Recalcitrant cutaneous sarcoidosis: an evidence-based sequential approach

References

• Mana J, Marcoval J, Graells J et al, Cutaneous involvement in sarcoidosis: relationship to systemic disease. Arch Dermatol (1997) 133: 882–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niels K, Veien MD, Stahl D, Brodthagen H, Cutaneous sarcoidosis in Caucasians. J Am Acad Dermatol (1987) 16: 534–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fanburg BL, edSarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases of the lung. Marcel Dekker: New York, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Zic JA, Horowitz DH, Arzubiaga C, King LE Jr, Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with chloroquine. Review of the literature. Arch Dermatol (1991) 127: 1034–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Tuberculosis Association, Chloroquine in the treatment of sarcoidosis: a report of the research committee of the British Tuberculosis Association. Tubercle (1967) 48: 257–72.
   Google Scholar
• Siltzbach LE, Teirstein AS, Chloroquine therapy in 43 patients with intrathoracic and cutaneous sarcoidosis. Acta Med Scand (1964) 176(suppl 425): 302–8.
   Google Scholar
• Johns CJ, Schonfeld SA, Scott PP et al, Longitudinal study of chronic sarcoidosis with low dose maintenance corticosteroid therapy: outcome and complications. Ann N Y Acad Sci (1986) 465: 702–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veien NK, Brodthagen H, Cutaneous sarcoidosis treated with methotrexate. Br J Dermatol (1977) 97: 213–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy FW, Raszi LK, Sanchez M, Schupack JL, Weekly low-dose methotrexate therapy for cutaneous sarcoidosis. J Am Acad Dermatol (1991) 24: 451–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldinger TP, Ellis CN, Quint K, Voorhees JJ, Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with isotretinoin. Arch Dermatol (1983) 119: 1003–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Georgiou S, Monastirli A, Pasmatzi E, Tsamboas D, Cutaneous sarcoidosis: complete remission after oral isotretinoin treatment. Acta Derm Venereol (1998) 78: 457–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bachelez H, Senet P, Cadranel J et al, The use of tetracyclines for the treatment of sarcoidosis. Arch Dermatol (2001) 137: 69–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfau A, Stoltz W, Karrer S et al, Allopurinol in the treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis. Hautarzt (1998) 49: 216–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nowack U, Gambichler T, Hanefield C, Kastner V, Successful treatment of recalcitrant cutaneous sarcoid with fumaric acid esters. BMC Dermatol (2002) 2: 1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frizzell B, Stith M, Jenrette T, Management of resistant cutaneous sarcoid with radiation. Am J Clin Oncol (2002) 25: 573–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katoh N, Mihara H, Yasumo H, Cutaneous sarcoidosis successfully treated with topical tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol (2002) 147: 154–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogstetter DS, Goldsmith LA, Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis using phonophoresis. J Am Acad Dermatol (1999) 40(5 Pt 1): 767–9.
   Google Scholar
• Yamada H, Ide A, Sugiara M, Tajima S, Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with Tranilast. J Dermatol (1999) 22: 149–52.
   Google Scholar
• Baughman RP, Judson MA, Teirstein AS et al, Thalidomide for chronic sarcoidosis. Chest (2002) 127: 227–32.
   Google Scholar
• Mallbris L, Ljungberg A, Hedblad MA et al, Progressive cutaneous sarcoidosis responding to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol (2003) 48: 290–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baughman RP, Lynch JP, Difficult treatment issues in sarcoidosis. J Intern Med (2003) 253: 41–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benatar SR, Sarcoidosis in South Africa. A comparative study in whites, blacks and coloureds. S Afr Med J (1977) 52: 602–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith C, Feldman C, Reyneke J et al, Sarcoidosis in Johannesburg – a comparative study of black and white patients. S Afr Med J (1991) 80: 423–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacyk WK, Cutaneous sarcoidosis in black South Africans. Int J Dermatol (1999) 38: 841–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrisson JGL, Sarcoidosis in the Bantu – necrotising and mutilating forms of the disease. Br J Dermatol (1974) 90: 649–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hawk AD, English JC rd, Cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis. In: Williams H, English III JL, Willions HC, Bigby M, Diepgen T, Herxheiner A, Nalai L, Rzany B, eds. Evidence-Based Dermatology. BMJ Books: London, 2003: 659–72.
   Google Scholar
• Webster GF, Toso SM, Hegemann L, Inhibition of a model of in vitro granuloma formation by tetracyclines and ciprofloxacin: involvement of protein kinase C. Arch Dermatol (1994) 130: 748–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thong YH, Ferrente A, Effect of tetracycline treatment on immunological responses in mice. Clin Exp Immunol (1980) 39: 728–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picard Ami LA, Mackay A, Kerrigan CL, Effect of allopurinol on the survival of experimental pig flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg (1980) 89: 1098–103.
   Google Scholar
• Brechtel B, Haas N, Henz BM, Kolde G, Allopurinol: a therapeutic alternative for disseminated cutaneous sarcoidosis. Br J Dermatol (1996) 135: 307–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levine L, Ohuchi K, Retinoids as well as tumor promoters enhance deacylation of cellular lipids and prostaglandin production in MDCK cells. Nature (1978) 276: 274–5.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta K, McQueen T, Tucker S et al, Inhibition by all-trans-retinoic acid of tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages. J Leukoc Biol (1994) 55: 336–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel HL, The treatment of sarcoidosis. Postgrad Med J (1970) 46: 537–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gawkrodger DJ, Sarcoidosis. In: Textbook of Dermatology, 6th edn. Champion RH, Buiton JL, Buin DA, Breathneeh SM, eds. Blackwell Science: Oxford, 1998: 2679– 702.
   Google Scholar
• Mallbris L, Ljungberg A, Hedblad MA et al, Progressive cutaneous sarcoidosis responding to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol (2003) 48: 290–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar