1,117
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Coeliac disease and psychiatric comorbidity: epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, quality-of-life, and gluten-free diet effects

, , , , , & show all
Pages 489-503 | Received 21 Jan 2017, Accepted 29 Mar 2017, Published online: 06 Jul 2017

References

  • Abhimanyu, S., & Peter, H. (2015). Celiac Disease and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Family Medicine & Community Health, 2, 1069–1073.
  • Addolorato, G., Mirijello, A., D'angelo, C., Leggio, L., Ferrulli, A., Vonghia, L., … Gasbarrini, G. (2008). Social phobia in coeliac disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 43, 410–415. doi:10.1080/00365520701768802
  • Addolorato, G., Stefanini, G.F., Capristo, E., Caputo, F., Gasbarrini, A., & Gasbarrini, G. (1995). Anxiety and depression in adult untreated celiac subjects and in patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease: a personality trait or a reactive illness? Hepato-Gastroenterology, 43, 1513–1517.
  • Addolorato, G., Capristo, E., Ghittoni, G., Valeri, C., Mascianà, R., Scarfone, A., … Gasbarrini, G. (2000). Anxiety but not depression decreases in celiac patients after one-year gluten-free diet. Digestive and Liver Disease, 32, A113. doi:10.1016/S1590-8658(00)80627-1
  • Addolorato, G., Di Giuda, D., De Rossi, G., Valenza, V., Domenicali, M., Caputo, F., … Gasbarrini, G. (2004). Regional cerebral hypoperfusion in patients with celiac disease. The American Journal of Medicine, 116, 312–317. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.09.037
  • Atladóttir, H., Pedersen, M.G., Thorsen, P., Mortensen, P.B., Deleuran, B., Eaton, W.W., & Parner, E.T. (2009). Association of family history of autoimmune diseases and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 124, 687–694. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2445
  • Alonso, J., Buron, A., Bruffaerts, R., He, Y., Posada‐Villa, J., Lepine, J.P., … Mneimneh, Z.N. (2008). Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the World Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118, 305–314. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01241.x
  • Anglin, R.E., Samaan, Z., Walter, S.D., & McDonald, S.D. (2013). Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202, 100–107.doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.106666
  • Auricchio, S., Mazzacca, G., Tosi, R., Visakorpi, J., Maki, M., & Polanco, I. (1988). Coeliac disease as a familial condition: Identification of asymptomatic coeliac patients within family groups. Gastroenterology International, 1, 25–31.
  • Avramopoulos, D., Pearce, B.D., McGrath, J., Wolyniec, P., Wang, R., Eckart, N., … Coneely, K. (2015). Infection and inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A genome wide study for interactions with genetic variation. PloS One, 10, e0116696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116696
  • Batista, I.C., Gandolfi, L., Nobrega, Y.K.M., Almeida, R.C., Almeida, L.M., Campos Junior, D., & Pratesi, R. (2012). Autism spectrum disorder and celiac disease: No evidence for a link. Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 70, 28–33.doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2012000100007
  • Barratt, S.M., Leeds, J.S., & Sanders, D.S. (2011). Quality of life in coeliac disease is determined by perceived degree of difficulty adhering to a gluten-free diet, not the level of dietary adherence ultimately achieved. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 20, 241–245.
  • Bechter, K. (2001). New findings suggesting that mild Borna disease virus encephalitis underlies some affective or schizophrenic disorders and experimental treatments. In Psychoneuroimmunology (Vol. 20, pp. 53–60). Basel, Switzerland: Karger Publishers.
