1,186
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Bridging the schism of schizophrenia through yoga—Review of putative mechanisms

, &
Pages 254-264 | Received 25 Dec 2015, Accepted 06 Apr 2016, Published online: 17 May 2016

References

  • Abbott, A. (2010). Schizophrenia: The drug deadlock. Nature, 468, 158–159. doi: 10.1038/468158a
  • Aoki, Y., Yahata, N., Watanabe, T., Takano, Y., Kawakubo, Y., Kuwabara, H., & Yamasue, H. (2014). Oxytocin improves behavioural and neural deficits in inferring others' social emotions in autism. Brain, 137, 3073–3086. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu231
  • Aoki, Y., & Yamasue, H. (2015). Reply: Does imitation act as an oxytocin nebulizer in autism spectrum disorder? Brain. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv061
  • Balasubramaniam, M., Telles, S., & Doraiswamy, P.M. (2012). Yoga on our minds: A systematic review of yoga for neuropsychiatric disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 3, 117. fpsyt.2012.00117/fpsyt.2012.00117
  • Behere, R.V., Arasappa, R., Jagannathan, A., Varambally, S., Venkatasubramanian, G., Thirthalli, J., & Gangadhar, B.N. (2011). Effect of yoga therapy on facial emotion recognition deficits, symptoms and functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 123, 147–153. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01605.x
  • Bhagyavathi, H.D., Mehta, U.M., Thirthalli, J., Kumar, C.N., Kumar, J.K., Subbakrishna, D.K., & Gangadhar, B.N. (2015). Cascading and combined effects of cognitive deficits and residual symptoms on functional outcome in schizophrenia-A path-analytical approach. Psychiatry Research, 229, 264–271. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.022
  • Bhatia, T., Agarwal, A., Shah, G., Wood, J., Richard, J., Gur, R.E., & Deshpande, S.N. (2012). Adjunctive cognitive remediation for schizophrenia using yoga: An open, non-randomized trial. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 24, 91–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00587.x
  • Boccia, M.L., Petrusz, P., Suzuki, K., Marson, L., & Pedersen, C.A. (2013). Immunohistochemical localization of oxytocin receptors in human brain. Neuroscience, 253, 155–164. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.048
  • Chhabra, H., More, P., Karmani, S., Govindaraj, R., Mehta, U.M., Venkatasubramanian, G., & Gangadhar, B.N. (Personal Communication, Dec. 1st 2015). Neurohemodynamic Effects of Yoga Practice in Healthy Volunteers: An fNIRS Study.
  • Choi, K.H., Wykes, T., & Kurtz, M.M. (2013). Adjunctive pharmacotherapy for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: Meta-analytical investigation of efficacy. Brtish Journal of Psychiatry, 203, 172–178. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107359
  • Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Klose, P., Langhorst, J., & Dobos, G. (2013a). Yoga for schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 32. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-32
  • Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Langhorst, J., & Dobos, G. (2013b). Yoga for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety, 30, 1068–1083. doi: 10.1002/da.22166
  • Crespi, B., & Badcock, C. (2008). Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain. Behavioral and Brain Science, 31, 241–261.doi: 10.1017/S0140525X08004214
  • Davis, L.W., Strasburger, A.M., & Brown, L.F. (2007). Mindfulness: an intervention for anxiety in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing Mental Health Services, 45, 23–29.
  • Davis, M.C., Green, M.F., Lee, J., Horan, W.P., Senturk, D., Clarke, A.D., & Marder, S.R. (2014). Oxytocin-augmented social cognitive skills training in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.68
  • de Araujo, A.N., de Sena, E.P., de Oliveira, I.R., & Juruena, M.F. (2012). Antipsychotic agents: efficacy and safety in schizophrenia. Drug Healthcare and Patient Safety, 4, 173–180. doi: 10.2147/DHPS.S37429
  • De Berardis, D., Marini, S., Iasevoli, F., Tomasetti, C., de Bartolomeis, A., Mazza, M., Di Giannantonio, M. (2013). The role of intranasal oxytocin in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review. CNS Neurological Disorders Drug Targets, 12, 252–264.
  • De Coster, L., Mueller, S.C., T'Sjoen, G., De Saedeleer, L., & Brass, M. (2014). The influence of oxytocin on automatic motor simulation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, 220–226. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.021
  • Delaveau, P., Arzounian, D., Rotge, J.Y., Nadel, J., & Fossati, P. (2015). Does imitation act as an oxytocin nebulizer in autism spectrum disorder? Brain. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv060
  • Dimaggio, G., Lysaker, P.H., Carcione, A., Nicolo, G., & Semerari, A. (2008). Know yourself and you shall know the other to a certain extent: multiple paths of influence of self-reflection on mindreading. Conscious and Cognition, 17, 778–789. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.02.005
  • Dodell-Feder, D., Delisi, L.E., & Hooker, C.I. (2014). The relationship between default mode network connectivity and social functioning in individuals at familial high-risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 156, 87–95. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.031
  • Duraiswamy, G., Thirthalli, J., Nagendra, H.R., & Gangadhar, B.N. (2007). Yoga therapy as an add-on treatment in the management of patients with schizophrenia–a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116, 226–232. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01032.x
  • Fett, A.K., Viechtbauer, W., Dominguez, M.D., Penn, D.L., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2011). The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 35, 573–588. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001
  • Friston, K.J. (1999). Schizophrenia and the disconnection hypothesis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplement, 395, 68–79.
  • Gard, D.E., Fisher, M., Garrett, C., Genevsky, A., & Vinogradov, S. (2009). Motivation and its relationship to neurocognition, social cognition, and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 115, 74–81.
  • Gibson, C.M., Penn, D.L., Smedley, K.L., Leserman, J., Elliott, T., & Pedersen, C.A. (2014). A pilot six-week randomized controlled trial of oxytocin on social cognition and social skills in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.009
  • Goldin, P.R., & Gross, J.J. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 10, 83–91. doi: 10.1037/a0018441
  • Gothe, N.P., Kramer, A.F., & McAuley, E. (2014). The effects of an 8-week Hatha yoga intervention on executive function in older adults. Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Science and Medical Science, 69, 1109–1116. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu095
  • Green, M.F. (1996). What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 321–330.
  • Green, M.F., Horan, W.P., & Lee, J. (2015). Social cognition in schizophrenia. Nature Review Neuroscience, 16, 620–631. doi: 10.1038/nrn4005
  • Green, M.F., Penn, D.L., Bentall, R., Carpenter, W.T., Gaebel, W., Gur, R.C., & Heinssen, R. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: an NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 1211–1220.
  • Guo, W., Liu, F., Chen, J., Wu, R., Zhang, Z., Yu, M., Zhao, J. (2015). Resting-state cerebellar-cerebral networks are differently affected in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia patients and unaffected siblings. Science Reports, 5, 17275. doi: 10.1038/srep17275
  • Gurung, R., & Prata, D.P. (2015). What is the impact of genome-wide supported risk variants for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder on brain structure and function? A systematic review. Psychology Medicine, 45, 2461–2480. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715000537
  • Guse, B., Falkai, P., & Wobrock, T. (2010). Cognitive effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a systematic review. Journal of Neural Transmission, 117, 105–122. doi: 10.1007/s00702-009-0333-7
  • Hariprasad, V.R., Koparde, V., Sivakumar, P.T., Varambally, S., Thirthalli, J., Varghese, M., & Gangadhar, B.N. (2013). Randomized clinical trial of yoga-based intervention in residents from elderly homes: Effects on cognitive function. Indian Journal Psychiatry, 55, S357–S363. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.116308
  • Harvey, P.D., & Bellack, A.S. (2009). Toward a terminology for functional recovery in schizophrenia: Is functional remission a viable concept? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 300–306. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn171
  • Hoy, K.E., Georgiou-Karistianis, N., Laycock, R., & Fitzgerald, P.B. (2008). A transcranial magnetic stimulation study of transcallosal inhibition and facilitation in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 15, 863–867. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.08.009
  • Janakiramaiah, N., Gangadhar, B.N., Naga Venkatesha Murthy, P.J., Harish, M.G., Subbakrishna, D.K., & Vedamurthachar, A. (2000). Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: A randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. Journal of Affective Disorder, 57, 255–259.
  • Jayaram, N., Varambally, S., Behere, R.V., Venkatasubramanian, G., Arasappa, R., Christopher, R., & Gangadhar, B.N. (2013). Effect of yoga therapy on plasma oxytocin and facial emotion recognition deficits in patients of schizophrenia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, S409–S413. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.116318
  • Johnson, D.P., Penn, D.L., Fredrickson, B.L., Kring, A.M., Meyer, P.S., Catalino, L.I., & Brantley, M. (2011). A pilot study of loving-kindness meditation for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 129, 137–140. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.02.015
  • Keshavan, M.S., Mehta, U.M., Padmanabhan, J.L., & Shah, J.L. (2015). Dysplasticity, metaplasticity, and schizophrenia: Implications for risk, illness, and novel interventions. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 615–635. doi: 10.1017/S095457941500019X
  • Khalsa, S.B. (2013). Yoga for psychiatry and mental health: An ancient practice with modern relevance. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, S334–S336.
  • Kinser, P.A., Bourguignon, C., Taylor, A.G., & Steeves, R. (2013). “A feeling of connectedness”: Perspectives on a gentle yoga intervention for women with major depression. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34, 402–411. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2012.762959
  • Kinser, P.A., Bourguignon, C., Whaley, D., Hauenstein, E., & Taylor, A.G. (2013). Feasibility, acceptability, and effects of gentle Hatha yoga for women with major depression: Findings from a randomized controlled mixed-methods study. Archives Psychiatric Nursing, 27, 137–147. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2013.01.003
  • Kjaer, T.W., Bertelsen, C., Piccini, P., Brooks, D., Alving, J., & Lou, H.C. (2002). Increased dopamine tone during meditation-induced change of consciousness. Brain Research and Cognitive Brain Research, 13, 255–259.
  • Kucharska-Pietura, K., & Mortimer, A. (2013). Can antipsychotics improve social cognition in patients with schizophrenia? CNS Drugs, 27, 335–343. doi: 10.1007/s40263-013-0047-0
  • Kuijpers, H.J., van der Heijden, F.M., Tuinier, S., & Verhoeven, W.M. (2007). Meditation-induced psychosis. Psychopathology, 40, 461–464. doi: 10.1159/000108125
  • Larkey, L., Jahnke, R., Etnier, J., & Gonzalez, J. (2009). Meditative movement as a category of exercise: implications for research. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6, 230–238.
  • Lieberman, M.D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes. Annual Review Psychology, 58, 259–289. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085654
  • Lipschitz, D.L., Kuhn, R., Kinney, A.Y., Grewen, K., Donaldson, G.W., & Nakamura, Y. (2015). An exploratory study of the effects of mind-body interventions targeting sleep on salivary oxytocin levels in cancer survivors. Integrative Cancer Therapy. doi: 10.1177/1534735415580675
  • Maat, A., Fett, A.K., Derks, E., & Investigators, Group. (2012). Social cognition and quality of life in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 137, 212–218. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.017
  • Machleidt, W., & Ziegenbein, M. (2008). An appreciation of yoga-therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117, 397–398. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01159.x
  • Manjunath, R.B., Varambally, S., Thirthalli, J., Basavaraddi, I.V., & Gangadhar, B.N. (2013). Efficacy of yoga as an add-on treatment for in-patients with functional psychotic disorder. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, S374–S378. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.116314
  • Manoliu, A., Riedl, V., Zherdin, A., Muhlau, M., Schwerthoffer, D., Scherr, M., & Sorg, C. (2014). Aberrant dependence of default mode/central executive network interactions on anterior insular salience network activity in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 428–437. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbt037
  • Meda, S.A., Ruano, G., Windemuth, A., O'Neil, K., Berwise, C., Dunn, S.M., … Pearlson, G.D. (2014). Multivariate analysis reveals genetic associations of the resting default mode network in psychotic bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 111, E2066–E2075. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1313093111
  • Mehta, U.M., Thirthalli, J., Aneelraj, D., Jadhav, P., Gangadhar, B.N., & Keshavan, M.S. (2014a). Mirror neuron dysfunction in schizophrenia and its functional implications: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 160, 9–19. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.040
  • Mehta, U.M., Thirthalli, J., Basavaraju, R., Gangadhar, B.N., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2014b). Reduced mirror neuron activity in schizophrenia and its association with theory of mind deficits: evidence from a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 1083–1094. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbt155
  • Mehta, U.M., Thirthalli, J., Subbakrishna, D.K., Gangadhar, B.N., Eack, S.M., & Keshavan, M.S. (2013). Social and neuro-cognition as distinct cognitive factors in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 148, 3–11. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.009
  • Milev, P., Ho, B.C., Arndt, S., & Andreasen, N.C. (2005). Predictive values of neurocognition and negative symptoms on functional outcome in schizophrenia: A longitudinal first-episode study with 7-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 495–506. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.495
  • Miyamoto, S., Miyake, N., Jarskog, L.F., Fleischhacker, W.W., & Lieberman, J.A. (2012). Pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: A critical review of the pharmacology and clinical effects of current and future therapeutic agents. Molecular Psychiatry, 17, 1206–1227. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.47
  • Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Conscious Cognitive, 18, 176–186. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008
  • Mueser, K.T., & McGurk, S.R. (2004). Schizophrenia. Lancet, 363, 2063–2072. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16458-1
  • NCCMH. (2014). Schizophrenia: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Adults in Primary and Secondary Care. Updated edition. . Leicester and London: The British Psychological Society and the Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • Palaniyappan, L., White, T.P., & Liddle, P.F. (2012). The concept of salience network dysfunction in schizophrenia: From neuroimaging observations to therapeutic opportunities. Current Topics in Medical Chemistry, 12, 2324–2338.
  • Paradkar, A., & Chaturvedi, S.K. (2010). Physio-Kundalini syndrome with neurocognitive deficits. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 3, 25–33.
  • Perry, A., Bentin, S., Shalev, I., Israel, S., Uzefovsky, F., Bar-On, D., & Ebstein, R.P. (2010). Intranasal oxytocin modulates EEG mu/alpha and beta rhythms during perception of biological motion. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 1446–1453. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.011
  • Radhakrishna, S. (2010). Application of integrated yoga therapy to increase imitation skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Yoga, 3, 26–30. doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.66775
  • Radhakrishna, S., Nagarathna, R., & Nagendra, H.R. (2010). Integrated approach to yoga therapy and autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine, 1, 120–124. doi: 10.4103/0975-9476.65089
  • Raffard, S., Salesse, R.N., Marin, L., Del-Monte, J., Schmidt, R.C., Varlet, M., … Capdevielle, D. (2015). Social priming enhances interpersonal synchronization and feeling of connectedness towards schizophrenia patients. Science Report, 5, 8156. doi: 10.1038/srep08156
  • Rao, N.P., Varambally, S., & Gangadhar, B.N. (2013). Yoga school of thought and psychiatry: Therapeutic potential. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, S145–S149. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.105510
  • Rodrigues, S.M., Saslow, L.R., Garcia, N., John, O.P., & Keltner, D. (2009). Oxytocin receptor genetic variation relates to empathy and stress reactivity in humans. Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106, 21437–21441. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909579106
  • Rubin, L.H., Carter, C.S., Bishop, J.R., Pournajafi-Nazarloo, H., Drogos, L.L., Hill, S.K., … Sweeney, J.A. (2014). Reduced levels of vasopressin and reduced behavioral modulation of oxytocin in psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbu027
  • Schmalzl, L., Crane-Godreau, M.A., & Payne, P. (2014). Movement-based embodied contemplative practices: Definitions and paradigms. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 205. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00205
  • Schmidt, A., Diwadkar, V.A., Smieskova, R., Harrisberger, F., Lang, U.E., McGuire, P., … Borgwardt, S. (2014). Approaching a network connectivity-driven classification of the psychosis continuum: A selective review and suggestions for future research. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1047. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01047
  • Schmidt, S.J., Mueller, D.R., & Roder, V. (2011). Social cognition as a mediator variable between neurocognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Empirical review and new results by structural equation modeling. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, S41–S54.
  • Sergi, M.J., Green, M.F., Widmark, C., Reist, C., Erhart, S., Braff, D.L., … Mintz, J. (2007a). Social cognition [corrected] and neurocognition: Effects of risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1585–1592.
  • Sergi, M.J., Rassovsky, Y., Widmark, C., Reist, C., Erhart, S., Braff, D.L., … Green, M.F. (2007b). Social cognition in schizophrenia: relationships with neurocognition and negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Research, 90, 316–324.
  • Sethi, S., & Bhargava, S.C. (2003). Relationship of meditation and psychosis: Case studies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 382.
  • Simon, R., & Engstrom, M. (2015). The default mode network as a biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic effects of meditation. Frontires in Psychology, 6, 776. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00776
  • Singal, A.G., Higgins, P.D., & Waljee, A.K. (2014). A primer on effectiveness and efficacy trials. Clinical Translational Gastroenterology, 5, e45. doi: 10.1038/ctg.2013.13
  • Skuse, D.H., & Gallagher, L. (2009). Dopaminergic-neuropeptide interactions in the social brain. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13, 27–35. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.09.007
  • Sperduti, M., Martinelli, P., & Piolino, P. (2012). A neurocognitive model of meditation based on activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis. Conscious and Cognitive, 21, 269–276. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.09.019
  • Stephan, K.E., Friston, K.J., & Frith, C.D. (2009). Dysconnection in schizophrenia: from abnormal synaptic plasticity to failures of self-monitoring. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 509–527. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn176
  • Strassnig, M.T., Raykov, T., O'Gorman, C., Bowie, C.R., Sabbag, S., Durand, D., … Harvey, P.D. (2015). Determinants of different aspects of everyday outcome in schizophrenia: The roles of negative symptoms, cognition, and functional capacity. Schizophrenia Research, 165, 76–82. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.033
  • Sugranyes, G., Kyriakopoulos, M., Corrigall, R., Taylor, E., & Frangou, S. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia: Meta-analysis of the neural correlates of social cognition. PLoS One, 6, e25322. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025322
  • Tandon, R., Keshavan, M.S., & Nasrallah, H.A. (2008). Schizophrenia, “just the facts” what we know in 2008. 2. Epidemiology and etiology. Schizophrenia Research, 102, 1–18.
