0
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The real ethical issues with AI for clinical psychiatry

Received 01 Jul 2024, Accepted 01 Jul 2024, Published online: 30 Jul 2024

References

  • AI Behavior Health Chatbot App Fast-Tracked by FDA. (n.d.). Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-future-brain/202205/ai-behavior-health-chatbot-app-fast-tracked-fda
  • AI relies on mass surveillance, warns Signal boss. (n.d.). https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/kenya/ai-relies-on-mass-surveillance-warns-signal-boss/ar-BB1mVRnb
  • Alowais, S. A., Alghamdi, S. S., Alsuhebany, N., Alqahtani, T., Alshaya, A. I., Almohareb, S. N., Aldairem, A., Alrashed, M., Bin Saleh, K., Badreldin, H. A., Al Yami, M. S., Al Harbi, S., & Albekairy, A. M. (2023). Revolutionizing healthcare: The role of artificial intelligence in clinical practice. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 689. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04698-z
  • Berries. (n.d.). AI scribe for mental health professionals. Berries. https://www.berries.icu
  • Brown, C., Story, G. W., Mourão-Miranda, J., & Baker, J. T. (2021). Will artificial intelligence eventually replace psychiatrists? The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 218(3), 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.245
  • Cano, M. (2020). Drug overdose deaths among US Hispanics: Trends (2000–2017) and recent patterns. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(13), 2138–2147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1793367
  • Chayka, K. (2024). Faux ScarJo and the Descent of the A.I. Vultures. The New Yorker.
  • Cohen, I. G. (2019). Informed consent and medical artificial intelligence: What to tell the patient? Geo. L.J. 108, 1425. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3529576
  • Cohen, I. G., Amarasingham, R., Shah, A., Xie, B., & Lo, B. (2014). The legal and ethical concerns that arise from using complex predictive analytics in health care. Health Affairs, 33(7), 1139–1147. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0048
  • Didion, J. (1976). Why I write. The New York Times.
  • Domaney, N. M., Torous, J., & Greenberg, W. E. (2018). Exploring the association between electronic health record use and burnout among psychiatry residents and faculty: A pilot survey study. Academic Psychiatry, 42(5), 648–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-018-0939-x
  • Doraiswamy, P. M., Blease, C., & Bodner, K. (2020). Artificial intelligence and the future of psychiatry: Insights from a global physician survey. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 102, 101753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2019.101753
  • Federation of State Medical Boards. (2024). Navigating the responsible and ethical incorporation of artificial intelligence into clinical practice. https://www.fsmb.org/siteassets/advocacy/policies/incorporation-of-ai-into-practice.pdf
  • Fisher, C. E., & Appelbaum, P. S. (2017). Beyond googling: The ethics of using patients’ electronic footprints in psychiatric practice. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 25(4), 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000145
  • Fiske, A., Henningsen, P., & Buyx, A. (2019). Your robot therapist will see you now: Ethical implications of embodied artificial intelligence in psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(5), e13216. https://doi.org/10.2196/13216
  • Fung, B. (2023). FTC is investigating ChatGPT-maker OpenAI for potential harm to consumers | CNN Business. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/13/tech/ftc-openai-investigation/index.html
  • Gerke, S., Minssen, T., & Cohen, G. (2020). Ethical and legal challenges of artificial intelligence-driven healthcare. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, 295–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818438-7.00012-5
  • Habicht, J., Viswanathan, S., Carrington, B., Hauser, T. U., Harper, R., & Rollwage, M. (2024). Closing the accessibility gap to mental health treatment with a personalized self-referral chatbot. Nature Medicine, 30(2), 595–602. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02766-x
  • Health, W. (2021). Woebot Health receives FDA breakthrough device designation for postpartum depression treatment. Woebot Health. https://woebothealth.com/woebot-health-receives-fda-breakthrough-device-designation/
  • Heath, R. (2023). New AI tools are helping doctors screen for mental health conditions. Axios. https://www.axios.com/2023/09/18/ai-tools-screen-mental-health-conditions
  • Hogan, N. R., Davidge, E. Q., & Corabian, G. (2021). On the ethics and practicalities of artificial intelligence, risk assessment, and race. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 49(3), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.200116-20
  • Iacoviello, B. M., Murrough, J. W., Hoch, M. M., Huryk, K. M., Collins, K. A., Cutter, G. R., Iosifescu, D. V., & Charney, D. S. (2018). A randomized, controlled pilot trial of the emotional faces memory task: A digital therapeutic for depression. NPJ Digital Medicine, 1(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-018-0025-5
  • Klichowski, M. (2020). People copy the actions of artificial intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1130. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01130
  • Lee, E. E., Torous, J., De Choudhury, M., Depp, C. A., Graham, S. A., Kim, H.-C., Paulus, M. P., Krystal, J. H., & Jeste, D. V. (2021). Artificial intelligence for mental health care: Clinical applications, barriers, facilitators, and artificial wisdom. Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 6(9), 856–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.02.001
  • Limbic (n.d.). AI mental health chatbot that predicts disorders with 93% accuracy becomes first in world to gain Class IIa UKCA medical device status | Limbic. https://limbic.ai/blog/class-ii-a
  • Limbic Access. (n.d.). https://limbic.ai/access
  • Lorenzini, G., Shaw, D. M., Arbelaez Ossa, L., & Elger, B. S. (2023). Machine learning applications in healthcare and the role of informed consent: Ethical and practical considerations. Clinical Ethics, 18(4), 451–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/14777509221094476
  • McCradden, M., Hui, K., & Buchman, D. Z. (2023). Evidence, ethics and the promise of artificial intelligence in psychiatry. Journal of Medical Ethics, 49(8), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2022-108447
  • Metz, C. (2024). OpenAI says New York Times lawsuit against it is ‘without merit. The New York Times.
  • Miner, A. S., Haque, A., Fries, J. A., Fleming, S. L., Wilfley, D. E., Terence Wilson, G., Milstein, A., Jurafsky, D., Arnow, B. A., Stewart Agras, W., Fei-Fei, L., & Shah, N. H. (2020). Assessing the accuracy of automatic speech recognition for psychotherapy. NPJ Digital Medicine, 3(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0285-8
  • Monteith, S., Glenn, T., Geddes, J., Whybrow, P. C., Achtyes, E., & Bauer, M. (2022). Expectations for artificial ­intelligence (AI) in psychiatry. Current Psychiatry Reports, 24(11), 709–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01378-5
  • Ng, I. K. (2024). Informed consent in clinical practice: Old problems, new challenges. The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 14782715241247087. https://doi.org/10.1177/14782715241247087
  • Parmar, P., Ryu, J., Pandya, S., Sedoc, J., & Agarwal, S. (2022). Health-focused conversational agents in person-centered care: A review of apps. NPJ Digital Medicine, 5(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00560-6
  • Rejoyn Becomes First Prescription Digital Therapeutic Authorized for Treatment of MDD. (2024). Psychiatric Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/rejoyn-becomes-first-prescription-digital-therapeutic-authorized-for-treatment-of-mdd
  • Rule, A., Bedrick, S., Chiang, M. F., & Hribar, M. R. (2021). Length and redundancy of outpatient progress notes across a decade at an Academic Medical Center. JAMA Network Open, 4(7), e2115334. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15334
  • Savic, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2018). An argument against the implementation of an ‘overarching universal addiction model’ in alcohol and other drug treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(6), 721–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12704
  • Scalable Enterprise Solution for Mental Health. (n.d.). Woebot Health. https://woebothealth.com/
  • Sweetman, J., Knapp, P., Varley, D., Woodhouse, R., McMillan, D., & Coventry, P. (2021). Barriers to attending initial psychological therapy service appointments for common mental health problems: A mixed-methods systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 284, 44–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.089
  • Weisberg, D. S., Keil, F. C., Goodstein, J., Rawson, E., & Gray, J. R. (2008). The seductive allure of neuroscience explanations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(3), 470–477. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20040
  • Yung Therapist Sidekick. (n.d.). AI-powered note writer for mental health. https://www.yung-sidekick.com/

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.