611
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Third mortality follow-up of the Mallinckrodt uranium processing workers, 1942–2019

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 161-175 | Received 27 Jan 2023, Accepted 28 Sep 2023, Published online: 18 Oct 2023

References

  • Anderson JL, Bertke SJ, Yiin J, Kelly-Reif K, Daniels RD. 2021. Ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular disease mortality in uranium enrichment workers. Occup Environ Med. 78(2):105–111. doi:10.1136/oemed-2020-106423
  • ASTDR. 2019. Toxicological Profile for Silica. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service.
  • Avtandilashvili M, Puncher M, McComish SL, Tolmachev SY. 2015. US Transuranium and Uranium Registries case study on accidental exposure to uranium hexafluoride. J Radiol Prot. 35(1):129–151. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/35/1/129
  • Boice JD, Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Golden AP, Howard SC, Girardi DJ, Ellis ED, Bellamy MB, Dauer LT, Eckerman KF, et al. 2023. Mortality among Tennessee Eastman Corporation (TEC) uranium processing workers, 1943–2019. Int J Radiat Biol. 99(2):208–228. doi:10.1080/09553002.2022.2078003
  • Boice JD, Jr Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Chadda B, Blot WJ. 2008. A cohort study of uranium millers and miners of Grants, New Mexico, 1979–2005. J Radiol Prot. 28(3):303–325. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/28/3/002
  • Boice JD, Jr Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Dupree Ellis E, Eckerman KF, Leggett RW, Boecker BB, Brill AB, Henderson BE. 2006. Mortality among radiation workers at Rocketdyne (Atomics International), 1948–1999. Radiat Res. 166(1 Pt 1):98–115. doi:10.1667/RR3582.1
  • Boice JD, Jr Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Ellis ED. 2022. The Million Person Study, whence it came and why. Int J Radiat Biol. 98(4):537–550. doi:10.1080/09553002.2019.1589015
  • Boice JD, Jr Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Ellis ED, Cragle DL, Eckerman KF, Wallace PW, Chadda B, Sonderman JS, Wiggs LD, et al. 2014. Mortality among mound workers exposed to Polonium-210 and other sources of radiation, 1944–1979. Radiat Res. 181(2):208–228. doi:10.1667/RR13395.1
  • Boice JD, Jr Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Ellis ED, Eckerman KF, Leggett RW, Boecker BB, Brill AB, Henderson BE. 2011. Updated mortality analysis of radiation workers at Rocketdyne (Atomics International), 1948–2008. Radiat Res. 176(2):244–258. doi:10.1667/RR2487.1
  • Boice JD, Jr Leggett RW, Ellis ED, Wallace PW, Mumma M, Cohen SS, Brill AB, Chadda B, Boecker BB, Yoder RC, et al. 2006. A comprehensive dose reconstruction methodology for former Rocketdyne/Atomics International radiation workers. Health Phys. 90(5):409–430. doi:10.1097/01.HP.0000183763.02247.7e
  • Boice JD, Jr Quinn B, Al-Nabulsi I, Ansari A, Blake PK, Blattnig SR, Caffrey EA, Cohen SS, Golden AP, Held KD, et al. 2022. A million persons, a million dreams: a vision for a national center of radiation epidemiology and biology. Int J Radiat Biol. 98(4):795–821. doi:10.1080/09553002.2021.1988183
  • Brenner AV, Sugiyama H, Preston DL, Sakata R, French B, Sadakane A, Cahoon EK, Utada M, Mabuchi K, Ozasa K. 2020. Radiation risk of central nervous system tumors in the Life Span Study of atomic bomb survivors, 1958–2009. Eur J Epidemiol. 35(6):591–600. doi:10.1007/s10654-019-00599-y
  • Cahoon EK, Preston DL, Pierce DA, Grant E, Brenner AV, Mabuchi K, Utada M, Ozasa K. 2017. Lung, laryngeal and other respiratory cancer incidence among Japanese atomic bomb survivors: an updated analysis from 1958 through 2009. Radiat Res. 187(5):538–548. doi:10.1667/RR14583.1
  • Calvert GM. 1997. End-stage renal disease among silica-exposed gold miners. A new method for assessing incidence among epidemiologic cohorts. JAMA. 277(15):1219–1223. doi:10.1001/jama.277.15.1219
  • Cox DR. 1972. Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc Ser B. 34(2):187–202. doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x
  • Dauer LT, Walsh L, Mumma MT, Cohen SS, Golden AP, Howard SC, Roemer GE, Boice JD Jr. 2023. Moon, Mars and minds: evaluating Parkinson’s disease mortality among U.S. radiation workers and veterans in the Million Person Study of low-dose effects. Z Med Phys. Online ahead of print. doi:10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.07.002
  • Dinocourt C, Legrand M, Dublineau I, Lestaevel P. 2015. The neurotoxicology of uranium. Toxicology. 337:58–71. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2015.08.004
  • Dupree-Ellis E, Watkins J, Ingle JN, Phillips J. 2000. External radiation exposure and mortality in a cohort of uranium processing workers. Am J Epidemiol. 152(1):91–95. doi:10.1093/aje/152.1.91
  • Eisenbud M. 1975. Early occupational exposure experience with uranium processing. New York, NY: New York University Medical Center.