  • Bechter, K. (2013). Updating the mild encephalitis hypothesis of schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 42, 71–91.doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.06.019
  • Benros, M.E., Waltoft, B.L., Nordentoft, M., Østergaard, S.D., Eaton, W.W., Krogh, J., & Mortensen, P.B. (2013). Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for mood disorders: a nationwide study. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 812–820. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1111
  • Bowden, C.L. (2005). A different depression: clinical distinctions between bipolar and unipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 84, 117–125.doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00194-0
  • Briani, C., Zara, G., Alaedini, A., Grassivaro, F., Ruggero, S., Toffanin, E., … De Lazzari, F. (2008). Neurological complications of celiac disease and autoimmune mechanisms: a prospective study. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 195, 171–175. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.01.008
  • Briani, C., Samaroo, D., & Alaedini, A. (2008). Celiac disease: From gluten to autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Reviews, 7, 644–650. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.05.006
  • Buie, T. (2013). The relationship of autism and gluten. Clinical Therapeutics, 35, 578–583.doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.04.011
  • Burger, J.P., de Brouwer, B., IntHout, J., Wahab, P.J., Tummers, M., & Drenth, J.P. (2016). Systematic review with meta-analysis: Dietary adherence influences normalization of health-related quality of life in coeliac disease. Clinical Nutrition, 36, 399–406. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.04.021
  • Butterworth, J.R., Banfield, L.M., Iqbal, T.H., & Cooper, B.T. (2004). Factors relating to compliance with a gluten-free diet in patients with coeliac disease: Comparison of white Caucasian and South Asian patients. Clinical Nutrition, 23, 1127–1134.doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2004.02.009
  • Carta, M.G., & Angst, J. (2005). Epidemiological and clinical aspects of bipolar disorders: Controversies or a common need to redefine the aims and methodological aspects of surveys. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 1, 4. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-1-4
  • Carta, M.G., Aguglia, E., Balestrieri, M., Calabrese, J.R., Caraci, F., Dell'osso, L., … Moro, M.F. (2012). The lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorders and the use of antidepressant drugs in bipolar depression in Italy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 775–780. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.041
  • Carta, M.G., Angst, J., Moro, M.F., Mura, G., Hardoy, M.C., Balestrieri, C., … Farci, P. (2012). Association of chronic hepatitis C with recurrent brief depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141, 361–366. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.020
  • Carta, M.G., Conti, A., Lecca, F., Sancassiani, F., Cossu, G., Carruxi, R., … Demelia, L. (2015). The Burden of depressive and bipolar disorders in celiac disease. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH, 11, 180. doi:10.2174/1745017901511010180
  • Carta, M.G., Hardoy, M.C., Boi, M.F., Mariotti, S., Carpiniello, B., & Usai, P. (2002). Association between panic disorder, major depressive disorder and celiac disease: A possible role of thyroid autoimmunity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 789–793.doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00328-8
  • Cascella, N.G., Kryszak, D., Bhatti, B., Gregory, P., Kelly, D.L., Mc Evoy, J.P., … Eaton, W.W. (2009). Prevalence of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity in the United States clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness study population. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 94–100. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp055
  • Catassi, C., Bai, J.C., Bonaz, B., Bouma, G., Calabrò, A., Carroccio, A., … Francavilla, R. (2013). Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: The new frontier of gluten related disorders. Nutrients, 5, 3839–3853. doi:10.3390/nu5103839
  • Catassi, C., & Yachha, S. (2008). The global village of celiac disease. In Frontiers in celiac disease (pp. 23–31). Basel, Switzerland: Karger Publishers.
  • Chandler, S., Carcani-Rathwell, I., Charman, T., Pickles, A., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., … Baird, G. (2013). Parent-reported gastro-intestinal symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 2737–2747. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1768-0
  • Chen, S.J., Chao, Y.L., Chen, C.Y., Chang, C.M., Wu, E.C.H., Wu, C.S., … Tsai, H.J. (2012). Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in in-patients with schizophrenia: Nationwide population-based study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200, 374–380. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32282
  • Ciacci, C., D'agate, C., De Rosa, A., Franzese, C., Errichiello, S., Gasperi, V., … Greco, L. (2003). Self-rated quality of life in celiac disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 48, 2216–2220.
  • Ciacci, C., Iavarone, A., Siniscalchi, M., Romano, R., & De Rosa, A. (2002). Psychological dimensions of celiac disease: Toward an integrated approach. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 47, 2082–2087.doi:10.1023/A:1019637315763
  • Cicarelli, G., Della Rocca, G., Amboni, M., Ciacci, C., Mazzacca, G., Filla, A., & Barone, P. (2003). Clinical and neurological abnormalities in adult celiac disease. Neurological Sciences, 24, 311–317.doi:10.1007/s10072-003-0181-4
  • Corvaglia, L., Catamo, R., Pepe, G., Lazzari, R., & Corvaglia, E. (1999). Depression in adult untreated celiac subjects: Diagnosis by the pediatrician. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 94, 839–843.doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00956.x
  • Dell’Osso, B., & Elli, L. (2015). Gluten-free diet regimens and psychiatric symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 685–686. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030361
  • de Magistris, L., Picardi, A., Siniscalco, D., Riccio, M.P., Sapone, A., Cariello, R., … Iardino, P. (2013). Antibodies against food antigens in patients with autistic spectrum disorders. BioMed Research International, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/729349
  • de Santis, A., Addolorato, G., Romito, A., Caputo, S., Giordano, A., Gambassi, G., … Gasbarrini, G. (1997). Schizophrenic symptoms and SPECT abnormalities in a coeliac patient: Regression after a gluten‐free diet. Journal of Internal Medicine, 242, 421–423.
  • de Theije, C.G., Wu, J., da Silva, S.L., Kamphuis, P.J., Garssen, J., Korte, S.M., & Kraneveld, A.D. (2011). Pathways underlying the gut-to-brain connection in autism spectrum disorders as future targets for disease management. European Journal of Pharmacology, 668, S70–S80.doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.013
  • Dickerson, F., Katsafanas, E., Schweinfurth, L.A.B., Savage, C.L.G., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., … Yolken, R. (2015). Immune alterations in acute bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 132, 204–210. doi:10.1111/acps.12451
  • Dickerson, F., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Vaughan, C., Khushalani, S., Alaedini, A., & Yolken, R. (2011). Markers of gluten sensitivity and celiac disease in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 13, 52–58.doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00894.x
  • Dickerson, F., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Vaughan, C., Khushalani, S., & Yolken, R. (2012). Markers of gluten sensitivity in acute mania: A longitudinal study. Psychiatry Research, 196, 68–71.doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.007
  • Dohan, F.C., Grasberger, J.C., Lowell, F.M., Johnston, H.T., & Arbegast, A.W. (1969). Relapsed schizophrenics: more rapid improvement on a milk- and cereal-free diet . The British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 595–596.doi:10.1192/bjp.115.522.595
  • Dohan, F.C., & Grasberger, J.C. (1973). Relapsed schizophrenics: earlier discharge from the hospital after cereal-free, milk-free diet. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 685–688.doi:10.1176/ajp.130.6.685
  • Dohan, F.C. (1980). Hypothesis: genes and neuroactive peptides from food as cause of schizophrenia. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, 22, 535.
  • Dorn, S.D., Hernandez, L., Minaya, M.T., Morris, C.B., Hu, Y., Leserman, J., … Drossman, D.A. (2010). The development and validation of a new coeliac disease quality of life survey (CD‐QOL). Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 31, 666–675. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04220.x
  • Eaton, W.W., Byrne, M., Ewald, H., Mors, O., Chen, C.Y., Agerbo, E., & Mortensen, P.B. (2006). Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: Linkage of Danish national registers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 521–528.doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.521
  • Eaton, W.W., Rose, N.R., Kalaydjian, A., Pedersen, M.G., & Mortensen, P.B. (2007). Epidemiology of autoimmune diseases in Denmark. Journal of Autoimmunity, 29, 1–9.doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2007.05.002
  • Ertürk, E., Wouters, S., Imeraj, L., & Lampo, A. (2016). Association of ADHD and celiac disease: What is the evidence? A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Attention Disorders. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1087054715611493
  • Farrell, R.J., & Kelly, C.P. (2002). Celiac sprue. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 180–188.doi:10.1056/NEJMra010852
  • Fasano, A., & Catassi, C. (2001). Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease: An evolving spectrum. Gastroenterology, 120, 636–651.doi:10.1053/gast.2001.22123
  • Fasano, A. (2005). Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population. Gastroenterology, 128, S68–S73.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.015
  • Fasano, A. (2006). Systemic autoimmune disorders in celiac disease. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 22, 674–679.doi:10.1097/01.mog.0000245543.72537.9e
  • Fera, T., Cascio, B., Angelini, G., Martini, S., & Guidetti, C.S. (2003). Affective disorders and quality of life in adult coeliac disease patients on a gluten-free diet. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 15, 1287–1292.doi:10.1097/00042737-200312000-00006
  • Ferguson, A., Arranz, E., & O'mahony, S. (1993). Clinical and pathological spectrum of coeliac disease-active, silent, latent, potential. Gut, 34, 150–151.doi:10.1136/gut.34.2.150
  • Garner, D.M., Olmstead, M.P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 15–34.doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198321)2:2<15::AID-EAT2260020203>3.0.CO;2-6
  • Garud, S., Leffler, D., Dennis, M., Edwards, G.J., Saryan, D., Sheth, S., … Kelly, C.P. (2009). Interaction between psychiatric and autoimmune disorders in coeliac disease patients in the Northeastern United States. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 29, 898–905. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03942.x
  • Ghalichi, F., Ghaemmaghami, J., Malek, A., & Ostadrahimi, A. (2016). Effect of gluten free diet on gastrointestinal and behavioral indices for children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized clinical trial. World Journal of Pediatrics, 12, 436–442.doi:10.1007/s12519-016-0040-z
  • Gonzalez, D., Mazure, R., Mautalen, C., Vazquez, H., & Bai, J. (1995). Body composition and bone mineral density in untreated and treated patients with celiac disease. Bone, 16, 231–234.doi:10.1016/8756-3282(94)00034-W
  • Grace-Farfaglia, P. (2015). Bones of contention: bone mineral density recovery in celiac disease-a systematic review. Nutrients, 7, 3347–3369.doi:10.3390/nu7053347
  • Green, P.H., & Cellier, C. (2007). Celiac disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 1731–1743.doi:10.1056/NEJMra071600
  • Güngör, S., Celiloglu, ÖS., Özcan, Ö., Raif, S.G., & Selimoglu, M.A. (2013). Frequency of celiac disease in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 56, 211–214. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e318272b7bc
  • Hadithi, M., Mulder, C.J., Stam, F., Azizi, J., Crusius, J.B., Peña, A.S., … Smulders, Y.M. (2009). Effect of B vitamin supplementation on plasma homocysteine levels in celiac disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 15, 955–960. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.955
  • Hadjivassiliou, M., Williamson, C.A., & Woodroofe, N. (2004). The immunology of gluten sensitivity: Beyond the gut. Trends in Immunology, 25, 578–582.doi:10.1016/j.it.2004.08.011
  • Hadjivassiliou, M., Grünewald, R.A., Kandler, R.H., Chattopadhyay, A.K., Jarratt, J.A., Sanders, D.S., … Davies-Jones, G.A.B. (2006). Neuropathy associated with gluten sensitivity. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 77, 1262–1266. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.093534
  • Hadjivassiliou, M., Sanders, D.S., Grünewald, R.A., Woodroofe, N., Boscolo, S., & Aeschlimann, D. (2010). Gluten sensitivity: From gut to brain. The Lancet Neurology, 9, 318–330. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70290-X
  • Hadjivassiliou, M., Sanders, D.S., Woodroofe, N., Williamson, C., & Grünewald, R.A. (2008). Gluten ataxia. Cerebellum, 7, 494–498. doi:10.1007/s12311-008-0052-x
  • Hall, N.J., Rubin, G., & Charnock, A. (2009). Systematic review: Adherence to a gluten‐free diet in adult patients with coeliac disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 30, 315–330.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04053.x
  • Hallert, C., Mårtensson, J., & Allgen, L.G. (1982). Brain availability of monoamine precursors in adult coeliac disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 17, 87–89.
  • Hallert, C., Åström, J., & Walan, A. (1983). Reversal of psychopathology in adult coeliac disease with the aid of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 18, 299–304.
  • Hallert, C., Svensson, M., Tholstrup, J., & Hultberg, B. (2009). Clinical trial: B vitamins improve health in patients with coeliac disease living on a gluten‐free diet. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 29, 811–816.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03945.x
  • Häuser, W., Janke, K.H., Klump, B., Gregor, M., & Hinz, A. (2010). Anxiety and depression in adult patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 16, 2780–2787. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i22.2780
  • Häuser, W., Gold, J., Stallmach, A., Caspary, W.F., & Stein, J. (2007). Development and validation of the Celiac Disease Questionnaire (CDQ), a disease-specific health-related quality of life measure for adult patients with celiac disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 41, 157–166. doi:10.1097/01.mcg.0000225516.05666.4e
  • Heikkilä, K., Pearce, J., Mäki, M., & Kaukinen, K. (2014). Celiac disease and bone fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 100, 25–34. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1858
  • Hernanz, A., & Polanco, I. (1991). Plasma precursor amino acids of central nervous system monoamines in children with coeliac disease. Gut, 32, 1478–1481.doi:10.1136/gut.32.12.1478
  • Hirschfeld, R., & Vornik, L.A. (2004). Recognition and diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Suppl65, 5–9.
  • Horvath, K., & Perman, J.A. (2002). Autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 4, 251–258.doi:10.1007/s11894-002-0071-6
  • Husby, S., Koletzko, S., Korponay-Szabo, I.R., Mearin, M.L., Phillips, A., Shamir, R., … Lelgeman, M. (2012). European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 54, 136–160. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0
  • Hyman, S.L., Stewart, P.A., Foley, J., Peck, R., Morris, D.D., Wang, H., & Smith, T. (2016). The gluten-free/casein-free diet: a double-blind challenge trial in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 205–220.doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2564-9
  • Jackson, J.R., Eaton, W.W., Cascella, N.G., Fasano, A., & Kelly, D.L. (2012). Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. Psychiatric Quarterly, 83, 91–102.doi:10.1007/s11126-011-9186-y
  • Johnston, S.D., Rodgers, C., & Watson, R.G. (2004). Quality of life in screen-detected and typical coeliac disease and the effect of excluding dietary gluten. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 16, 1281–1286.doi:10.1097/00042737-200412000-00008
  • Jordan, N.E., Li, Y., Magrini, D., Simpson, S., Reilly, N.R., DeFelice, A.R., … Green, P.H. (2013). Development and validation of a celiac disease quality of life instrument for North American children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 57, 477–486. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31829b68a1
  • Kalaydjian, A.E., Eaton, W., Cascella, N., & Fasano, A. (2006). The gluten connection: The association between schizophrenia and celiac disease. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113, 82–90.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00687.x
  • Kaltsa, M., Garoufi, A., Tsitsika, A., Tsirogianni, A., Papasteriades, C., & Kossiva, L. (2015). Patients with eating disorders showed no signs of coeliac disease before and after nutritional intervention. Acta Paediatrica, 104, e319–e323.doi:10.1111/apa.12985
  • Karwautz, A., Wagner, G., Berger, G., Sinnreich, U., Grylli, V., & Huber, W.D. (2008). Eating pathology in adolescents with celiac disease. Psychosomatics, 49, 399–406.doi:10.1176/appi.psy.49.5.399
  • Katon, W.J. (2011). Epidemiology and treatment of depression in patients with chronic medical illness. Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience, 13, 7–23.
  • Khoshbaten, M., Nejad, M.R., Sharifi, N., Fakhari, A., Golamnejad, M., Hashemi, S.H., … Rostami, K. (2012). Celiac disease in patients with chronic psychiatric disorders. Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench, 5, 90–93.
  • Kraft, B.D., & Westman, E.C. (2009). Schizophrenia, gluten, and low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets: A case report and review of the literature. Nutrition & Metabolism, 6, 10.doi:10.1186/1743-7075-6-10
  • Lau, N.M., Green, P.H., Taylor, A.K., Hellberg, D., Ajamian, M., Tan, C.Z., … Alaedini, A. (2013). Markers of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity in children with autism. PloS One, 8, e66155. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066155
  • Lapin, I.P. (2003). Neurokynurenines (NEKY) as common neurochemical links of stress and anxiety. In Developments in Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism (pp. 121–125). New York: Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0135-0_14
  • Lebwohl, B., Ludvigsson, J.F., & Green, H.R.P. (2015). Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. BMJ, 351, h4347. doi:10.1136/bmj.h4347
  • Lee, A., & Newman, J.M. (2003). Celiac diet: its impact on quality of life. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103, 1533–1535.doi:10.1016/j.jada.2003.08.027
  • Leffler, D.A., Dennis, M., George, J.B.E., & Kelly, C.P. (2007). The interaction between eating disorders and celiac disease: An exploration of 10 cases. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 19, 251–255.doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e328012db37
  • Logan, R.F., Rifkind, E.A., Turner, I.D., & Ferguson, A. (1989). Mortality in celiac disease. Gastroenterology, 97, 265–271.doi:10.1016/0016-5085(89)90060-7
  • Ludvigsson, J.F., Leffler, D.A., Bai, J.C., Biagi, F., Fasano, A., Green, P.H., … Lundin, K.E.A. (2013). The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut, 62, 43–52. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301346
  • Ludvigsson, J.F., Reichenberg, A., Hultman, C.M., & Murray, J.A. (2013). A nationwide study of the association between celiac disease and the risk of autistic spectrum disorders. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 1224–1230. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2048
  • Ludvigsson, J.F., Reutfors, J., Ösby, U., Ekbom, A., & Montgomery, S.M. (2007). Coeliac disease and risk of mood disorders-a general population-based cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 99, 117–126. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.032
  • Martin, J., Geisel, T., Maresch, C., Krieger, K., & Stein, J. (2013). Inadequate nutrient intake in patients with celiac disease: Results from a German dietary survey. Digestion, 87, 240–246.doi:10.1159/000348850
  • Martí, L.F. (2010). Effectiveness of nutritional interventions on the functioning of children with ADHD and/or ASD. An updated review of research evidence. Boletin De La Asociacion Medica De Puerto Rico, 102, 31–42.
  • Monsuur, A.J., & Wijmenga, C. (2006). Understanding the molecular basis of celiac disease: What genetic studies reveal. Annals of Medicine, 38, 578–591.doi:10.1080/07853890600989054
  • Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007). Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: Results from the World Health Surveys. The Lancet, 370, 851–858.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9
  • Müller, A.-M., & Schwarz, M. (2015). Immunology and Psychiatry: From Basics Research to Therapeutic interventions. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Mustalahti, K., Lohiniemi, S., Collin, P., Vuolteenaho, N., Laippala, P., & Maki, M. (2002). Gluten-free diet and quality of life in patients with screen-detected celiac disease. Effective Clinical Practice, 5, 105–113.
  • Nachman, F., Maurino, E., Vazquez, H., Sfoggia, C., Gonzalez, A., Gonzalez, V., … Mazure, R. (2009). Quality of life in celiac disease patients: Prospective analysis on the importance of clinical severity at diagnosis and the impact of treatment. Digestive and Liver Disease, 41, 15–25. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2008.05.011
  • Niederhofer, H., & Pittschieler, K. (2006). A preliminary investigation of ADHD symptoms in persons with celiac disease. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10, 200–204.doi:10.1177/1087054706292109
  • Niederhofer, H. (2011). Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and celiac disease: A brief report. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 13, 1–12. doi:10.4088/PCC.10br01104
  • O'Connor, J.C., André, C., Wang, Y., Lawson, M.A., Szegedi, S.S., Lestage, J., … Dantzer, R. (2009). Interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α mediate the upregulation of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase and the induction of depressive-like behavior in mice in response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 4200–4209. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5032-08.2009.
  • Okusaga, O., Fuchs, D., Reeves, G., Giegling, I., Hartmann, A.M., Konte, B., … Pandey, J.P. (2016). Kynurenine and tryptophan levels in patients with schizophrenia and elevated antigliadin immunoglobulin G antibodies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78, 931–939. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000352
  • Olsson, C., Lyon, P., Hörnell, A., Ivarsson, A., & Sydner, Y.M. (2009). Food that makes you different: The stigma experienced by adolescents with celiac disease. Qualitative Health Research, 19, 976–984. doi:10.1177/1049732309338722
  • Paarlahti, P., Kurppa, K., Ukkola, A., Collin, P., Huhtala, H., Mäki, M., & Kaukinen, K. (2013). Predictors of persistent symptoms and reduced quality of life in treated coeliac disease patients: A large cross-sectional study. BMC Gastroenterology, 13, 75. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-13-75
  • Pandey, J.P., Namboodiri, A.M., & Elston, R.C. (2016). Immunoglobulin G genotypes and the risk of schizophrenia. Human Genetics, 135, 1175–1179.doi:10.1007/s00439-016-1706-2
  • Pantaleoni, S., Luchino, M., Adriani, A., Pellicano, R., Stradella, D., Ribaldone, D.G., … Astegiano, M. (2014). Bone mineral density at diagnosis of celiac disease and after 1 year of gluten-free diet. The Scientific World Journal, 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/173082
  • Passananti, V., Siniscalchi, M., Zingone, F., Bucci, C., Tortora, R., Iovino, P., & Ciacci, C. (2013). Prevalence of eating disorders in adults with celiac disease. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/491657
  • Pavone, L., Fiumara, A., Bottaro, G., Mazzone, D., & Coleman, M. (1997). Autism and celiac disease: Failure to validate the hypothesis that a link might exist. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 72–75.doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00267-9
  • Peters, S.L., Biesiekierski, J.R., Yelland, G.W., Muir, J.G., & Gibson, P.R. (2014). Randomised clinical trial: Gluten may cause depression in subjects with non‐coeliac gluten sensitivity: An exploratory clinical study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 39, 1104–1112.doi:10.1111/apt.12730
  • Petra, A.I., Panagiotidou, S., Hatziagelaki, E., Stewart, J.M., Conti, P., & Theoharides, T.C. (2015). Gut-microbiota-brain axis and its effect on neuropsychiatric disorders with suspected immune dysregulation. Clinical Therapeutics, 37, 984–995.doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.04.002
  • Potkin, S.G., Weinberger, D., Kleinman, J., Nasrallah, H., Luchins, D., Bigelow, L., … Gillin, J.C. (1981). Wheat gluten challenge in schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 11.
  • Pynnönen, P.A., Isometsä, E.T., Verkasalo, M.A., Kähkönen, S.A., Sipilä, I., Savilahti, E., & Aalberg, V.A. (2005). Gluten-free diet may alleviate depressive and behavioural symptoms in adolescents with coeliac disease: A prospective follow-up case-series study. BMC Psychiatry, 5, 14. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-5-14
  • Rasmussen, N.A., Norholm, V., & Bech, P. (1999). The internal and external validity of the Psychological General Well-Being Schedule (PGWB). Quality of Life News Letter, 22, 7.
  • Rhee, S.H., Pothoulakis, C., & Mayer, E.A. (2009). Principles and clinical implications of the brain–gut–enteric microbiota axis. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6, 306–314.doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2009.35
  • Ricca, V., Mannucci, E., Calabro, A., Bernardo, M.D., Cabras, P.L., & Rotella, C.M. (2000). Anorexia nervosa and celiac disease: Two case reports. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 119–122.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200001)27:1<119::AID-EAT16>3.0.CO;2-R
  • Rice, J.R., Ham, C.H., & Gore, W.E. (1978). Another look at gluten in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 323–327.
  • Riddle, D.L., Lee, K.T., & Stratford, P.W. (2001). Use of SF-36 and SF-12 health status measures: A quantitative comparison for groups versus individual patients. Medical Care, 39, 867–878.doi:10.1097/00005650-200108000-00012
  • Roos, S., Kärner, A., & Hallert, C. (2006). Psychological well-being of adult coeliac patients treated for 10 years. Digestive and Liver Disease, 38, 177–180. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2006.01.004
  • Rosén, A., Ivarsson, A., Nordyke, K., Karlsson, E., Carlsson, A., Danielsson, L., … Emmelin, M. (2011). Balancing health benefits and social sacrifices: A qualitative study of how screening-detected celiac disease impacts adolescents' quality of life. BMC Pediatrics, 11, 32. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-11-32
  • Rostom, A., Murray, J.A., & Kagnoff, M.F. (2006). American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Gastroenterology, 131, 1981–2002.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.004
  • Sainsbury, K., Mullan, B., & Sharpe, L. (2013). Reduced quality of life in coeliac disease is more strongly associated with depression than gastrointestinal symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75, 135–141.doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.05.011
  • Saldanha, N.E., Weiselberg, E.C., & Fisher, M. (2016). Screening for celiac disease in patients with eating disorders. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. Advance online publication. doi:10.1515/ijamh-2016-0007
  • Samaroo, D., Dickerson, F., Kasarda, D.D., Green, P.H., Briani, C., Yolken, R.H., & Alaedini, A. (2010). Novel immune response to gluten in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 118, 248–255.doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.08.009
  • Sapone, A., Bai, J.C., Ciacci, C., Dolinsek, J., Green, P.H., Hadjivassiliou, M., … Ullrich, R. (2012). Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: Consensus on new nomenclature and classification. BMC Med, 10, 13. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-13
  • Sapone, A., Lammers, K.M., Casolaro, V., Cammarota, M., Giuliano, M.T., De Rosa, M., … Esposito, P. (2011). Divergence of gut permeability and mucosal immune gene expression in two gluten-associated conditions: Celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. BMC Medicine, 9, 23. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-23
  • Sapone, A., Lammers, K.M., Mazzarella, G., Mikhailenko, I., Cartenì, M., Casolaro, V., & Fasano, A. (2009). Differential mucosal IL-17 expression in two gliadin-induced disorders: Gluten sensitivity and the autoimmune enteropathy celiac disease. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 152, 75–80. doi:10.1159/000260087
  • Sarela, S., Thompson, D.V., Nagrant, B., Thakkar, P., & Clarke, K. (2016). A retrospective chart review evaluating the association of psychological disorders and vitamin D deficiency with celiac disease. Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica, 62, 240.
