 987: 25–31
  • Oppenheim JJ, Ruscetti FW. Cytokines. Medical immunology, TG Parslow, DP Stites, AI Terr, JB Imboden. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing, New York 2001
  • Pemberton LA, Brew BJ. Cerebrospinal fluid S-100beta and its relationship with AIDS dementia complex. Journal of Clinical Virology 2001; 22: 249–253
  • Perrella O, Carreiri PB, Perrella A, Sbreglia C, Gorga F, Guarnaccia D, et al. Transforming growth factor beta-1 and interferon-alpha in the AIDS dementia complex (ADC): Possible relationship with cerebral viral load?. European Cytokine Network 2001; 12: 51–55
  • Perrella O, Carrieri PB, Guarnaccia D, Soscia M. Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in AIDS dementia complex. Journal of Neurology 1992; 239: 387–388
  • Petzold A, Hinds N, Murray NM, Hirsch NP, Grant D, Keir G, et al. CSF neurofilament levels: A potential prognostic marker in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Neurology 2006; 67: 1071–1073
  • Portegies P, Godfried MH, Hintzen RQ, Stam J, van der Poll T, Bakker M, et al. Low levels of specific T cell activation marker CD27 accompanied by elevated levels of markers for non-specific immune activation in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with AIDS dementia complex. Journal of Neuroimmunology 1993; 48: 241–247
  • Pulliam L, Gascon R, Stubblebine M, McGuire D, McGrath MS. Unique monocyte subset in patients with AIDS dementia. Lancet 1997; 349: 692–695
  • Re DB, Przedborski S. Fractalkine: Moving from chemotaxis to neuroprotection. Nat Neurosci 2006; 9: 859–861
  • Rho MB, Wesselingh S, Glass JD, McArthur JC, Choi S, Griffin J, et al. A potential role for interferon-alpha in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia. Brain Behav Immun 1995; 9: 366–377
  • Rieckmann P, Albrecht M, Ehrenreich H, Weber T, Michel U. Semi-quantitative analysis of cytokine gene expression in blood and cerebrospinal fluid cells by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Res Exp Med (Berl) 1995; 195: 17–29
  • Rieckmann P, Nunke K, Burchhardt M, Albrecht M, Wiltfang J, Ulrich M, et al. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in cerebrospinal fluid: An indicator for the inflammatory impairment of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Journal of Neuroimmunology 1993; 47: 133–140
  • Riedel DJ, Pardo CA, McArthur J, Nath A. Therapy insight: CNS manifestations of HIV-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2006; 2: 557–565
  • Rosenberg GA. Matrix metalloproteinases in neuroinflammation. Glia 2002; 39: 279–291
  • Ryan LA, Zheng J, Brester M, Bohac D, Hahn F, Anderson J, et al. Plasma levels of soluble CD14 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha type II receptor correlate with cognitive dysfunction during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Journal Infectious Diseases 2001; 184: 699–706
  • Sabri F, De Milito A, Pirskanen R, Elovaara I, Hagberg L, Cinque P, et al. Elevated levels of soluble Fas and Fas ligand in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with AIDS dementia complex. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2001; 114: 197–206
  • Sacktor N, Haughey N, Cutler R, Tamara A, Turchan J, Pardo C, et al. Novel markers of oxidative stress in actively progressive HIV dementia. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2004; 157: 176–184
  • Sanders VJ, Pittman CA, White MG, Wang G, Wiley CA, Achim CL. Chemokines and receptors in HIV encephalitis. AIDS 1998; 12: 1021–1026
  • Sasseville VG, Smith MM, Mackay CR, Pauley DR, Mansfield KG, Ringler DJ, et al. Chemokine expression in simian immunodeficiency virus-induced AIDS encephalitis. American Journal of Pathology 1996; 149: 1459–1467
  • Schmidtmayerova H, Nottet HS, Nuovo G, Raabe T, Flanagan CR, Dubrovsky L, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection alters chemokine beta peptide expression in human monocytes: Implications for recruitment of leukocytes into brain and lymph nodes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA 1996; 93: 700–704
  • Scorziello A, Florio T, Bajetto A, Thellung S, Schettini G. TGF-beta1 prevents gp120-induced impairment of Ca2+ homeostasis and rescues cortical neurons from apoptotic death. Journal of Neuroscience Research 1997; 49: 600–607
  • Sevigny JJ, Albert SM, McDermott MP, McArthur JC, Sacktor N, Conant K, et al. Evaluation of HIV RNA and markers of immune activation as predictors of HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 2004; 63: 2084–2090
  • Shacklett BL, Cox CA, Wilkens DT, Karl Karlsson R, Nilsson A, Nixon DF, et al. Increased adhesion molecule and chemokine receptor expression on CD8+ T cells trafficking to cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-1 infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004; 189: 2202–2212
  • Shiramizu B, Gartner S, Williams A, Shikuma C, Ratto-Kim S, Watters M, et al. Circulating proviral HIV DNA and HIV-associated dementia. AIDS 2005; 19: 45–52
  • Shiramizu B, Lau E, Tamamoto A, Uniatowski J, Troelstrup D. Feasibility assessment of cerebrospinal fluid from HIV-1-infected children for HIV proviral DNA and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 alleles. Journal of Investigative Medicine 2006; 54: 468–472
  • Singer EJ, Syndulko K, Fahy-Chandon B, Schmid P, Conrad A, Tourtellotte WW. Intrathecal IgG synthesis and albumin leakage are increased in subjects with HIV-1 neurologic disease. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1994; 7: 265–271
  • Sozzani S, Introna M, Bernasconi S, Polentarutti N, Cinque P, Poli G, et al. MCP-1 and CCR2 in HIV infection: Regulation of agonist and receptor expression. Journal of Leukoc Biol 1997; 62: 30–33
  • Sporer B, Kastenbauer S, Koedel U, Arendt G, Pfister HW. Increased intrathecal release of soluble fractalkine in HIV-infected patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19: 111–116
  • Sporer B, Koedel U, Goebel FD, Pfister HW. Increased levels of soluble Fas receptor and Fas ligand in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16: 221–226
  • Sporer B, Koedel U, Paul R, Eberle J, Arendt G, Pfister HW. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is increased in serum, but not in cerebrospinal fluid in HIV associated CNS diseases. Journal of Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004a; 75: 298–300
  • Sporer B, Missler U, Magerkurth O, Koedel U, Wiesmann M, Pfister HW. Evaluation of CSF glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as a putative marker for HIV-associated dementia. Infection 2004b; 32: 20–23
  • Sporer B, Paul R, Koedel U, Grimm R, Wick M, Goebel FD, et al. Presence of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1998; 178: 854–857
  • Stark GR, Kerr IM, Williams BR, Silverman RH, Schreiber RD. How cells respond to interferons. Annu Rev Biochem 1998; 67: 227–264
  • Torre D, Zeroli C, Ferraro G, Speranza F, Tambini R, Martegani R, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of IL-6 in patients with acute infections of the central nervous system. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1992; 24: 787–791
  • Towfighi A, Skolasky RL, St Hillaire C, Conant K, McArthur JC. CSF soluble Fas correlates with the severity of HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 2004; 62: 654–656
  • Tozzi V, Balestra P, Lorenzini P, Bellagamba R, Galgani S, Corpolongo A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive impairment, 1996 to 2002: Results from an urban observational cohort. Journal of Neurovirology 2005; 11: 265–273
  • Tungaturthi PK, Sawaya BE, Singh SP, Tomkowicz B, Ayyavoo V, Khalili K, et al. Role of HIV-1 Vpr in AIDS pathogenesis: Relevance and implications of intravirion, intracellular and free Vpr. Biomed Pharmacother 2003; 57: 20–24
  • Tyor WR, Glass JD, Griffin JW, Becker PS, McArthur JC, Bezman L, et al. Cytokine expression in the brain during the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Annals of Neurology 1992; 31: 349–360
  • Valcour V, Yee P, Williams AE, Shiramizu B, Watters M, Selnes O, et al. Lowest ever CD4 lymphocyte count (CD4 nadir) as a predictor of current cognitive and neurological status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection - The Hawaii Aging with HIV Cohort. Journal of Neurovirology 2006; 12: 387–391
  • Valle M, Price RW, Nilsson A, Heyes M, Verotta D. CSF quinolinic acid levels are determined by local HIV infection: Cross-sectional analysis and modelling of dynamics following antiretroviral therapy. Brain 2004; 127: 1047–1060
  • von Giesen HJ, Jander S, Koller H, Arendt G. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of interleukin-18 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated central nervous system disease. Journal of Neurovirology 2004; 10: 383–386
  • Vullo V, Mastroianni CM, Lichtner M, Mengoni F, Delia S. Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble receptors for tumour necrosis factor in HIV-infected patients with neurological diseases. AIDS 1995; 9: 1099–1100
  • Ware CF, VanArsdale S, VanArsdale TL. Apoptosis mediated by the TNF-related cytokine and receptor families. Journal of Cell Biochem 1996; 60: 47–55
  • Weiss JM, Nath A, Major EO, Berman JW. HIV-1 Tat induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-mediated monocyte transmigration across a model of the human blood-brain barrier and up-regulates CCR5 expression on human monocytes. Journal of Immunology 1999; 163: 2953–2959
  • Wesselingh SL, Glass J, McArthur JC, Griffin JW, Griffin DE. Cytokine dysregulation in HIV-associated neurological disease. Adv Neuroimmunol 1994; 4: 199–206
  • Westmoreland SV, Rottman JB, Williams KC, Lackner AA, Sasseville VG. Chemokine receptor expression on resident and inflammatory cells in the brain of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. American Journal of Pathology 1998; 152: 659–665
  • Wojna V, Carlson KA, Luo X, Mayo R, Melendez LM, Kraiselburd E, et al. Proteomic fingerprinting of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated dementia from patient monocyte-derived macrophages: A case study. Journal of Neurovirology 2004; 10(Suppl.1)74–81
  • Zoumpourlis V, Eliopoulos AG, Spandidos DA. Transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequences by tumor necrosis factor. Anticancer Research 1992; 12: 2065–2068

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.