The association of mycophenolate mofetil and human herpes virus infection

References

• Li J, Chong AH, Green J, et al. Mycophenolate use in dermatology: a clinical audit. Australas J Dermatol. 2013;54:296–302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Health AGDo. Pharmaceutical benefits scheme. Australian Government Department of Health. Australia: Department of Human Services; 2014. Available from: http://www.pbs.gov.au/medicine/item/8650G-9500B-8649F-8651H-6364Y-6208R-9501C-9502D-6209T
   Google Scholar
• Jorge S, Guerra J, Santana A, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil: ten years' experience of a renal transplant unit. Transplant Proc. 2008;40:700–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate mofetil and its mechanisms of action. Immunopharmacology. 2000;47:85–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haufs MG, Beissert S, Grabbe S, et al. Psoriasis vulgaris treated successfully with mycophenolate mofetil. Br J Dermatol. 1998;138:179–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frieling U, Luger TA. Mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide: promising compounds for the treatment of skin diseases. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27:562–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhyani M, Chams-Davatchi C, Hemami MR, et al. Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil vs. methotrexate for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:1447–1451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buell C, Koo J. Long-term safety of mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine: a review. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:741–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klainer AS, Beisel WR. Opportunistic infection: a review. Am J Med Sci. 1969;258:431–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreone P, Gramenzi A, Lorenzini S, et al. Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1997–2004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH. Human herpesvirus latency. Brain Pathol. 2001;11:465–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilden DH, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, LaGuardia JJ, et al. Neurologic complications of the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:635–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitely RJ. Herpesviruses. In: Samuel B, editor. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996. Chapter 68.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarevic V, Whiteson K, Gaia N, et al. Analysis of the salivary microbiome using culture-independent techniques. J Clin Bioinformatics. 2012;2:4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Razonable RR, Humar A. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013;13 Suppl 4:93–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrero JI, Quiroga J, Sangro B, et al. Herpes zoster after liver transplantation: incidence, risk factors, and complications. Liver Transpl. 2004;10:1140–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkeland SA, Andersen HK, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ. Preventing acute rejection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders after kidney transplantation: use of aciclovir and mycophenolate mofetil in a steroid-free immunosuppressive protocol. Transplantation. 1999;67:1209–1214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes MV, Caplin B, Atkinson C, et al. Prospective monitoring of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in adult renal transplant recipients during the early posttransplant period: role of mycophenolate mofetil. Transplantation. 2009;87:852–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loechelt BJ, Boulware D, Green M, et al. Epstein-Barr and other herpesvirus infections in patients with early onset type 1 diabetes treated with daclizumab and mycophenolate mofetil. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:248–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossman WG, Bhimji SS. Cytomegalovirus. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2018
   Google Scholar
• ter Meulen CG, Wetzels JF, Hilbrands LB. The influence of mycophenolate mofetil on the incidence and severity of primary cytomegalovirus infections and disease after renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:711–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sollinger HW. Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadaveric renal allograft recipients. U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group. Transplantation. 1995;60:225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Group TTMMRTS. A blinded, randomized clinical trial of mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in cadaveric renal transplantation. The Tricontinental Mycophenolate Mofetil Renal Transplantation Study Group. Transplantation. 1996;61:1029–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Placebo-controlled study of mycophenolate mofetil combined with cyclosporin and corticosteroids for prevention of acute rejection. European Mycophenolate Mofetil Cooperative Study Group. Lancet. 1995;345:1321–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miladipour AH, Ghods AJ, Nejadgashti H. Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on the prevention of acute renal allograft rejection. Transplant Proc. 2002;34:2089–2090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felipe CR, Ferreira AN, Bessa A, et al. The current burden of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients receiving no pharmacological prophylaxis. J Bras Nefrol. 2017;39:413–423.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarmiento JM, Dockrell DH, Schwab TR, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil increases cytomegalovirus invasive organ disease in renal transplant patients. Clin Transplant. 2000;14:136–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkmane I, Chapenko S, Amerika D, et al. beta-herpesvirus activation after kidney transplantation with mycophenolate mofetil-based maintenance immunosuppression. Transplant Proc. 2001;33:2384–2385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bataille S, Moal V, Gaudart J, et al. Cytomegalovirus risk factors in renal transplantation with modern immunosuppression. Transpl Infect Dis. 2010;12:480–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joh JW, Lee HH, Lee DS, et al. The influence of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine on the same cadaveric donor renal transplantation. J Korean Med Sci. 2005;20:79–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer L, Sterneck M, Gahlemann CG, et al. A prospective study comparing safety and efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in primary liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2000;32:2125–2127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardwick LL, Savatta SG, Book BK, et al. Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on the Anti-CMV serologic response after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2001;33:1865–1866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giral M, Nguyen JM, Daguin P, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil does not modify the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease after kidney transplantation but prevents CMV-induced chronic graft dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:1758–1763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanville AR, Aboyoun C, Klepetko W, et al. Three-year results of an investigator-driven multicenter, international, randomized open-label de novo trial to prevent BOS after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34:16–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiramitsu T, Okada M, Futamura K, et al. 5-year follow-up of a randomized clinical study comparing everolimus plus reduced-dose cyclosporine with mycophenolate mofetil plus standard-dose cyclosporine in de novo kidney transplantation: retrospective single center assessment. Int Immunopharmacol. 2016;39:192–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiemann NE, Wellnhofer E, Lehmkuhl HB, et al. Everolimus prevents endomyocardial remodeling after heart transplantation. Transplantation. 2011;92:1165–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigano M, Dengler T, Mattei MF, et al. Lower incidence of cytomegalovirus infection with everolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil in de novo cardiac transplant recipients: a randomized, multicenter study. Transpl Infect Dis. 2010;12:23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durante-Mangoni E, Andini R, Pinto D, et al. Effect of the immunosuppressive regimen on the incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in 378 heart transplant recipients: a single centre, prospective cohort study. J Clin Virol. 2015;68:37–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs U, Tenderich G, Zittermann A, et al. Clinical outcome of heart transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus with or without mycophenolate mofetil. Clin Transplant. 2006;20:450–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamad N, Shanavas M, Michelis FV, et al. Mycophenolate-based graft versus host disease prophylaxis is not inferior to methotrexate in myeloablative-related donor stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol. 2015;90:392–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolezzi M. Mycophenolate sodium versus mycophenolate mofetil: a review of their comparative features. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2005;16:140–145.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gallagher H, Andrews PA. Cytomegalovirus infection and abdominal pain with mycophenolate mofetil: is there a link? Drug Safety. 2001;24:405–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison AC, Eugui EM. Preferential suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by mycophenolic acid and predicted long-term effects of mycophenolate mofetil in transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1994;26:3205–3210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann M, Enk A. Mycophenolate mofetil and skin diseases. Lupus. 2005;14 Suppl 1:s58–s63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joly P, Litrowski N. Pemphigus group (vulgaris, vegetans, foliaceus, herpetiformis, brasiliensis). Clin Dermatol. 2011;29:432–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egawa G, Kabashima K. Multifactorial skin barrier deficiency and atopic dermatitis: essential topics to prevent the atopic march. J Aller Clin Immunol. 2016;138:350–358.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson ELMM, Irvine ADM, Eichenfield LFM, et al. Update on epidemiology, diagnosis, and disease course of atopic dermatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2016;35(5Suppl):S84–S88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoare C, Li Wan Po A, Williams H. Systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Health Technol Assess. 2000;4:1–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roekevisch E, Spuls PI, Kuester D, et al. Efficacy and safety of systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:429–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haeck IM, Knol MJ, Ten Berge O, et al. Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium versus cyclosporin A as long-term treatment in adult patients with severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64:1074–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray ML, Cohen JB. Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32:23–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waxweiler WT, Agans R, Morrell DS. Systemic treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis with azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28:689–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller M, Shin HT, Orlow SJ, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for severe childhood atopic dermatitis: experience in 14 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:127–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson MA, Stewart DG, Lewis HM. Chronic actinic dermatitis treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:784–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuber K, Schwartz I, Itschert G, et al. Treatment of atopic eczema with oral mycophenolate mofetil. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:385–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kridin K. Pemphigus group: overview, epidemiology, mortality, and comorbidities. Immunol Res. 2018;66(2):255–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venugopal SS, Murrell DF. Diagnosis and clinical features of pemphigus vulgaris. Dermatol Clin. 2011;29:373–380, vii.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertl M, Jedlickova H, Karpati S, et al. Pemphigus. S2 Guideline for diagnosis and treatment–guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:405–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimouni D, Nousari CH, Cummins DL, et al. Differences and similarities among expert opinions on the diagnosis and treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:1059–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmaili N, Chams-Davatchi C, Valikhani M, et al. Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with mycophenolate mofetil as a steroid-sparing agent. Eur J Dermatol. 2008;18:159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundmann-Kollmann M, Korting HC, Behrens S, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil: a new therapeutic option in the treatment of blistering autoimmune diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:957–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredlich RO, Grundmann-Kollmann M, Behrens S, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy for pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzano AV, Dassoni F, Caputo R. Treatment of refractory blistering autoimmune diseases with mycophenolic acid. J Dermatol Treat. 2006;17:370–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doukaki S, Platamone A, Alaimo R, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. J Dermatol Treat. 2015;26:67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beissert S, Werfel T, Frieling U, et al. A comparison of oral methylprednisolone plus azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:1536–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beissert S, Werfel T, Frieling U, et al. A comparison of oral methylprednisolone plus azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1447–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickle K, Roark TR, Hsu S. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses: a review. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65:1861–1870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohm M, Beissert S, Schwarz T, et al. Bullous pemphigoid treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Lancet. 1997;349:541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundmann-Kollmann M, Kaskel P, Leiter U, et al. Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid with mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:724–725.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawashita MY, Tsai K, Aoki V, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil as an adjuvant therapy for classic and endemic pemphigus foliaceus. J Dermatol. 2005;32:574–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirtschig G, Khumalo NP. Management of bullous pemphigoid: recommendations for immunomodulatory treatments. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5:319–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megahed M, Schmiedeberg S, Becker J, et al. Treatment of cicatricial pemphigoid with mycophenolate mofetil as a steroid-sparing agent. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45:256–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nousari HC, Sragovich A, Kimyai-Asadi A, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in autoimmune and inflammatory skin disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:265–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell AM, Albert S, Al Fares S, et al. An evaluation of the usefulness of mycophenolate mofetil in pemphigus. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149:138–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma N, Ghosh S. Mycophenolate mofetil as adjuvant in pemphigus vulgaris. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007;73:348–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran MM, Anhalt GJ, Barrett T, et al. Childhood IgA-mediated epidermolysis bullosa acquisita responding to mycophenolate mofetil as a corticosteroid-sparing agent. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:734–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baratta A, Camarillo D, Papa C, et al. Pediatric pemphigus vulgaris: durable treatment responses achieved with prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30:240–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strowd LC, Taylor SL, Jorizzo JL, et al. Therapeutic ladder for pemphigus vulgaris: emphasis on achieving complete remission. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64:490–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beissert S, Mimouni D, Kanwar AJ, et al. Treating pemphigus vulgaris with prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130:2041–2048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado A, La Serra L, Turatti A, et al. Herpes simplex virus 1 and cytomegalovirus are associated with pemphigus vulgaris but not with pemphigus foliaceus disease. Exp Dermatol. 2017;26:966–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurata M, Mizukawa Y, Aoyama Y, et al. Herpes simplex virus reactivation as a trigger of mucous lesions in pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171:554–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruocco E, Ruocco V, Lo Schiavo A, et al. Viruses and pemphigus: an intriguing never-ending story. Dermatology. 2014;229:310–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senger P, Sinha AA. Exploring the link between herpes viruses and pemphigus vulgaris: literature review and commentary. Eur J Dermatol. 2012;22:728–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha M, Black MM, Groves RW. Risk of herpes zoster infection in patients with pemphigus on mycophenolate mofetil. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1212–1213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeh SW, Sami N, Ahmed RA. Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris: current and emerging options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6:327–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan DC, Legendre C, Patel D, et al. Cytomegalovirus incidence between everolimus versus mycophenolate in de novo renal transplants: pooled analysis of three clinical trials. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:2453–2462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang K, Zhang H, Li Y, et al. Safety of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in renal transplantation: a systematic review. Transplant Proc. 2004;36:2068–2070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner M, Earley AK, Webster AC, et al. Mycophenolic acid versus azathioprine as primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;12:CD007746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar