311
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

A retrospective cohort study comparing non-fatal self-harm emergency department visits between Canadian veterans living in Ontario and matched civilians

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , , & show all
Pages 25-33 | Received 31 Dec 2018, Accepted 05 Feb 2019, Published online: 17 Apr 2019

References

  • Afifi, T.O., Taillieu, T., Zamorski, M.A., Turner, S., Cheung, K., & Sareen, J. (2016). Association of Child Abuse Exposure With Suicidal Ideation, Suicide Plans, and Suicide Attempts in Military Personnel and the General Population in Canada. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 229–238. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2732
  • Aiken, A.B., Mahar, A.L., Kurdyak, P., Whitehead, M., & Groome, P.A. (2016). A descriptive analysis of medical health services utilization of Veterans living in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study using administrative healthcare data. BMC Health Services Research. (a), 16, 351. doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1596-y
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2017). Incidence of suicide among serving and ex-serving Australian Defence Force personnel: Detailed analysis 2001-2015. Retrieved from Canberra.
  • Belik, S.L., Stein, M.B., Asmundson, G.J., & Sareen, J. (2010). Are Canadian soldiers more likely to have suicidal ideation and suicide attempts than Canadian civilians? American Journal of Epidemiology, 172, 1250–1258. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq290
  • Bergen, H., Hawton, K., Waters, K., Ness, J., Cooper, J., Steeg, S., & Kapur, N. (2012). Premature death after self-harm: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet, 380, 1568–1574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61141-6
  • Bergman, B.P., Mackay, D.F., Smith, D.J., & Pell, J.P. (2017). Suicide in Scottish military veterans: a 30-year retrospective cohort study. Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England), 67, 350–355. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqx047
  • Bergman, B.P., Mackay, D.F., Smith, D.J., & Pell, J.P. (2018). Non-fatal self-harm in Scottish military veterans: a retrospective cohort study of 57,000 veterans and 173,000 matched non-veterans. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(1), 81–87. doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1588-9
  • Carr, M.J., Ashcroft, D.M., Kontopantelis, E., Awenat, Y., Cooper, J., Chew-Graham, C., … Webb, R.T. (2016). The epidemiology of self-harm in a UK-wide primary care patient cohort, 2001-2013. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 53. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0753-5
  • Durkin, E. (2018). September 26, 2018). 'A national emergency': suicide rates spikes among young US veterans. The Guardian, Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/26/suicide-rate-young-us-veterans-jumps
  • Fear, N.T., Jones, M., Murphy, D., Hull, L., Iversen, A.C., Coker, B., … Wessely, S. (2010). What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forces? A cohort study. Lancet, 375, 1783–1797. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60672-1
  • Hawton, K., Harriss, L., Casey, D., Simkin, S., Harrison, K., Bray, I., & Blatchley, N. (2009). Self-harm in UK armed forces personnel: descriptive and case-control study of general hospital presentations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 266–272. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048595
  • Hotopf, M., Hull, L., Fear, N.T., Browne, T., Horn, O., Iversen, A., … Wessely, S. (2006). The health of UK military personnel who deployed to the 2003 Iraq war: a cohort study. Lancet, 367, 1731–1741. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68662-5
  • Johns Hopkins University. (2014). The Johns Hopkins ACG® System Version 11.0 Technical Reference Guide. Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsacg.org/document/acg-system-version-11-technical-reference-guide/
  • Kang, H.K., Bullman, T.A., Smolenski, D.J., Skopp, N.A., Gahm, G.A., & Reger, M.A. (2015). Suicide risk among 1.3 million veterans who were on active duty during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Annals of Epidemiology, 25, 96–100. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.11.020
  • Kapur, N., While, D., Blatchley, N., Bray, I., & Harrison, K. (2009). Suicide after leaving the UK armed forces-a cohort study. PLoS Medicine, 6, e26 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000026
  • Kerbaj, R., Hookham, M., & Atherley, J.(. 2018, October 21, 2018). Five deaths in six days- army's tragic legacy of suicide. The Sunday Times. Retrieved from https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/five-deaths-in-six-days-armys-tragic-legacy-of-suicide-vnz8mlcrc
  • Kralj, B. (2008). Measuring Rurality—RIO2008 BASIC: Methodology and Results. Toronto: Ontario Medical Association.
  • MacLean, M.B., Poirier, A., & O'Connor, T. (2011). Province of residence at release and post-release- Data from the income study. Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island: Veterans Affairs Canada.
  • Mahar, A.L., Aiken, A., Groome, P., & Kurdyak, P. (2015). A new resource to study the health of Veterans in Ontario. Journal of Military, Veteran & Family Health, 1, 3–4. doi: 10.3138/jmvfh.1.1.3]
  • Mahar, A.L., Aiken, A.B., Cramm, H., Whitehead, M., Groome, P., & Kurdyak, P. (2017). Mental Health Services Use Trends in Canadian Veterans: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 63, 378–386. doi:10.1177/0706743717730826
  • Mahar, A.L., Aiken, A.B., Kurdyak, P., Whitehead, M., & Groome, P.A. (2016). Description of a longitudinal cohort to study the health of Canadian Veterans living in Ontario. Journal of Military, Veteran & Family Health, 2, 33–42. doi:10.3138/jmvfh.3721
  • Mahar, A.L., Aiken, A.B., Whitehead, M., Tien, H.C.N., Cramm, H., Fear, N.T., & Kurdyak, P. (2018). Suicide in Canadian veterans living in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study linking routinely collected data. BMJ Open (under Review).
  • Manser, L. (2018). Profile of Military Families in Canada: 2017 Regular Force Demographics. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services.
  • Miller, M., Barber, C., Young, M., Azrael, D., Mukamal, K., & Lawler, E. (2012). Veterans and suicide: a reexamination of the National Death Index-linked National Health Interview Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 102, S154–S159. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300409
  • Ministry of Defence. (2013). A study of deaths among UK Armed Forces personnel deployed to the 1982 Falklands campaign: 1982-2012. Retrieved from United Kingdom:
  • Ministry of Defence. (2016). 1990/1991 Gulf Conflict UK Gulf Veterans Mortality Data: Causes of Death. Retrieved from United Kingdom:
  • Nock, M.K., Deming, C.A., Fullerton, C.S., Gilman, S.E., Goldenberg, M., Kessler, R.C., … Ursano, R.J. (2013). Suicide among soldiers: a review of psychosocial risk and protective factors. Psychiatry, 76, 97–125. doi:10.1521/psyc.2013.76.2.97
  • Nock, M.K., Stein, M.B., Heeringa, S.G., Ursano, R.J., Colpe, L.J., Fullerton, C.S., … Kessler, R.C. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behavior among soldiers: results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 514–522. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.30
  • Pethrus, C.M., Johansson, K., Neovius, K., Reutfors, J., Sundstrom, J., & Neovius, M. (2017). Suicide and all-cause mortality in Swedish deployed military veterans: a population-based matched cohort study. BMJ Open, 7, e014034. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014034
  • Proctor, J. (2018, August 3). 'He wasn't finished being a soldier': Grieving parents say son was robbed of purpose. CBC News. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/veteran-suicide-military-ptsd-support-1.4771595
  • Richardson, J.D., St Cyr, K.C., McIntyre-Smith, A.M., Haslam, D., Elhai, J.D., & Sareen, J. (2012). Examining the association between psychiatric illness and suicidal ideation in a sample of treatment-seeking Canadian peacekeeping and combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 57, 496–504. doi:10.1177/070674371205700808
  • Sareen, J., Afifi, T.O., Taillieu, T., Cheung, K., Turner, S., Bolton, S.-L., … Zamorski, M.A. (2016). Trends in suicidal behaviour and use of mental health services in Canadian military and civilian populations. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal, 188, E261–E267. doi:10.1503/cmaj.151047
  • Sareen, J., Afifi, T.O., Taillieu, T., Cheung, K., Turner, S., Stein, M.B., & Zamorski, M.A. (2017). Deployment-Related Traumatic Events and Suicidal Behaviours in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadian Armed Forces Personnel. Canadian. Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 62, 795–804. doi: 10.1177/0706743717699174
  • Saunders, N.R., Lebenbaum, M., Stukel, T.A., Lu, H., Urquia, M.L., Kurdyak, P., & Guttmann, A. (2017). Suicide and self-harm trends in recent immigrant youth in Ontario, 1996-2012: a population-based longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open, 7, e014863. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014863
  • Sheriff, R.J.S., Forbes, H.J., Wessely, S.C., Greenberg, N., Jones, N., Fertout, M., … Fear, N.T. (2015). Risky driving among UK regular armed forces personnel: changes over time. BMJ Open, 5, e008434. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008434
  • Simkus, K., VanTil, L., & Pedlar, D. (2017). 2017 Veteran Suicide Mortality Study. Charlottetown PEI, Canada: Veterans Affairs Canada.
  • Skegg, K. (2005). Self-harm. Lancet, 366, 1471–1483. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67600-3
  • Stevelink, S.A.M., Jones, M., Hull, L., Pernet, D., MacCrimmon, S., Goodwin, L., … Wessely, S. (2018). Mental health outcomes at the end of the British involvement in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts: a cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 213, 690–697. doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.175
  • Thompson, J.M., Van Til, L., Poirier, A., Sweet, J., McKinnon, K., Sudom, K., … Pedlar, D. (2014a). Health and well-being of Canadian Armed Forces Veterans: Findings from the 2013 life after service survey. Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island: Veterans Affairs Canada.
  • Thompson, J.M., VanTil, L.D., Zamorski, M.A., Garber, B., Dursun, S., Fikretoglu, D., … Pedlar, D.J. (2016). Mental health of Canadian Armed Forces veterans- Review of population studies. Journal of Military, Veteran, and Family Health, 2, 70–86. doi:10.3138/jmvfh.3258
  • Thompson, J.M., Zamorski, M.A., Sweet, J., VanTil, L., Sareen, J., Pietrzak, R.H., … Pedlar, D. (2014b). Roles of physical and mental health in suicidal ideation in Canadian Armed Forces Regular Force veterans. Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique, 105, e109–e115. doi:10.17269/cjph.105.4217
  • Tien, H.C.N., Acharya, S., & Redelmeier, D.A. (2010). Preventing deaths in the Canadian military. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38, 331–339. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.12.012
  • Tollefsen, I.M., Hem, E., & Ekeberg, O. (2012). The reliability of suicide statistics: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 9 doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-9
  • Ursano, R.J., Kessler, R.C., Naifeh, J.A., Herberman Mash, H., Fullerton, C.S., Bliese, P.D., … Stein, M.B. (2017). Risk of Suicide Attempt Among Soldiers in Army Units With a History of Suicide Attempts. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 924–931. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1925
  • Ursano, R.J., Kessler, R.C., Stein, M.B., Naifeh, J.A., Aliaga, P.A., Fullerton, C.S., … Heeringa, S.G. (2015). Suicide Attempts in the US Army During the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, 2004 to 2009. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 917–926. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0987
  • Ursano, R.J., Kessler, R.C., Stein, M.B., Naifeh, J.A., Aliaga, P.A., Fullerton, C.S., … Heeringa, S.G. (2016). Risk factors, methods, and timing of suicide attempts among us army soldiers. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 741–749. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0600

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.