725
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Racial discrimination and its impact on mental health

&
Pages 268-276 | Received 01 Dec 2022, Accepted 01 Dec 2022, Published online: 15 Dec 2022

References

  • Aichberger, M. C., Bromand, Z., Rapp, M. A., Yesil, R., Montesinos, A. H., Temur-Erman, S., Heinz, A., & Schouler-Ocak, M. (2015). Perceived ethnic discrimination, acculturation, and psychological distress in women of Turkish origin in Germany. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(11), 1691–1700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1105-3
  • Akdeniz, C., Schäfer, A., Streit, F., Haller, L., Wüst, S., Kirsch, P., Tost, H., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2017). Sex-Dependent Association of Perigenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex Volume and Migration Background, an Environmental Risk Factor for Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(4), 925–934.
  • Amnesty International. (2022). https://www.amnesty.ch/de/themen/diskriminierung/zahlen-fakten-und-hintergruende/was-ist-diskriminierung_access22072022
  • Antidiskriminierungsstelle. (2022). https://www.antidiskriminierungsstelle.steiermark.at/cms/ziel/72108500/DE/_access04032022
  • Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, M., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. Lancet (London, England), 389(10077), 1453–1463. 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X
  • Berger, M., & Sarnyai, Z. (2015). More than skin deep: Stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2014.989204
  • Berry, J. W. (2008). Globalisation and acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(4), 328–336. 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.04.001
  • Bhugra, D., Watson, C., Clissold, E., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). Migrants, Racism and Healthcare. Chapter of a forthcoming book. Oxford Textbook of Social Psychiatry. OUP.
  • Bhui, K., Stansfeld, S., McKenzie, K., Karlsen, S., Nazroo, J., & Weich, S. (2005). Racial/ethnic discrimination and common mental disorders among workers: Findings from the EMPIRIC Study of ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom. American Journal of Public Health, 95(3), 496–501. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2003.033274
  • Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B., & Kowai-Bell, N. (2001). Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.253
  • Bosqui, T. J., Hoy, K., & Shannon, C. (2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the ethnic density effect in psychotic disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(4), 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0773-0
  • Brandt, L., Henssler, J., Müller, M., Wall, S., Gabel, D., & Heinz, A. (2019). Risk of psychosis among refugees: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(11), 1133–1140. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1937
  • Brenner, A. B., Diez-Roux, A. V., Gebreab, S. Y., Schulz, A. J., & Sims, M. (2018). The Epidemiology of Coping in African American Adults in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 5(5), 978–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-017-0445-y 29218498
  • Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074
  • Butler, C., Tull, E. S., Chambers, E. C., & Taylor, J. (2002). Internalized racism, body fat distribution, and abnormal fasting glucose among African-Caribbean women in Dominica, West Indies. Journal of the National Medical Association, 94(3), 143–148.
  • Cain, P., Daly, A., & Reid, A. (2021). How refugees experience the Australian workplace: A comparative mixed methods study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084023
  • Chambers, E. C., Tull, E. S., Fraser, H. S., Mutunhu, N. R., Sobers, N., & Niles, E. (2004). The relationship of internalized racism to body fat distribution and insulin resistance among African adolescent youth. Journal of the National Medical Association, 96(12), 1594–1598.
  • Clark, U. S., Miller, E. R., & Hegde, R. R. (2018). Experiences of Discrimination Are Associated With Greater Resting Amygdala Activity and Functional Connectivity. Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(4), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.11.011
  • Dale, S. K., & Safren, S. A. (2019). Gendered racial microaggressions predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and cognitions among Black women living with HIV. Psychological Trauma, 11(7), 685–694. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000467.
  • Devine, P. G., Forscher, P. S., Austin, A. J., & Cox, W. T. L. (2012). Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(6), 1267–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.06.003
  • Eisenberger, N., Lieberman, M., & Williams, K. (2003). Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290–292. [Database] https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089134
  • Eisenberger, N. I. (2015). Social pain and the brain: Controversies, questions, and where to go from here. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 601–629. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115146
  • Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2016). Intersectionality in quantitative psychological research: I. Theoretical and epistemological issues. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(2), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316629797
  • Fusar-Poli, P., Tantardini, M., De Simone, S., Ramella-Cravaro, V., Oliver, D., Kingdon, J., Kotlicka-Antczak, M., Valmaggia, L., Lee, J., Millan, M. J., Galderisi, S., Balottin, U., Ricca, V., & McGuire, P. (2017). Deconstructing vulnerability for psychosis: Meta-analysis of environmental risk factors for psychosis in subjects at ultra high-risk. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 40, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.09.003
  • Gee, G. C., & Ford, C. L. (2011). Structural racism and health inequities: Old Issues, new directions. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 8(1), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X11000130
  • Graham, J. R., West, L. M., Martinez, J., & Roemer, L. (2016). The mediating role of internalized racism in the relationship between racist experiences and anxiety symptoms in a Black American sample. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(3), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000073
  • Hardeman, R. R., Murphy, K. A., Karbeah, J. M., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2018). Naming institutionalized racism in the public health literature: A systematic literature review. Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974), 133(3), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354918760574
  • Heinz, A., Deserno, L., & Reininghaus, U. (2013). Urbanicity, social adversity and psychosis. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 12(3), 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20056
  • Heinz, A., Müller, D. J., Krach, S., Cabanis, M., & Kluge, U. P. (2014, November 4). The uncanny return of the race concept. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 836. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00836
  • Heinz, A., & Schlagenhauf, F. (2010). Dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: Salience attribution revisited. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(3), 472–485. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq031
  • Henssler, J., Brandt, L., Müller, M., Liu, S., Montag, C., Sterzer, P., & Heinz, A. (2020). Migration and schizophrenia: Meta-analysis and explanatory framework. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 270(3), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-01028-7
  • Hicken, M. T., Kravitz-Wirtz, N., Durkee, M., & Jackson, J. S. (2018). Racial inequalities in health: Framing future research. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 199, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.027
  • Hicken, M. T., Lee, H., Ailshire, J., Burgard, S. A., & Williams, D. R. (2013). “Every shut eye, ain’t sleep”: The role of racism-related vigilance in racial/ethnic disparities in sleep difficulty. Race and Social Problems, 5(2), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-013-9095-9
  • Hicken, M. T., Lee, H., Morenoff, J., House, J. S., & Williams, D. R. (2014). Racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension prevalence: Reconsidering the role of chronic stress. American Journal of Public Health, 104(1), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301395
  • Himmelstein, M. S., Young, D. M., Sanchez, D. T., & Jackson, J. S. (2015). Vigilance in the discrimination-stress model for Black Americans. Psychology & Health, 30(3), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2014.966104
  • Kapilashrami, A., Hill, S., & Meer, N. (2015). What can health inequalities researchers learn from an intersectionality perspective? Understanding social dynamics with an inter-categorical approach? Social Theory & Health, 13(3-4), 288–307. https://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2015.16
  • Khan, M., Ilcisin, M., & Saxton, K. (2017). Multifactorial discrimination as a fundamental cause of mental health inequities. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(1), 43. Erratum in (2017). International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(1), 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0532-z
  • Krieger, N. (2001). A glossary for social epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55(10), 693–700. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.10.693
  • LaVeist, T. A., Thorpe, R. J., Pierre, G., Mance, G. A., & Williams, D. R. (2014). The Relationships among vigilant coping style, race, and depression. Journal of Social Issues, 70(2), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12058
  • Lewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2015). Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: Scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 407–440. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728
  • Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H. (2014). Structural competency: Theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 103, 126–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032
  • Meyer, C. S., Schreiner, P. J., Lim, K., Battapady, H., & Launer, L. J. (2019). Depressive symptomatology, racial discrimination experience, and brain tissue volumes observed on magnetic resonance imaging. American Journal of Epidemiology, 188(4), 656–663. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy282
  • Mouzon, D. M., & McLean, J. S. (2017). Internalized racism and mental health among African-Americans, US-born Caribbean Blacks, and foreign-born Caribbean Blacks. Ethnicity & Health, 22(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2016.1196652
  • Nunez-Smith, M., Pilgrim, N., Wynia, M., Desai, M. M., Jones, B. A., Bright, C., Krumholz, H. M., & Bradley, E. H. (2009). Race/ethnicity and workplace discrimination: Results of a national survey of physicians. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24(11), 1198–1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-009-1103-9
  • Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015). Racism as a determinant of health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 10(9), e0138511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138511
  • Pascoe, E. A., & Richman, L. S. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531–554. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059
  • Polanco-Roman, L., Anglin, D. M., Miranda, R., & Jeglic, E. L. (2019). Racial/ethnic discrimination and suicidal ideation in emerging adults: The role of traumatic stress and depressive symptoms varies by gender not race/ethnicity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(10), 2023–2037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01097-w
  • Powell, J. A. (2008). Structural racism: Building upon the insights of John Calmore. North Carolina Law Review, 86, 791–816.
  • Pyke, K. D. (2010). What is internalized racial oppression and why don’t we study it? Acknowledging racism’s hidden injuries. Sociological Perspectives, 53(4), 551–572. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2010.53.4.551
  • Sabshin, M., Diesenhaus, H., & Wilkerson, R. (1970). Dimensions of institutional racism in psychiatry. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 127(6), 787–793. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.127.6.787
  • Sawyer, P. J., Major, B., Casad, B. J., Townsend, S. S., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Discrimination and the stress response: Psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interethnic interactions. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620
  • Schouler-Ocak, M., Bhugra, D., Kastrup, M. C., Dom, G., Heinz, A., Küey, L., & Gorwood, P. (2021). Racism and mental health and the role of mental health professionals. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 64(1), e42. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2216
  • Selten, J. P., & Cantor-Graae, E. (2005). Social defeat: Risk factor for schizophrenia? The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 187, 101–102. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.2.101
  • Shim, R. S. (2020). Mental health inequities in the context of COVID-19. JAMA Network Open, 3(9), e2020104. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20104
  • Shim, R. S. (2021). Dismantling structural racism in psychiatry: A path to mental health equity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(7), 592–598. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21060558
  • Sinclair, D., Purves-Tyson, T. D., Allen, K. M., & Weickert, C. S. (2014). Impacts of stress and sex hormones on dopamine neurotransmission in the adolescent brain. Psychopharmacology, 231(8), 1581–1599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3415-z
  • Sosoo, E. E., Bernard, D. L., & Neblett, E. W. (2020). The influence of internalized racism on the relationship between discrimination and anxiety. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 26(4), 570–580. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000320
  • Stepanikova, I., & Oates, G. R. (2017). Perceived discrimination and privilege in health care: The role of socioeconomic status and race. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(1S1), S86–S94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.024
  • Tervalon, M., & Murray-García, J. (1998). Murray-García: Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0233
  • Urzúa, A., Caqueo-Urízar, A., Henríquez, D., & Williams, D. R. (2021, May 17). Discrimination and health: The mediating effect of acculturative stress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105312
  • Wallace, S., Nazroo, J., & Bécares, L. (2016). Cumulative effect of racial discrimination on the mental health of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom. American Journal of Public Health, 106(7), 1294–300. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303121.
  • Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32(1), 20–47. 10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0
  • Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001). Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974), 116(5), 404–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/116.5.404
  • Williams, D.R., Mohammed, S.A. (2013). Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence. Am Behav Sci, 57(8). https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213487340.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.