302
Views
69
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Classifying Human Long-term Memory: Evidence from Converging Dissociations

Pages 163-184 | Published online: 10 Sep 2010

References

  • Andreasen , N. C. , O'Leary , D. S. , Arndt , S. , Cizadlo , T. , Hurtig , R. , Rezai , K. , Watkins , G. L. , Ponto , L. L. B. and Hichwa , R. D. 1995 . Short-term and long-term verbal memory: A positron emission tomography study . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 92 : 5111 – 5115 .
  • Bäckman , L. , Almkvist , O. , Andersson , J. , Nordberg , A. , Windblad , B. , Reineck , R. and Långström , B. in press . Brain activation in young and older adults during implicit and explicit retrieval . Neuropsychology ,
  • Blaxton , T. A. 1989 . Investigating dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transfer appropriate processing framework . Journal of Experimental Psychology: L earning, Memory and Cognition , 15 : 657 – 668 .
  • Blaxton , T. A. , Zeffiro , T. A. , Gabrieli , J. D. E. , Bookheimer , S. Y. , Carrillo , M. C. , Theodore , W. H. and Disterhoft , J. F. in press . Functional mapping of human learning: A PET activation study of eyeblink conditioning . Journal of Neuroscience ,
  • Buckner , R. L. , Petersen , S. E. , Ojemann , J. G. , Miezin , F. M. , Squire , L. R. and Raichle , M. E. 1995 . Functional anatomical studies of explicit and implicit memory retrieval tasks . Journal of Neuroscience , 15 : 12 – 29 .
  • Cohen , N. J. and Squire , L. R. 1980 . Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing how and knowing that . Science , 210 : 207 – 209 .
  • Corkin , S. 1968 . Acquisition of motor skill after bilateral medial temporal-lobe excision . Neuropsychologia , 6 : 255 – 265 .
  • Cornell , E. H. and Heth , C. D. 1979 . Response versus place learning by human infants . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human L earning and Memory , 5 : 188 – 196 .
  • Creasey , H. and Rapoport , S. I. 1985 . The aging human brain . Annals of Neurology , 17 : 1 – 10 .
  • Curran , H. V. and Gorenstein , C. 1993 . Differential effects of lorazepam and oxazepam on priming . International Clinical Psychopharmacolog y , 8 : 37 – 42 .
  • Danion , J.-M. , Zimmermann , M.-A. , Willad-Schroeder , D. , Grangé , D. , Welsch , M. , Imbs , J.-L. and Singer , L. 1990 . Effects of scopolamine, trimipramine and diazepam on explicit memory and repetition priming in healthy volunteers . Psychopharmacology , 102 : 422 – 424 .
  • Danion , J.-M. , Peretti , S. , Grangé , D. , Bilik , M. , Imbs , J.-L. and Singer , L. 1992 . Effects of chlorpromazine and lorazepam on explicit memory, repetition priming and cognition skill learning in healthy volunteers . Psychopharmacology , 108 : 345 – 351 .
  • DiGiulio , D. V. , Seidenberg , M. , O'Leary , D. S. and Raz , N. 1994 . Procedural and declarative memory: A developmental study . Brain and Cognition , 25 : 79 – 91 .
  • Dunn , J. C. and Kirsner , K. 1988 . Discovering functionally independent mental processes: The principle of reversed association . Psychological Review , 95 : 91 – 101 .
  • Frith , C. D. , Friston , K. J. , Liddle , P. F. and Frackowiak , R. S. J. 1991 . A PET study of word finding . Neuropsychologia , 29 : 1137 – 1148 .
  • Gabrieli , J. D. E. , Cohen , N. J. and Corkin , S. 1988 . The impaired learning of semantic knowledge following bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection . Brain and Cognition , 7 : 157 – 177 .
  • Gabrieli , J. D. E. , Fleischman , D. A. , Keane , M. M. , Reminger , S. L. and Morrell , F. 1995 . Double dissociation between memory systems underlying explicit and implicit memory in the human brain . Psychological Science , 6 : 76 – 82 .
  • Goldman , J. and Coté , L. 1985 . “ Aging of the brain: Dementia of the Alzheimer's type ” . In Principles of neural science , Edited by: Kandel , E. R. and Schwarz , J. H. 974 – 983 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Graf , P. and Mandler , G. 1984 . Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable . Journal of V erbal L earning and V erbal Behavior , 23 : 553 – 568 .
  • Grosse , D. A. , Wilson , R. S. and Fox , J. H. 1990 . Preserved word-stem-completion priming of semantically encoded information in Alzheimer's disease . Psychology and Aging , 5 : 304 – 306 .
  • Hashtroudi , S. , Chrosniak , L. D. and Schwartz , B. L. 1991 . “ Effects of aging on priming and skill learning ” . In Psychology and Aging 605 – 615 .
  • Heindel , W. C. , Butters , N. and Salmon , D. P. 1988 . Impaired learning of a motor skill in patients with Huntington's disease . Behavioral Neuroscience , 102 : 141 – 147 .
  • Heindel , W. C. , Salmon , D. P. , Shults , C. W. , Walicke , P. A. and Butters , N. 1989 . Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: A comparison of Alzhei-mer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients . Journal of Neuroscience , 9 : 582 – 587 .
  • Howard , D. V. and Howard , J. H. Jr . 1989 . Age differences in learning serial patterns: Direct versus indirect measures . Psychology and Aging , 4 : 357 – 364 .
  • Hyman , B. T. , Van Hoesen , G. W. , Damasio , A. R. and Barnes , C. L. 1984 . Alzheimer's disease: Cell-specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation . Science , 225 : 1168 – 1170 .
  • Jacoby , L. L. and Dallas , M. 1981 . On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 110 : 306 – 340 .
  • Jelicic , M. , Craik , F. I. M. and Moscovitch , M. in press . Effects of ageing on different explicit and implicit memory tasks . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology ,
  • Jenkins , I. H. , Brooks , D. J. , Nixon , P. D. , Frackowiak , R. S. J. and Passingham , R. E. 1994 . Motor sequence learning: A study with positron emission tomography . Journal of Neuroscience , 14 : 3775 – 3790 .
  • Johnson , M. K. and Hirst , W. 1993 . “ MEM: Memory subsystems as processes ” . In Theories of memory , Edited by: Collins , A. , Gathercole , S. E. , Conway , M. A. and Morris , P. E. 241 – 286 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Kapur , N. , Friston , K. J. , Young , A. , Frith , C. D. and Frackowiak , R. S. J. 1995 . Activation of human hippocampal formation during memory for faces: A PET study . Cortex , 31 : 99 – 108 .
  • Knopman , D. 1991 . Unaware learning versus preserved learning in pharmacological amnesia: Similarities and di? erences . Journal of Experimental Psychology: L earning, Memory and Cognition , 17 : 1017 – 1029 .
  • LaVoie , D. and Light , L. L. 1994 . “ Adult age differences in repetition priming: A meta-analysis ” . In Psychology and Aging 539 – 553 .
  • Markowitsch , H. J. in press . Which brain regions are critically involved in the retrieval of old episodic memory . Brain Research Reviews ,
  • Marsolek , C. J. , Kosslyn , S. and Squire , L. R. 1992 . Form-specific priming in the right cerebral hemisphere . Journal of Experimental Psychology: L earning, Memory and Cognition , 18 : 492 – 508 .
  • Meiran , N. and Jelicic , M. 1995 . Implicit memory in Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis . Neuropsychology , 9 : 1 – 13 .
  • Mitchell , D. B. 1989 . How many memory systems? Evidence from aging . Journal of Experimental Psychology: L earning, Memory and Cognition , 15 : 31 – 49 .
  • Mitchell , D. B. and Brown , A. S. 1988 . Persistent repetition priming in picture naming and its dissociation from recognition memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: L earning, Memory and Cognition , 14 : 213 – 222 .
  • Moscovitch , M. 1992 . “ A neuropsychological model of memory and consciousness ” . In Neuropsychology of memory , Edited by: Squire , L. R. and Butters , N. 5 – 22 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Naito , M. 1990 . Repetition priming in children and adults: Age-related dissociation between implicit and explicit memory . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 50 : 462 – 484 .
  • Neely , J. H. 1989 . “ Experimental dissociation and the episodic/semantic memory distinction ” . In Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving , Edited by: Roediger , H. L. and Craik , F. I. M. 229 – 270 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Nissen , M. J. , Knopman , D. S. and Schacter , D. L. 1987 . Neurochemical dissociations of memory systems . Neurology , 37 : 789 – 794 .
  • Nyberg , L. and Nilsson , L.-G. 1995 . The role of enactment in implicit and explicit memory . Psychological Research , 57 : 215 – 219 .
  • Nyberg , L. , Tulving , E. , Habib , R. , Nilsson , L.-G. , Kapur , S. , Houle , S. , Cabeza , R. and McIntosh , A. R. in press . Functional brain maps of retrieval mode and recovery of episodic information . NeuroReport ,
  • Nyberg , L. , Cabeza , R. and Tulving , E. in press . PET studies of encoding and retrieval: The HERA model . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review ,
  • Ostergaard , A. L. 1987 . Episodic, semantic and procedural memory in a case of amnesia at an early age . Neuropsychologia , 25 : 341 – 357 .
  • Richardson-Klavehn , A. and Bjork , R. A. 1988 . Measures of memory . Annual Review of Psychology , 39 : 475 – 543 .
  • Roediger , H. L. and McDermott , K. B. 1993 . “ Implicit memory in normal human subjects ” . In Handbook of neuropsychology, Vol. 7 , Edited by: Spinnler , H. and Boller , F. 63 – 131 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Roediger , H. L. , Weldon , M. S. and Challis , B. H. 1989 . “ Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures: A processing account ” . In V arieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving , Edited by: Roediger , H. L. and Craik , F. I. M. 3 – 41 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Roediger , H. L. , Rajaram , S. and Srinivas , K. 1990 . “ Specifying criteria for postulating memory systems ” . In The development and neural bases of higher cognitive functions , Edited by: Diamond , A. New York : New York Academy of Sciences .
  • Roy-Byrne , P. P. , Uhde , T. W. , Holcomb , H. , Thompson , K. , King , A. K. and Weingartner , H. 1987 . Effects of diazepamon cognitive processes in normal subjects . Psychopharmacology , 91 : 30 – 33 .
  • Saint-Cyr , J. A. , Taylor , A. E. and Lang , A. E. 1988 . Procedural learning and neostriatal dysfunction in man . Brain , 111 : 941 – 959 .
  • Salmon , D. P. and Heindel , W. C. 1994 . “ Impaired priming in Alzheimer's disease: Neuropsychological implications ” . In Neuropsychology of memory , 2nd edn , Edited by: Squire , L. R. and Butters , N. 179 – 187 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Salmon , D. P. , Shimamura , A. P. , Butters , N. and Smith , S. 1988 . Lexical and semantic priming deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 10 : 477 – 494 .
  • Schacter , D. L. and Tulving , E. 1994 . “ What are the memory systems of 1994? ” . In Memory systems 1994 , Edited by: Schacter , D. L. and Tulving , E. 1 – 38 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Schacter , D. L. , Alpert , N. M. , Savage , C. R. , Rauch , S. L. and Albert , M. S. 1996 . Conscious recollection and the human hippocampal formation: Evidence from positron emission tomography . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 93 : 321 – 325 .
  • Schwartz , B. L. and Hashtroudi , S. 1991 . Priming is independent of skill learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: L earning, Memory and Cognition , 17 : 1177 – 1187 .
  • Seitz , R. J. and Roland , P. E. 1992 . Learning of sequential finger movements in man: A combined kinematic and positron emission tomography (PET) study . European Journal of Neuroscience , 4 : 154 – 165 .
  • Sellal , F. , Danion , J.-M. , Kauffmann-Muller , F. , Grangé , D. , Imbs , J.-L. , Van Der Linden , M. and Singer , L. 1992 . Differential effects of diazepam and lorazepam on repetition priming in healthy volunteers . Psychopharmacology , 108 : 371 – 379 .
  • Shallice , T. 1979 . “ Neuropsychological research and the fractionation of memory systems ” . In Perspectives on memory research: Essays in honor of Uppsala Uni-versity's 500th anniversary , Edited by: Nilsson , L.-G. 257 – 277 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Shallice , T. 1988 . From neuropsychology to mental structure , New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Sherry , D. F. and Schacter , D. L. 1987 . The evolution of multiple memory systems . Psychological Review , 94 : 439 – 454 .
  • Shimamura , A. P. and Squire , L. R. 1989 . Impaired priming of new associations in amnesia . Journal of Experimental Psychology: L earning, Memory and Cognition , 15 : 721 – 728 .
  • Shimamura , A. P. , Jernigan , T. L. and Squire , L. R. 1988 . Korsako? 's syndrome: Radiological (CT) findings and neuropsychological correlates . Journal of Neuroscience , 8 : 4400 – 4410 .
  • Small , B. J. , Hultsch , D. F. and Masson , M. E. J. 1995 . Adult age differences in perceptually based, but not conceptually based implicit tests of memory . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 50B : P162 – P170 .
  • Squire , L. R. and Knowlton , B. 1995 . “ Memory, hippocampus, and brain systems ” . In The cognitive neurosciences , Edited by: Gazzaniga , M. S. 825 – 827 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Squire , L. R. , Ojemann , J. G. , Miezein , F. M. , Petersen , S. E. , Videen , T. O. and Raichle , M. E. 1992 . Activation of the hippocampus in normal humans: A functional anatomical study of memory . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 89 : 1837 – 1841 .
  • Srinivas , K. and Roediger , H. L. 1990 . Classifying implicit memory tests: Category association and anagram solution . Journal of Memory and L anguage , 29 : 389 – 412 .
  • Teuber , H. L. 1955 . Physiological psychology . Annual Review of Psychology , 9 : 267 – 296 .
  • Toth , J. P. , Reingold , E. M. and Jacoby , L. L. 1994 . Toward a redefinition of implicit memory: Process dissociations following elaborative processing and self-generation . Journal of Experimental Psychology: L earning, Memory and Cognition , 20 : 290 – 303 .
  • Tulving , E. 1983 . Elements of episodic memory , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Tulving , E. 1984 . “ Multiple learning and memory systems ” . In Psychology in the 1990's , Edited by: Lagerspetz , K. M. and Niemi , P. 163 – 184 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Tulving , E. 1985 . How many memory systems are there? . American Psychologist , 40 : 385 – 398 .
  • Tulving , E. 1987 . Multiple memory systems and consciousness . Human Neurobiology , 6 : 67 – 80 .
  • Tulving , E. 1991 . “ Concepts of human memory ” . In Organization and locus of change , Edited by: Squire , L. R. , Weinberg , N. M. , Lynch , G. and McGaugh , J. L. New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Tulving , E. and Schacter , D. L. 1990 . Priming and human memory systems . Science , 247 : 301 – 305 .
  • Tulving , E. , Hayman , C. A. G. and Macdonald , C. 1991 . Long-lasting perceptual priming and semantic learning in amnesia: A case experiment . Journal of Experimental Psychology: L earning, Memory and Cognition , 17 : 595 – 617 .
  • Tulving , E. , Kapur , S. , Craik , F. I. M. , Moscovitch , M. and Houle , S. 1994 . Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory:Positron emission tomography findings . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 91 : 2016 – 2020 .
  • Warrington , E. K. and Weiskrantz , L. 1970 . Amnesic syndrome: Consolidation or retrieval? . Nature , 228 : 628 – 630 .
  • Weingartner , H. , Grafman , J. , Boutelle , W. , Kaye , W. and Martin , P. R. 1983 . Forms of memory failure . Science , 221 : 380 – 382 .
  • Weiskrantz , L. 1968 . “ Some traps and pontifications ” . In Analysis of behavioural change , Edited by: Weiskrantz , L. New York : Harper and Row .
  • Weiskrantz , L. 1987 . Neuroanatomy of memory and amnesia: A case for multiple memory systems . Human Neurobiology , 6 : 93 – 105 .
  • Willingham , D. B. , Nissen , M. J. and Bullemer , P. 1989 . On the development of procedural knowledge . Journal of Experimental Psychology: L earning, Memory and Cognition , 15 : 1047 – 1060 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.