A review of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for adolescents with treatment-resistant depression

References

• Arnold, L.E., Abikoff, H.B., Cantwell, D.P., Conners, C.K., Elliott, G.R., Greenhill, L.L., … Wells, K.C. (1997). NIMH collaborative multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD (MTA): Design, methodology, and protocol evolution. Journal of Attention Disorders, 2, 141–158. doi: 10.1177/108705479700200301
   Google Scholar
• Berlim, M.T., Van den Eynde, F., Tovar-Perdomo, S., & Daskalakis, Z.J. (2014). Response, remission and drop-out rates following high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials. Psychological Medicine, 44, 225–239. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713000512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birmaher, B., Ryan, N.D., Williamson, D.E., Brent, D.A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R.E., … Nelson, B. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past ten years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1427–1439. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borckardt, J.J., Smith, A.R., Reeves, S.T., Weinstein, M., Kozel, F.A., Nahas, Z., … George, M.S. (2007). Fifteen minutes of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation acutely increases thermal pain thresholds in healthy adults. Pain Research & Management, 12, 287–290. doi: 10.1155/2007/741897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch, Y., Grisaru, N., Harel, E.V., Beitler, G., Faivel, N., Ratzoni, G., …Levkovitz, Y. (2008). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression in adolescents: An open-label study. The Journal of ECT, 24, 156–159. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e318156aa49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calev, A. (1994). Neuropsychology and ECT: Past and future research trends. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 30, 461–469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiramberro, M., Lindberg, N., Isometsä, E., Kähkönen, S., & Appelberg, B. (2013). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induced seizures in an adolescent patient with major depression: A case report. Brain Stimulation, 6, 830–831. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cristancho, P., Akkineni, K., Constantino, J.N., Carter, A.R., & O’reardon, J.P. (2014). Transcranial magnetic simulation in a 15-year-old patient with autism and comorbid depression. The Journal of ECT, 30, 46–47. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croarkin, P.E., Nakonezny, P.A., Husain, M.M., Melton, T., Buyukdura, J.S., Kennard, B.D., … Daskalakis, Z.J. (2013). Evidence for increased glutamatergic cortical facilitation in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 291–299. doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croarkin, P.E., Nakonezny, P.A., Lewis, C.P., Zaccariello, M.J., Huxsahl, J.E., Husain, M.M., … Daskalakis, Z.J. (2014). Developmental aspects of cortical excitability and inhibition in depressed and healthy youth: An exploratory study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 669. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croarkin, P.E., Nakonezny, P.A., Wall, C.A., Murphy, L.L., Sampson, S.M., Frye, M.A., & Port, J.D. (2016). Transcranial magnetic stimulation potentiates glutamatergic neurotransmission in depressed adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 247, 25–33. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croarkin, P.E., Wall, C.A., King, J.D., Kozel, F.A., & Daskalakis, Z.J. (2011). Pain during transcranial magnetic stimulation in youth. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 8, 18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Croarkin, P.E., Wall, C.A., McClintock, S.M., Kozel, F.A., Husain, M.M., & Sampson, S.M. (2010). The emerging role for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in optimizing the treatment of adolescent depression. The Journal of ECT, 26, 323–329. doi: 10.1097/yct.0b013e3181dd17eb
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croarkin, P.E., Wall, C.A., Nakonezny, P.A., Buyukdura, J.S., Husain, M.M., Sampson, S.M., … Kozel, F.A. (2012). Increased cortical excitability with prefrontal high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in adolescents with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 22, 56–64. doi: 10.1089/cap.2011.0054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, K.R., Jasberg, S., Nelson, B., Klimes-Dougan, B., Lim, K.O., & Croarkin, P.E. (2016). Seizure induced by deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in an adolescent with depression. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 26, 637–641. doi:10.1089/cap.2016.0070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Z., Lisanby, S.H., & Peterchev, A.V. (2014). Coil design considerations for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 125, 1202–1212. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmyter, S., Duprat, R., Baeken, C., Bijttebier, S., & van Heeringen, K. (2014). The acute effects of accelerated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on suicide risk in unipolar depression: Preliminary results. Psychiatria Danubina, 26, 48–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donaldson, A.E., Gordon, M.S., Melvin, G.A., Barton, D.A., & Fitzgerald, P.B. (2014). Addressing the needs of adolescents with treatment resistant depressive disorders: A systematic review of rTMS. Brain Stimulation, 7, 7–12. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emslie, G.J., Mayes, T., Porta, G., Vitiello, B., Clarke, G., Wagner, K.D., … Brent, D. (2010). Treatment of resistant depression in adolescents (TORDIA): Week 24 outcomes. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 782–791. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09040552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, Y., Hutson, J.R., Freedman, S.B., Wax, P., Brent, J., & Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC) Case registry. (2013). Drug-induced seizures in children and adolescents presenting for emergency care: Current and emerging trends. Clinical Toxicology, 51, 761–766. doi: 10.3109/15563650.2013.829233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, M.S., Raman, R., Benedek, D.M., Pelic, C.G., Grammer, G.G., Stokes, K.T., …Stein, M.B. (2014). A two-site pilot randomized 3 day trial of high dose left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for suicidal inpatients. Brain Stimulation, 7, 421–431. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaziuddin, N., King, C.A., Naylor, M.W., Ghaziuddin, M., Chaudhary, N., Giordani, B., …Greden, J. (1996). Electroconvulsive treatment in adolescents with pharmacotherapy-refractory depression. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 6, 259–271. doi: 10.1089/cap.1996.6.259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaziuddin, N., Kutcher, S.P., Knapp, P., Bernet, W., Arnold, V., Beitchman, J., … AACAP. (2004). Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 1521–1539. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000142280.87429.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley, D., Anderson, B.S., Borckardt, J.J., Arana, A., Li, X., Nahas, Z., & George, M.S. (2011). Safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of high doses of adjunctive daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in a clinical setting. The Journal of ECT, 27, 18–25. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181ce1a8c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, S.H., Wang, S.S., Zhang, M.M., Wang, J.W., Hu, J.B., Huang, M.L., … Xu, Y. (2011). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced seizure of a patient with adolescent-onset depression: A case report and literature review. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 39, 2039–2044. doi: 10.1177/147323001103900552