  • Ellis ED, Boice JD, Jr., Golden AP, Girardi DJ, Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Shore RE, Leggett RW, Kerr GD. 2018. Dosimetry is key to good epidemiology: workers at Mallinckrodt Chemical Works had seven different source exposures. Health Phys. 114(4):386–397. doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000000847
  • Furukawa K, Preston DL, Lönn S, Funamoto S, Yonehara S, Matsuo T, Egawa H, Tokuoka S, Ozasa K, Kasagi F, et al. 2010. Radiation and smoking effects on lung cancer incidence among atomic-bomb survivors. Radiat Res. 174(1):72–82. doi:10.1667/RR2083.1
  • Gillies M, Richardson DB, Cardis E, Daniels RD, O'Hagan JA, Haylock R, Laurier D, Leuraud K, Moissonnier M, Schubauer-Berigan MK, et al. 2017. Mortality from circulatory diseases and other non-cancer outcomes among nuclear workers in France, the United Kingdom and the United States (INWORKS). Radiat Res. 188(3):276–290. doi:10.1667/RR14608.1
  • Glymour M, Greenland S. 2008. Chapter 12: causal diagrams. In: Rothman K, Greenland S, Lash T, editors. Modern epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; p. 5–31.
  • Golden AP, Cohen SS, Chen H, Ellis ED, Boice JD. 2022. Evaluation of statistical modeling approaches for epidemiologic studies of low-dose radiation health effects. Int J Radiat Biol. 98(4):572–579. doi:10.1080/09553002.2018.1554924
  • Golden AP, Ellis ED, Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Leggett RW, Wallace PW, Girardi D, Watkins JP, Shore RE, Boice JD. 2022. Updated mortality analysis of the Mallinckrodt uranium processing workers, 1942–2012. Int J Radiat Biol. 98(4):701–721. doi:10.1080/09553002.2019.1569773
  • Golden AP, Milder CM, Ellis ED, Anderson JL, Boice JD, Jr Bertke SJ, Zablotska LB. 2021. Cohort profile: four early uranium processing facilities in the US and Canada. Int J Radiat Biol. 97(6):833–847. doi:10.1080/09553002.2021.1917786
  • Greenland S, Pearl J, Robins JM. 1999. Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology. 10(1):37–48. doi:10.1097/00001648-199901000-00008
  • Grellier J, Atkinson W, Bérard P, Bingham D, Birchall A, Blanchardon E, Bull R, Guseva Canu I, Challeton-de Vathaire C, Cockerill R, et al. 2017. Risk of lung cancer mortality in nuclear workers from internal exposure to alpha particle-emitting radionuclides. Epidemiology. 28(5):675–684. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000684
  • Guseva Canu I, Garsi J-P, Caër-Lorho S, Jacob S, Collomb P, Acker A, Laurier D. 2012. Does uranium induce circulatory diseases? First results from a French cohort of uranium workers. Occup Environ Med. 69(6):404–409. doi:10.1136/oemed-2011-100495
  • Harding Z, Wilkinson T, Stevenson A, Horrocks S, Ly A, Schnier C, Breen DP, Rannikmäe K, Sudlow CLM. 2019. Identifying Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonism cases using routinely collected healthcare data: a systematic review. PLOS One. 14(1):e0198736. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198736
  • IARC. 2012. Volume 100, Part D: radiation. In: A review of human carcinogens. Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
  • IARC. 2023. List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–133. International Agency for Research on Cancer [Internet]. [accessed 2023 Apr 25]. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Classifications_by_cancer_site.pdf.
  • ICRP. 1994. Dose coefficients for intakes of radionuclides by workers. ICRP publication 68. Ann ICRP. 24(4):1–84.
  • ICRP. 1995. Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides – part 4 inhalation dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 71. Ann ICRP. 25:3–4.
  • ICRP. 2006. Human alimentary tract model for radiological protection. ICRP Publication 100. A report of The International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP. 36(1–2):25–30.
  • ICRP. 2010. Conversion coefficients for radiological protection quantities for external radiation exposures. ICRP Publication 116. Ann ICRP. 40(2–5):1–257.
  • ICRP. 2017. Occupational intakes of radionuclides. Part 3. ICRP Publication 137. Ann ICRP. 46(3/4):297–486.
  • Kathren RL, Burklin RK. 2008. Acute chemical toxicity of uranium. Health Phys. 94(2):170–179. doi:10.1097/01.HP.0000288043.94908.1f
  • Kreuzer M, Dufey F, Laurier D, Nowak D, Marsh JW, Schnelzer M, Sogl M, Walsh L. 2015. Mortality from internal and external radiation exposure in a cohort of male German uranium millers, 1946–2008. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 88(4):431–441. doi:10.1007/s00420-014-0973-2
  • Leggett RW, Tolmachev SY, Avtandilashvili M, Eckerman KF, Grogan HA, Sgouros G, Woloschak GE, Samuels C, Boice J, Jr. 2022. Methods of improving brain dose estimates for internally deposited radionuclides. J Radiol Prot. 42(3):033001. doi:10.1088/1361-6498/ac7e02
  • Leuraud K, Fournier L, Samson E, Caër-Lorho S, Laurier D. 2017. Mortality in the French cohort of nuclear workers. Radioprotection. 52(3):199–210. doi:10.1051/radiopro/2017015
  • Linet MS, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Berrington de González A. 2020. Outcome assessment in epidemiological studies of low-dose radiation exposure and cancer risks: sources, level of ascertainment, and misclassification. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2020(56):154–175. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgaa007
  • Little MP. 2016. Radiation and circulatory disease. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 770(Pt B):299–318. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.07.008
  • Little MP, Azizova TV, Bazyka D, Bouffler SD, Cardis E, Chekin S, Chumak VV, Cucinotta FA, de Vathaire F, Hall P, et al. 2012. Systematic review and meta-analysis of circulatory disease from exposure to low-level ionizing radiation and estimates of potential population mortality risks. Environ Health Perspect. 120(11):1503–1511. doi:10.1289/ehp.1204982
  • Little MP, Azizova TV, Richardson DB, Tapio S, Bernier M-O, Kreuzer M, Cucinotta FA, Bazyka D, Chumak V, Ivanov VK, et al. 2023. Ionising radiation and cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 380:e072924. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072924
  • Loukola A, Hällfors J, Korhonen T, Kaprio J. 2014. Genetics and smoking. Curr Addict Rep. 1(1):75–82. doi:10.1007/s40429-013-0006-3
  • Lubin JH, Boice JD, Jr Edling C, Hornung RW, Howe GR, Kunz E, Kusiak RA, Morrison HI, Radford EP, Samet JM. 1995. Lung cancer in radon-exposed miners and estimation of risk from indoor exposure. J Natl Cancer Inst. 87(11):817–827. doi:10.1093/jnci/87.11.817
  • Mappin-Kasirer B, Pan H, Lewington S, Kizza J, Gray R, Clarke R, Peto R. 2020. Tobacco smoking and the risk of Parkinson disease: A 65-year follow-up of 30,000 male British doctors. Neurology. 94(20):e2132–e2138. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000009437
  • Milder CM, Howard SC, Ellis ED, Deppen SA. 2022. Deep breaths: a systematic review of the potential effects of employment in the nuclear industry on mortality from non-malignant respiratory disease. Radiat Res. 198(4):396–429. doi:10.1667/RADE-21-00014.1
  • Moscovich M, Boschetti G, Moro A, Teive HAG, Hassan A, Munhoz RP. 2017. Death certificate data and causes of death in patients with Parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 41:99–103. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.05.022
  • Muirhead CR, O'Hagan JA, Haylock RGE, Phillipson MA, Willcock T, Berridge GLC, Zhang W. 2009. Mortality and cancer incidence following occupational radiation exposure: third analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers. Br J Cancer. 100(1):206–212. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604825
  • Mumma MT, Cohen SS, Sirko JL, Ellis ED, Boice JD. 2022. Obtaining vital status and cause of death on a million persons. Int J Radiat Biol. 98(4):580–586. doi:10.1080/09553002.2018.1539884
  • NCRP. 2018. Deriving organ doses and their uncertainty for epidemiologic studies (with a focus on the one million U.S. Workers and Veterans Study of low-dose radiation health effects). NCRP Report 178. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.
  • National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). 2022. Development of kinetic and anatomical models for brain dosimetry for internally deposited radionuclides. NCRP Commentary No. 31. Bethesda (MD): NCRP.
  • Osorio AM, Thun MJ, Novak RF, An Cura EJ, Avner ED. 1987. Silica and glomerulonephritis: Case report and review of the literature. Am J Kidney Dis. 9(3):224–230. doi:10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80059-8
  • Ozasa K, Shimizu Y, Suyama A, Kasagi F, Soda M, Grant EJ, Sakata R, Sugiyama H, Kodama K. 2012. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors, report 14, 1950–2003: an overview of cancer and noncancer diseases. Radiat Res. 177(3):229–243. doi:10.1667/RR2629.1
  • Ozasa K, Takahashi I, Grant EJ, Kodama K. 2017. Cardiovascular disease among atomic bomb survivors. Int J Radiat Biol. 93(10):1145–1150. doi:10.1080/09553002.2017.1290849
  • Pinkerton LE, Bloom TF, Hein MJ, Ward EM. 2004. Mortality among a cohort of uranium mill workers: an update. Occup Environ Med. 61(1):57–64.
  • Preston DL, Lubin J, Pierce D, McConney M, Shilnikova N. 2015. Epicure risk regression and person-year computation software: command summary and user guide. Ottawa (CA): Risk Sciences International.
  • Preston DL, Ron E, Tokuoka S, Funamoto S, Nishi N, Soda M, Mabuchi K, Kodama K. 2007. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958–1998. Radiat Res. 168(1):1–64. doi:10.1667/RR0763.1
  • Rapiti E, Sperati A, Miceli M, Forastiere F, Di L, Cavariani F, Goldsmith DF, Perucci CA. 1999. End stage renal disease among ceramic workers exposed to silica. Occup Environ Med. 56(8):559–561. doi:10.1136/oem.56.8.559
  • Richardson DB, Cardis E, Daniels RD, Gillies M, Haylock R, Leuraud K, Laurier D, Moissonnier M, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Thierry-Chef I, et al. 2018. Site-specific solid cancer mortality after exposure to ionizing radiation: a cohort study of workers (INWORKS). Epidemiology. 29(1):31–40. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000761
  • Schöllnberger H, Dauer LT, Wakeford R, Constanzo J, Golden A. 2023. Summary of radiation Research Society Online 67th Annual Meeting, Symposium on “Radiation and Circulatory Effects”. Int J Radiat Biol. 99(4):702–711. doi:10.1080/09553002.2022.2110304
  • Shi H, Counsell C. 2021. Accuracy of death certificates for recording parkinsonian syndromes and associated dementia. J Neurol. 268(1):140–146. doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10113-0
  • Silver SR, Bertke SJ, Hein MJ, Daniels RD, Fleming DA, Anderson JL, Pinney SM, Hornung RW, Tseng C-Y. 2013. Mortality and ionising radiation exposures among workers employed at the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center (1951-1985). Occup Environ Med. 70(7):453–463. doi:10.1136/oemed-2012-100768
  • Sorensen G, Barbeau E, Hunt MK, Emmons K. 2004. Reducing social disparities in tobacco use: a social-contextual model for reducing tobacco use among blue-collar workers. Am J Public Health. 94(2):230–239. doi:10.2105/ajph.94.2.230
  • Srivastava T, Chirikova E, Birk S, Xiong F, Benzouak T, Liu JY, Villeneuve PJ, Zablotska LB. 2023. Exposure to ionizing radiation and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiat Res. 199(5):490–505. doi:10.1667/RADE-22-00153.1
  • Steenland K. 2005. One agent, many diseases: exposure-response data and comparative risks of different outcomes following silica exposure. Am J Ind Med. 48(1):16–23. doi:10.1002/ajim.20181
  • Thomas E. 2011. Dose reconstruction from occupational medical X-ray procedures [Internet]. Cincinnati, OH: Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team.
  • Thun MJ, Baker DB, Steenland K, Smith AB, Halperin W, Berl T. 1985. Renal toxicity in uranium mill workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 11(2):83–90. doi:10.5271/sjweh.2249
  • UNSCEAR. 2008a. Scientific annex A: epidemiological studies of radiation and cancer. In Effects of ionizing radiation: UNSCEAR 2006 report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. Volume 1. New York: United Nations.
  • UNSCEAR. 2008b. Effects of ionizing radiation: UNSCEAR 2006 report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. New York: United Nations.
  • UNSCEAR. 2017. Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation : UNSCEAR 2016 report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. New York: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation.
  • USACE. 1996. The history of the St. Louis uranium processing plant radioactive waste sites. US Army Corps of Engineers [Internet]. [accessed 2020 Sep 4]. https://www.mvs.usace.army.mil/Portals/54/docs/fusrap/docs/1996%20St%20Louis%20Sites%20Remediation%20Task%20Force%20Report%202.pdf.
  • Weng H-Y, Hsueh Y-H, Messam LLM, Hertz-Picciotto I. 2009. Methods of covariate selection: directed acyclic graphs and the change-in-estimate procedure. Am J Epidemiol. 169(10):1182–1190. doi:10.1093/aje/kwp035
  • Yamada M, Kasagi F, Mimori Y, Miyachi T, Ohshita T, Sasaki H. 2009. Incidence of dementia among atomic-bomb survivors—Radiation Effects Research Foundation Adult Health Study. J Neurol Sci. 281(1–2):11–14. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.03.003
  • Yiin JH, Anderson JL, Bertke SJ, Tollerud DJ. 2018. Dose-response relationships between internally-deposited uranium and select health outcomes in gaseous diffusion plant workers, 1948–2011. Am J Ind Med. 61(7):605–614. doi:10.1002/ajim.22858
  • Yiin JH, Anderson JL, Daniels RD, Bertke SJ, Fleming DA, Tollerud DJ, Tseng C-Y, Chen P-H, Waters KM. 2017. Mortality in a combined cohort of uranium enrichment workers. Am J Ind Med. 60(1):96–108. doi:10.1002/ajim.22668
  • Zablotska LB, Fenske N, Schnelzer M, Zhivin S, Laurier D, Kreuzer M. 2018. Analysis of mortality in a pooled cohort of Canadian and German uranium processing workers with no mining experience. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 91(1):91–103. doi:10.1007/s00420-017-1260-9
  • Zablotska LB, Lane RSD, Frost SE. 2013. Mortality (1950–1999) and cancer incidence (1969–1999) of workers in the Port Hope cohort study exposed to a unique combination of radium, uranium and γ-ray doses. BMJ Open. 3(2):e002159. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002159
  • Zablotska LB, Richardson DB, Golden A, Pasqual E, Smith B, Estelle R, Demers PA, Do M, Fenske N, Deffner V. 2023. The epidemiology of lung cancer following radiation exposure. Int J Radiat Biol. 99(3):569–580. doi:10.1080/09553002.2022.2110321
  • Zablotska LB, Zupunski L, Leuraud K, Lopes J, Hinkle J, Pugeda T, Delgado T, Olschowka J, Williams J, O’Banion MK. 2023. Radiation and CNS effects: summary of evidence from a recent symposium of the Radiation Research Society. Int J Radiat Biol. 99(9):1332–1342. doi:10.1080/09553002.2023.2142984
  • Zhivin S, Guseva Canu I, Davesne E, Blanchardon E, Garsi J-P, Samson E, Niogret C, Zablotska LB, Laurier D. 2018. Circulatory disease in French nuclear fuel cycle workers chronically exposed to uranium: a nested case-control study. Occup Environ Med. 75(4):270–276. doi:10.1136/oemed-2017-104575
  • Zhivin S, Guseva Canu I, Samson E, Laurent O, Grellier J, Collomb P, Zablotska LB, Laurier D. 2016. Mortality (1968-2008) in a French cohort of uranium enrichment workers potentially exposed to rapidly soluble uranium compounds. Occup Environ Med. 73(3):167–174. doi:10.1136/oemed-2015-103142

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.