  • Tang, Y.Y., & Posner, M.I. (2013). Tools of the trade: theory and method in mindfulness neuroscience. Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, 8, 118–120. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss112
  • Tang, Y.Y., Rothbart, M.K., & Posner, M.I. (2012). Neural correlates of establishing, maintaining, and switching brain states. Trends in Cognitive Science, 16, 330–337. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.05.001
  • Tas, C., Brown, E., Cubukcuoglu, Z., Aydemir, O., Danaci, A.E., & Brune, M. (2013). Towards an integrative approach to understanding quality of life in schizophrenia: The role of neurocognition, social cognition, and psychopathology. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54, 262–268. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.08.001
  • Taylor, V.A., Daneault, V., Grant, J., Scavone, G., Breton, E., Roffe-Vidal, S., … Beauregard, M. (2013). Impact of meditation training on the default mode network during a restful state. Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, 8, 4–14. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr087
  • Telles, S., Singh, N., & Balkrishna, A. (2015). Augmenting brain function with meditation: can detachment coincide with empathy? Frontiersin Systematic Neuroscience, 9, 141. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00141
  • Thirthalli, J., Venkatesh, B.K., Kishorekumar, K.V., Arunachala, U., Venkatasubramanian, G., Subbakrishna, D.K., & Gangadhar, B.N. (2009). Prospective comparison of course of disability in antipsychotic-treated and untreated schizophrenia patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119, 209–217. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01299.x
  • Travis, F., Haaga, D.A., Hagelin, J., Tanner, M., Arenander, A., Nidich, S., … Schneider, R.H. (2010). A self-referential default brain state: patterns of coherence, power, and eLORETA sources during eyes-closed rest and transcendental meditation practice. Cognitive Process, 11, 21–30. doi: 10.1007/s10339-009-0343-2
  • Travis, F., & Shear, J. (2010). Focused attention, open monitoring and automatic self-transcending: Categories to organize meditations from Vedic, Buddhist and Chinese traditions. Conscious Cognitive, 19, 1110–1118. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.01.007
  • Uvnas-Moberg, K. (1998). Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 819–835.
  • Varambally, S., Gangadhar, B.N., Thirthalli, J., Jagannathan, A., Kumar, S., Venkatasubramanian, G., … Nagendra, H.R. (2012). Therapeutic efficacy of add-on yogasana intervention in stabilized outpatient schizophrenia: Randomized controlled comparison with exercise and waitlist. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 227–232. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.102414
  • Varela, F.J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Vos, T., Flaxman, A.D., Naghavi, M., Lozano, R., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., … Memish, Z.A. (2012). Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet, 380, 2163–2196. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2
  • Walsh, R., & Roche, L. (1979). Precipitation of acute psychotic episodes by intensive meditation in individuals with a history of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1085–1086.
  • Wang, H., Zeng, L.L., Chen, Y., Yin, H., Tan, Q., & Hu, D. (2015). Evidence of a dissociation pattern in default mode subnetwork functional connectivity in schizophrenia. Science Report, 5, 14655. doi: 10.1038/srep14655
  • Wells, R.E., Yeh, G.Y., Kerr, C.E., Wolkin, J., Davis, R.B., Tan, Y., … Kong, J. (2013). Meditation's impact on default mode network and hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study. Neuroscience Letter, 556, 15–19. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.001
  • Wheeler, A.L., & Voineskos, A.N. (2014). A review of structural neuroimaging in schizophrenia: From connectivity to connectomics. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 653. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00653
  • Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Thermenos, H.W., Milanovic, S., Tsuang, M.T., Faraone, S.V., McCarley, R.W., … Seidman, L.J. (2009). Hyperactivity and hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia and in first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106, 1279–1284. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809141106
  • Wotruba, D., Michels, L., Buechler, R., Metzler, S., Theodoridou, A., Gerstenberg, M., … Heekeren, K. (2014). Aberrant coupling within and across the default mode, task-positive, and salience network in subjects at risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 1095–1104. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbt161
  • Wykes, T., Huddy, V., Cellard, C., McGurk, S.R., & Czobor, P. (2011). A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: methodology and effect sizes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 472–485. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060855
  • Young, L.J., & Wang, Z. (2004). The neurobiology of pair bonding. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 1048–1054. doi: 10.1038/nn1327

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.