   Google Scholar
• Hulvershorn, L., Cullen, K., & Anand, A. (2011). Toward dysfunctional connectivity: A review of neuroimaging findings in pediatric major depressive disorder. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 5, 307–328. doi: 10.1007/s11682-011-9134-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janicak, P.G., & Dokucu, M.E. (2015). Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of major depression. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 1549–1560. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S67477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kedzior, K.K., Reitz, S.K., Azorina, V., & Loo, C. (2015). Durability of the antidepressant effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the absence of maintenance treatment in major depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trials. Depression and Anxiety, 32, 193–203. doi: 10.1002/da.22339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennard, B.D., Silva, S., Vitiello, B., Curry, J., Kratochvil, C.J., Simons, A., …March, J. (2006). Remission and residual symptoms after acute treatment of adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1404–1411. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000242228.75516.21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp, M., McCrone, P., Fombonne, E., Beecham, J., & Wostear, G. (2002). The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression: 3. Impact of comorbid conduct disorder on service use and costs in adulthood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 19–23. doi: 10.1192/bjp.179.3.210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan, C., Santos, L., Peterson, M.D., & Ehinger, M. (2015). Safety of noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents. Brain Stimulation, 8, 76–87. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.10.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levkovitz, Y., Isserles, M., Padberg, F., Lisanby, S.H., Bystritsky, A., Guohua, X., …Zangen, A. (2015). Efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression: A prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial. World Psychiatry, 14, 64–73. doi: 10.1002/wps.20199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, C.P., Nakonezny, P.A., Ameis, S.H., Vande Voort, J.L., Husain, M.M., Emsley, G.J., … Croarkin, P.E. (2016). Cortical inhibitory and excitatory correlates of depression severity in children and adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 566–575. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liston, C., Chen, A.C., & Zebley, B.D. (2014). Default mode network mechanisms of transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. Biological Psychiatry, 76, 517–526. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo, C., McFarquhar, T., & Walter, G. (2006). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in adolescent depression. Australas Psychiatry, 14, 81–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1665.2006.02251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• March, J., Silva, S., Petrycki, S., Curry, J., Wells, K., Fairback, J., … Severe, J. (2004). Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 807–820. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.7.807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, G., Aviram, S., Walter, G., Levkovitz, Y., & Bloch, Y. (2012). Long-term follow-up of adolescents with resistant depression treated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. The Journal of ECT, 28, 84–86. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e318238f01a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuronetics, Inc. (2015). Neuronetics Announces Launch of First Ever Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate Non-Drug NeuroStar TMS Therapy® in Adolescent Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. PR Newswire. Retrieved from http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/neuronetics-announces-launch-of-first-ever-randomized-controlled-clinical-trial-to-evaluate-non-drug-neurostar-tms-therapy-in-adolescent-patients-with-major-depressive-disorder-300169665.html
   Google Scholar
• Puffer, C.C., Wall, C.A., Huxsahl, J.E., & Frye, M.A. (2016). A 20 year practice review of electroconvulsive therapy for adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 26, 632–636. doi: 10.1089/cap.2015.0139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, Y., & Zangen, A. (2013). Transcranial brain stimulation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/b14174
   Google Scholar
• Segev, A., Spellun, J., & Bloch, Y. (2014). Anxiety as a central outcome measure in an adolescent with major depressive disorder treated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. The Journal of ECT, 30, 54–55. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoirah, H., & Hamoda, H.M. (2011). Electroconvulsive therapy in children and adolescents. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 11, 127–137. doi: 10.1586/ern.10.178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strober, M., Rao, U., DeAntonio, M., Liston, E., Amaya-Jackson, M., State, L., & Latz, S. (1998). Effects of electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents with severe endogenous depression resistant to pharmacotherapy. Biological Psychiatry, 43, 335–338. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00205-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall, C.A., Croarkin, P.E., McClintock, S.M., Murphy, L.L., Bandel, L.A., Sim, L.A., & Sampson, S.M. (2013). Neurocognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 165. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wall, C.A., Croarkin, P.E., Moroney-Smith, M.J., Haugen, L.M., Baruth, J.M., Frye, M.A., … Port, J.D. (2016). Magnetic resonance imaging- guided, open-label, high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 26, 582–589. doi: 10.1089/cap.2015.0217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall, C.A., Croarkin, P.E., Sim, L.A., Husain, M.M., Janicak, P.G., Kozel, F.A., … Sampson, S.M. (2011). Adjunctive use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed adolescents: A prospective, open pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 1263–1269. doi: 10.4088/JCP.11m07003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassermann, E.M. (1998). Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Report and suggested guidelines from the international workshop on the safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 108, 1–16. doi: 10.1016/S0168-5597(97)00096-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, X.R., Kirton, A., Wilkes, T.C., Pradhan, S., Liu, I., Jaworska, N., … Macmaster, F.P. (2014). Glutamate alterations associated with transcranial magnetic stimulation in youth depression: A case series. The Journal of ECT, 30, 242–247. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar