Notes
- Garvin , Glenn . 1992 . Everybody Had His Own Gringo: The CIA and The Contras , Washington : Brassey's [US] .
- Dillon , Sam . 1991 . Commandos: The CIA and Nicaragua's Contra Rebels , New York : Henry Holt and Company .
- McDonnell , RJ. 1991 . ‘The Dirty War in Nicaragua’ . Los Angeles Times Book Review , 20 October : 2 15
- LaFeber , Walter . 1997 . America, Russia, and the Cold War 1945–1996 , 8th ed. , 331 New York : McGraw‐Hill Companies, Inc. .
- U.S., Department of State . January 1988 . Nicaraguan Biographies: A Resource Book , Special Report No.174 January , 5 Washington, DC : Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs .
- Webb , Gary . 1996 . ‘For the Record’ . National Review , 25 November : 8
- Whitehead , L. 1986 . “ ‘The Prospects for a Political Settlement: Most Options Have Been Foreclosed’ ” . In The Central American Impasse , Edited by: Whitehead , Laurence and Palma , Giuseppe Di . 229 New York : St. Martin's Press .
- Karl , T. 1991 . “ ‘Central America at the End of the Cold War’ ” . In Beyond the Cold War: Conflict and Cooperation in the Third World , Research series 80 Edited by: Breslauer , George W. , Kreisler , Harry and Ward , Benjamin . 23 Berkeley, CA : University of California at Berkeley, Institute of International Studies .
- Gleijeses , P. 1984 . ‘Resist Romanticism’ . Foreign Policy , 54 Spring : 134
- Edelman , M. 1988 . “ ‘Soviet‐Nicaraguan Relations and the Contra War’ ” . In Vital Interests: The Soviet Issue in U.S. Central American Policy , Edited by: Larkin , Bruce D. 365 Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner Publishers .
- Evera , Van . 1990 . ‘Why Europe Matters, Why the Third World Doesn't: American Grand Strategy After the Cold War’ . Journal of Strategic Studies , 13/2 June : 26 – 7 .
- McCormick , Gordon , Gonzalez , Edward , Jenkins , Brian and Ronfeldt , David . January 1988 . Nicaraguan Security Policy: Trends and Projections , Report R‐3532‐PA&E January , Santa Monica, CA : RAND Corporation .
- Rodman , Peter W. 1994 . More Precious Than Peace: The Cold War and the Struggle for the Third World , 259 – 88 . New York : Charles Scribner's Sons . Ch. 11
- Leiken , R. 1986 . ‘The Battle for Nicaragua’ . New York Review of Books , 13 March : 43 – 52 .
- Radu , M. 1990 . “ ‘Nicaragua’ ” . In The New Insurgencies: Anticommunist Guerrillas in the Third World , Edited by: Radu , Michael . 260 – 262 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers .
- LeMoyne , J. 1983 . ‘The Secret War Boils Over: The U.S.‐backed guerrillas establish an anti‐Sandinista foothold in Nicaragua’ . Newsweek , 11 April : 46 – 50 .
- Dickey , Christopher . 1985 . With the Contras: A Reporter in the Wilds of Nicaragua , New York : Simon and Schuster .
- Hosmer , Stephen T. and Wolfe , Thomas W. 1983 . Soviet Policy and Practice toward Third World Conflicts , 9 – 16 . Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
- Alexiev , Alexander R. 1983 . The New Soviet Strategy in the Third World , RAND, Note N‐1995‐AF 5 – 9 . Santa Monica, CA : RAND Corporation .
- Fukuyama , Francis . February 1986 . Moscow's Post‐Brezhnev Reassessment of the Third World , February , 29 – 30 . Santa Monica, CA : RAND Corporation . RAND Report R‐337‐USDP
- Zagoria , D. 1980 . “ ‘Into the Breach: New Soviet Alliances in the Third World’ ” . In The Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Hoffman , Eric P. and Fleron , Frederick J. Jr. 500 New York : Aldine Publishing Company .
- Fairbanks , C. Jr. 1986 . “ ‘Notes on Grenada, Soviet Proxies, and U.S. Policy’ ” . In Grenada and Soviet/Cuban Policy: Internal Crisis and U.S./OECS Intervention , Edited by: Valenta , Jiri and Ellison , Herbert J. 228 – 9 . Westview Press .
- Alexiev . New Soviet Strategy , 30 – 1 . (note 18)
- Zagoria . Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy , 497 – 8 . (note 21)
- Fukuyama , Francis , Bruckner , Scott and Stoecker , Sally . March 1987 . Soviet Political Perspectives on Power Projection , March , 13 – 14 . Santa Monica : RAND Corporation . RAND Note N‐2430‐A
- Maxwell , K. ‘A New Scramble for Africa?’ . Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy , 516 (note 20)
- Alexiev . New Soviet Strategy , 22 – 3 . (note 18)
- Aspaturian , V. ‘The Impact of the Grenada Events on the Soviet Alliance System’ . Grenada and Soviet/Cuban Policy , 45 (note 23)
- Valkenier , E. 1980 . ‘Development Issues in Recent Soviet Scholarship’ . World Politics , 32 : 485 – 508 .
- Colburn , Forrest D. 1994 . The Vogue of Revolution in Poor Countries , 22 – 3 . 52 Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Nolan , David . 1984 . The Ideology of the Sandinistas and the Nicaraguan Revolution , Coral Gables, FL : Institute of Interamerican Studies, Graduate School of International Studies, University of Miami .
- Valenta , Jiri and Duran , Esperanza , eds. 1987 . Conflict in Nicaragua: A Multidimensional perspective , 285 – 329 . Boston : Allen and Unwin .
- Hager , Robert P. Jr. 1993 . “ ‘Moscow and the Central American Crisis, 1979–1991’ ” . 114 – 206 . University of California at Los Angeles . Doctoral dissertation
- ‘General Political‐Military Platform of the FSLN for the Triumph of the Popular Sandinista Revolution’ . Conflict in Nicaragua , 302 – 3 . (note 33) especially
- Hough , Jerry . 1986 . The Struggle for the Third World: Soviet Debates and American Options , 262 – 4 . Washington : Brookings Institution .
- Freedman , Robert O. 19 . Moscow and the Middle East: Soviet Policy Since the Invasion of Afghanistan , 27 – 8 . New York : Cambridge University Press 1991) p.14. Fukuyarna (note .
- Chumakova , M. 1980 . ‘Na slozhnom puti’ . Latinskaya Amerika , 7 July : 48 – 56 .
- Dmitriyev , V. 1980 . “Politicheskoye manevrirovaniye SShA,” . Latinskaya Amerika , 7 July : 56 62 – 3 . 66
- Ruiz , Henry . October 1980 . “ ‘Khenri Ruiz: zadacha segodnyashnego dnyapridat noviy impuls’ nikaraguanskoy ekonomiki’ Latinskaya Amerika ” . In Latinskaya Amerika Edited by: Mikoyan , S. Vol. 10 , October , 5 98
- ‘General Political‐Military Platform of the FSLN for the Triumph of the Popular Sandinista Revolution’ . Conflict in Nicaragua , 309 (note 33)
- Black , George . 1981 . Triumph of the People: The Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua , 257 – 9 . London : Zed Press .
- Chumakova . “ ‘Na slozhnom puti’ ” . 44 – 5 .
- Valenta , J. and Valenta , V. ‘The FSLN in Power’ . Conflict in Nicaragua , 32 (note 33)
- 1981 . ‘Visiting among Nicaraguan Scholars’ . Latinskaya Amerika , 3 March : 126 – 8 .
- Joint Publications Research Service . 7 May 1982 . “ (hereafter referred to as JPRS) ” . Vol. 80755 , 7 May , 67 – 70 .
- Christian , Shirley . 1986 . Nicaragua: Revolution in the Family , 2nd ed. , 171 – 5 . New York : Vintage Books .
- Leiken , Robert S. and Rubin , Barry , eds. 1987 . Central American Crisis Reader , 227 – 9 . New York : Summit Books .
- Maydanik , K. 1980 . ‘Klyuchevoy vopros ‐ yedintsvo’ . Latinskaya Amerika , February : 48
- Mikoyan . 1980 . ‘Ob Osobonnostyakh Revolyutsii v Nikaragua I yeo Urokakh s Tochki Zreniya Teorii i Praktiki Osvoboditel'nogo Dvizeniya (Zklyuchitel'noye Slovo)’ (hereafter referred to as ‘Ob Osobonnostyakh Revolyutsii v Nikaragua') . Latinskaya Amerika , 3 : 42 44
- Chumakova . “ ‘Na slozhnom puti’ ” . 46 – 7 .
- Pastor , Robert A. 1987 . Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua , 215 Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Chumakova . “ ‘Na slozhnom puti’ ” . 41 44 – 5 .
- Belli , Humberto . 1984 . Nicaragua: Christians Under Fire , Garden City, MI : Puebla Institute .
- Kinzer , Stephen . 1991 . Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua , 190 – 208 . New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons .
- Pipes , Richard . 1994 . Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime , New York : Alfred A. Knopf .
- Bromke , Adam . 1967 . Poland's Politics: Idealism vs. Realism , Russian Research Center Studies 51 80 – 5 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
- Nietschmann , Bernard . 1984 . ‘The Unreported War Against the Sandinistas: 6,000 Indian Guerrillas Are Fighting for Their Land’ . Policy Review , 29 Summer : 32 – 9 .
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 251 – 88 . Ch 16
- Bugajski , Janusz . 1990 . Sandinista Communism and Rural Nicaragua , Washington Papers 143 673 – 87 . New York : Praeger with the Center for Strategic and International Studies . Ch.4
- Shul'govskiy , A. 1982 . ‘In the Search for National Uniqueness and Social Ideals (Latin America and the Experience of Creating the Multinational Soviet State)’ . Latinskaya Amerika , 12 December : 8 – 26 .
- 1982 . ‘The Revolution is Irreversible’ . Latinskaya Amerika , 10 October : 69 – 84 .
- Teran , A. ‘Aspects of the Evolution of Law in Sandinista Nicaragua’ . Conflict in Nicaragua , 76 (note 33)
- ‘"Seventy‐Two Hours” Document’ . Central American Crisis Reader , 225 (note 47)
- Ra'nan , Uri , Pfaltzgraff , Robert L. Jr. , Schultz , R. H. , Halperin , Ernst and Lukes , Igor , eds. 1986 . Hydra of Carnage: The International Linkages of Terrorism and Other Low Intensity Operations: The Witnesses Speak , 310 Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
- Leonov , N. 1980 . ‘Massa, avangard, lider’ . Latinskaya Amerika , 2 February : 37
- Mikoyan . “ ‘Ob Osobonnostyakh Revolyutsii v Nikaragua’ ” . 41 – 2 .
- Chumakova . “ ‘Na slozhnom puti’ ” . 42 – 4 .
- Mikoyan . “ ‘Khenri Ruiz’ ” . 92 – 6 .
- Colburn , Forrest D. 1990 . Managing the Commanding Heights: Nicaragua's State Enterprises , 42 – 3 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Colburn , Forrest D. 1986 . Post‐Revolutionary Nicaragua: State, Class, and the Dilemmas of Agrarian Policy , Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Davydov , Vladimir . ‘The Objective Basis of Socio‐Economic Transformations’ . Nicaragua: Long Road to Victory , 208 – 11 . (note 34)
- Mikoyan . “ ‘Ob osobonnostyakh Revolyutsii v Nikaragua’ ” . 42 – 4 .
- Chumakova . “ ‘Na slozhnom puti’ ” . 39 – 40 . 56
- ‘Social Democracy and Nicaragua’ . Nicaragua: Long Road to Victory , 208 – 14 . (note 34)
- Hager . “ ‘Moscow and the Central American Crisis’ ” . 164 – 5 .
- Pomares , German . 1979 . ‘National Liberation Front of Nicaragua: “We Will Continue the Struggle"’ . International Bulletin , 17/9 : 51 – 4 .
- Ryan , Phil . 1995 . The Fall and Rise of the Market in Sandinista Nicaragua , 22 – 54 . Buffalo : McGill‐Queen's University Press . Ch.2
- Taber , Michael , ed. 1981 . Fidel Castro Speeches: Cuba's Internationalist Foreign Policy 1975–8) , 293 – 309 . New York : Pathfinder Press .
- Berrios , R. and Edelman , M. ‘Diversifying Dependence: Nicaragua's New Economic Links’ . Vital Interests , 405 (note 10)
- Colburn . Managing the Commanding Heights , 3
- Colburn . Post‐Revolutionary Nicaragua , 3 (note 75)
- Colburn . Managing the Commanding Heights , 82 (note 73)
- Colburn . Post‐Revolutionary Nicaragua , 49 51 – 9 . 60 68 – 83 . ibid, especially
- Colburn . Managing the Commanding Heights , 35 ibid.
- Colburn . Managing the Commanding Heights , 111 134 ibid
- Colburn . Post‐Revolutionary Nicaragua , 86 94 – 5 . 117 – 20 . (note 75)
- Colburn . Managing the Commanding Heights , 90 (note 73)
- Colburn . Post‐Revolutionary Nicaragua , 99 – 100 . ibid
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 190 – 208 . (note 57) Ch. 13
- Djilas , Milovan . 1957 . The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System , New York : Frederick A. Praeger .
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 159 – 61 .
- Russell , G. 1984 . ‘Nicaragua: Gloom but Not yet Doom: Beset by war and weariness, the ruling Sandinistas are struggling’ . Time , 14 May : 30 – 2 .
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 166 ibid
- Leiken . “ ‘Battle for Nicaragua’ ” . 52 (note 15)
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 295 – 6 . (note 57)
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 102 117 (note 57)
- Race , Jeffrey . 1972 . War Comes to Long An: Revolutionary Conflict in a Vietnamese Province , 72 – 3 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 296
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 259 ibid
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 258 ibid
- Seton‐Watson , Hugh . 1956 . The East European Revolution , 3rd ed. , 342 New York : Frederick A. Praeger .
- Anderson , Jon Lee . 1997 . Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life , 701 – 39 . New York : Grove Press . Ch.29
- Gutman , Roy . 1988 . Banana Diplomacy: The Making of American Policy in Nicaragua 1981–1987 , 115 New York : Simon & Schuster .
- 1984 . ’Among the Miskitos: Bluefields, Nicaragua under the Sandinista Harrow’ . Policy Review , 28 Spring : 50 – 4 .
- Leiken . “ ‘Battle for Nicaragua’ ” . 50
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 293 – 4 . (note 57)
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 26 – 88 . (note 57)
- Chavira , R. 1984 . ‘Fighting the “Rabid Dogs”: On patrol with the Contras In Nicaraguan territory’ . Time , 14 May : 32 – 3 .
- Colburn . Post‐Revolutionary Nicaragua , 120 (note 75)
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 121
- Leiken . “ ‘Battle for Nicaragua’ ” . 51 (note 15)
- Collier , Peter and Horowitz , David . 1989 . Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties , 170 New York : Summit Books .
- Kinzer , S. 1988 . ‘Ambush by Contras Kills 5 As Truce Violation Grow’ . New York Times , 10 September : 5
- Boudreaux , R. 1987 . ‘Secret Rural Network Helps Sustain Contras: Peasants Supply Food, Care’ . Los Angeles Times , 5 November : 1 38
- Leiken . “ ‘Battle for Nicaragua’ ” . 43 (note 15)
- Colburn . Managing the Commanding Heights , 61 90
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 133 (note 57)
- Farer , T. 1984 . “ ‘At Sea in Central America: Can We Negotiate Our Way to Shore’ ” . In Central America: Anatomy of Conflict , Edited by: Leiken , Robert S. 282 New York : Pergamon Press in co‐operation with the Carnegie Endowment For International Peace .
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 206
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 206 – 7 .
- Leiken , R. 1985 . ‘The Nicaraguan Tangle’ . New York Review of Books , 5 December : 55 – 64 .
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 341 – 75 . (note 57) Ch.21
- Robinson , Linda . 1991 . Intervention or Neglect: The United States and Central America Beyond the 1980s , 29 – 34 . New York : Council of Foreign Relations Press .
- Muravchik , J. 1984 . ‘Manipulating the Miskitos: The Sandinista propaganda war comes to the Senate’ . New Republic , 6 August : 23 – 6 .
- Boudreaux , R. 1987 . ‘Nicaraguan War Blurs Civilian, Military Roles: Armed Workers Hit’ . Los Angeles Times , 28 March : 1 10
- Leiken . “ ‘Battle for Nicaragua’ ” . 52 (note 15)
- Horne , Alistair . 1987 . A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 , rev. ed. , New York : Penguin Books .
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 204 – 6 . (note 57)
- Boudreaux , R. 1987 . ‘Nicaragua War Comes Home to Rural Areas’ . Los Angeles Times , 16 March : 1 12 Part I
- Barnes , F. 1996 . ‘The Sandinista Lobby: “Human Rights” groups with a double standard’ . New Republic , 20 January : 11 – 14 .
- Gannon , J. 1988 . ‘Peasants tell of Sandinista abuse’ . Christian Science Monitor , 9 September : 1 10
- Associated Press . 1990 . ‘10 Bodies Reported Found in Unmarked Grave Near Nicaragua Army Base’ . Los Angeles Times , 16 June
- Edelman . ‘Soviet‐Nicaraguan Relations’ . Vital Interests , 357 (note 11)
- Millett , R. ‘Praetorians or Patriots? The Central American Military’ . Central America , 82 (note 133)
- Goncharov , Sergei N. , Lewis , John W. and Litai , Xue . 1993 . Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War , 1 – 35 . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Ch.1
- Hager . “ ‘Moscow and the Central American Crisis’ ” . 132 – 5 . (note 34)
- Hager , R. Jr. 1995 . ‘Soviet Bloc Involvement in the Salvadoran Civil War: The US State Department's 1981 “White Paper” Reconsidered’ . Communist and Post‐Communist Studies , 28/4 December : 437 – 70 .
- Kinzer . Blood of Brothers , 295 – 6 . (note 57)
- Krepinevich , Andrew F. Jr. 1986 . The Army and Vietnam , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
- Stoll , David . 1993 . Between Two Armies in the Ixil Towns of Guatemala , New York : Columbia University Press .
- Schwartz , S. 1992 . ‘Pro & Contra’ . Commentary , 53 ( 4 ) April : 60 – 1 .
- Hollander , P. 1988 . “ ‘The Appeals of Revolutionary Violence: Latin American Guerrillas and American Intellectuals’ ” . In Violence and the Latin American Revolutionaries , Edited by: Radu , Michael . 126 – 49 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Books .
- Avrich , Paul . 1970 . Kronstadt 1921 , New York : W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. .
- Szulc , Tad . 1986 . Fidel: A Critical Portrait , New York : William Morrow & Company, Inc. .
- Radu . ‘Introduction’ . The New Insurgencies , 1 – 93 . (note 15)
- Colburn . Vogue of Revolution , 87 – 8 . (note 32)
- Hager . “ ‘Moscow and the Central American Crisis’ ” . 417 – 21 . 428 – 9 . (note 34)
- Chumakova , M. 1990 . ‘The Commanders Preferred to Ride in Mercedes’ . Literaturnatya Gazeta , 45 7 November : 14
- Edelman . ‘Soviet‐Nicaraguan Relations’ . Vital Interests , 3 (note 11)