  • Schomerus, G., Lucht, M., Holzinger, A., Matschinger, H., Carta, M.G., & Angermeyer, M.C. (2011). The stigma of alcohol dependence compared with other mental disorders: A review of population studies. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 46, 105–112.doi:10.1093/alcalc/agq089
  • Simsek, S., Baysoy, G., Gencoglan, S., & Uluca, U. (2015). Effects of gluten-free diet on quality of life and depression in children with celiac disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 61, 303–306.doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000799
  • Singh, M.M. (1976). Wheat gluten as a pathogenic factor in schizophrenia. Science, 191, 401–402.doi:10.1126/science.1246624
  • Smith, D.F., & Gerdes, L.U. (2012). Meta-analysis on anxiety and depression in adult celiac disease . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125, 189–193.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01795.x
  • Stone, T.W., & Darlington, L.G. (2013). The kynurenine pathway as a therapeutic target in cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders. British Journal of Pharmacology, 169, 1211–1227.doi:10.1111/bph.12230
  • Theoharides, T.C., Doyle, R., Francis, K., Conti, P., & Kalogeromitros, D. (2008). Novel therapeutic targets for autism. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 29, 375–382.doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.06.002
  • Torres, M.I., Lopez‐Casado, M.A., Lorite, P., & Rios, A. (2007). Tryptophan metabolism and indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase expression in coeliac disease. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 148, 419–424.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03365.x
  • Tsigos, C., & Chrousos, G.P. (2002). Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 865–871.doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00429-4
  • Urban-Kowalczyk, M., Œmigielski, J., & Gmitrowicz, A. (2014). Neuropsychiatric symptoms and celiac disease. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 1961. doi:10.2147/NDT.S69039
  • Ukkola, A., Maki, M., Kurppa, K., Collin, P., Huhtala, H., Kekkonen, L., & Kaukinen, K. (2012). Patients' experiences and perceptions of living with coeliac disease: Implications for optimizing care. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 21, 17–22.doi:10.1186/1471-230X-12-136
  • Valente, F.X., do Nascimento Campos, T., de Sousa Moraes, L.F., Hermsdorff, H.H.M., de Morais Cardoso, L., Pinheiro-Sant’ana, H.M., … Peluzio, M.D.C.G. (2015). B vitamins related to homocysteine metabolism in adults celiac disease patients: a cross-sectional study. Nutrition Journal, 14, 110. doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0099-8.
  • van Doorn, R.K., Winkler, L.M., Zwinderman, K.H., Mearin, M.L., & Koopman, H.M. (2008). CDDUX: A disease-specific health-related quality-of-life questionnaire for children with celiac disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 47, 147–152.doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31815ef87d
  • Van Hees, N.J., Giltay, E.J., Tielemans, S.M., Geleijnse, J.M., Puvill, T., Janssen, N., & Van Der Does, W. (2015). Essential amino acids in the gluten-free diet and serum in relation to depression in patients with celiac disease. PloS One, 10, e0122619.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122619
  • van Hees, N.J., Van der Does, W., & Giltay, E.J. (2013). Coeliac disease, diet adherence and depressive symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 74, 155–160.doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.11.007
  • Vlissides, D.N., Venulet, A., & Jenner, F.A. (1986). A double-blind gluten-free/gluten-load controlled trial in a secure ward population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, (447–452.doi:10.1192/bjp.148.4.447
  • Volta, U., Tovoli, F., Cicola, R., Parisi, C., Fabbri, A., Piscaglia, M., … Caio, G. (2012). Serological tests in gluten sensitivity (nonceliac gluten intolerance). Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 46, 680–685. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182372541
  • Wagner, G., Berger, G., Sinnreich, U., Grylli, V., Schober, E., Huber, W.D., & Karwautz, A. (2008). Quality of life in adolescents with treated coeliac disease: Influence of compliance and age at diagnosis. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 47, 555–561.doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31817fcb56
  • Wagner, G., Zeiler, M., Berger, G., Huber, W.D., Favaro, A., Santonastaso, P., & Karwautz, A. (2015). Eating disorders in adolescents with celiac disease: Influence of personality characteristics and coping. European Eating Disorders Review, 23, 361–370.doi:10.1002/erv.2376
  • Wilkins, C.H., Sheline, Y.I., Roe, C.M., Birge, S.J., & Morris, J.C. (2006). Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 1032–1040.doi:10.1097/01.JGP.0000240986.74642.7c
  • Yucel, B., Ozbey, N., Demir, K., Polat, A., & Yager, J. (2006). Eating disorders and celiac disease: A case report. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 530–532.doi:10.1002/eat.20294
  • Zelnik, N., Pacht, A., Obeid, R., & Lerner, A. (2004). Range of neurologic disorders in patients with celiac disease. Pediatrics, 113, 1672–1676.doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1672
  • Zingone, F., Swift, G.L., Card, T.R., Sanders, D.S., Ludvigsson, J.F., & Bai, J.C. (2015). Psychological morbidity of celiac disease: A review of the literature. United European Gastroenterology Journal, 3, 136–145.doi:10.1177/2050640614560786

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.