Are European Union sanctions “targeted”?

References

• Ashford, Emma (2016) ‘Not-so-smart sanctions. The failure of western restrictions against Russia’, Foreign Affairs, 95:1, 114–123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, Catherine (2012) Speech by European Union High Representative on the EU’s policy on restrictive measures, European Parliament, 1. February 2012
   Google Scholar
• Biersteker, Thomas, Sue Eckert, Aaron Halegua and Peter Romaniuk (2005) ‘Consensus from the bottom up? Assessing the influence of the sanctions reform process’ in Peter Wallensteen and Carina Staibano (eds) International sanctions: between words and wars in the global system (Abdingdon: Frank Cass), 57–64
   Google Scholar
• Biersteker, Thomas, Sue Eckert and Marcos Tourinho (2016) Targeted sanctions. The impacts and effectiveness of UN action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)10.1017/CBO9781316460290
   Google Scholar
• Biersteker, Thomas (2001) (ed) Targeted financial sanctions. A manual for design and implementation. Contributions from the interlaken process (Providence, RI: Watson Institute for International Studies)
   Google Scholar
• Borzyskowski, Inken v. and Clara Portela (2016) ‘Piling on: the rise of sanctions co-operation between the US, EU and regional organisations’, KFG Transformative Power of Europe Working Paper, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, Risa (2002) ‘Sanctions and regime type: what works, and when?’, Security Studies 11:4, 1–50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brzoska, Michael (2015) ‘International sanctions before and beyond UN sanctions’, International Affairs, 91:6, 1339–1349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brzoska, Michael (2003) ‘From dumb to smart? recent reforms of UN sanctions’, Global Governance, 9:4, 519–535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brzoska, Michael (2001) (ed) Design and implementation of arms embargoes and travel and aviation related sanctions. Results of the ‘Bonn-Berlin process (Bonn, Germany: Bonn International Centre for Conversion)
   Google Scholar
• Cardwell, Paul (2015) ‘The legalisation of EU foreign policy and the use of sanctions’, Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, 17:01, 287–310
   Google Scholar
• Charron, Andrea (2011) UN sanctions and conflict (London: Routledge)
   Google Scholar
• Charron, Andrea and Clara Portela (2015) ‘The UN, regional sanctions and Africa’, International Affairs, 91:6, 1369–1385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie, Edward Hunter (2016) ‘The design and impact of western economic sanctions against Russia’, RUSI Journal, 161:3, 52–64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortright, David and George Lopez (2002) Sanctions and the search for security (Boulder Co: Lynne Reiner)
   Google Scholar
• Cortright, David and George Lopez (2000) The sanctions decade (Boulder Co: Lynne Rienner)
   Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, Erica (2005) ‘Examining targeted sanctions: are travel bans effective?’ in Peter Wallensteen and Carina Staibano (eds) International sanctions: between words and wars in the global system (Abdingdon, UK: Frank Cass), 201–228
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union (2013) Council Decision 2013/255/CFSP of 31 May 2013concerning restrictive measures against Syria, OJ L 147, 1 June 2013
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union (2012) Guidelines on implementation and evaluation of restrictive measures (sanctions) in the framework of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, Doc. 11205/12, Brussels, 15 June 2012
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union (2004) Basic Principles on the use of restrictive measures, Brussels, (Sanctions) 7 June 2004
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union (2003) Guidelines on implementation and evaluation of restrictive measures (sanctions) in the framework of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, Doc. 15579/03, Brussels, 3 December 2003
   Google Scholar
• Dahlgren, Hans (2003) ‘Preface’ in Peter Wallensteen, Carina Staibano, and Mikael Eriksson (eds) Making targeted sanctions effective. Guidelines for the implementation of UN policy options (Uppsala, Sweden: Department of Peace and Conflict Research), viii–ix
   Google Scholar
• Del Biondo, Karen (2009) ‘EU aid conditionality in ACP countries: explaining inconsistency in EU sanctions practice’, Journal of Contemporary European Research, 7:3, 380–395
   Google Scholar
• Deiss, Joseph (2001) ‘Foreword’ in T. Biersteker (ed.) Targeted financial sanctions. A manual for design and implementation. Contributions from the interlaken process (Providence, RI: Watson Institute for International Studies), vi–vii
   Google Scholar
• Doxey, Margaret (2009) ‘Reflections on the sanctions decade and beyond’, International Journal, 64:2, 539–549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drezner, Daniel (2011) ‘Sanctions sometimes smart: targeted sanctions in theory and practice’, International Studies Review, 13:1, 96–108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckert, Sue (2016) ‘The role of sanctions’, in Sebastian v. Einsiedel, David Malone and Bruno Stagno Ugarte (eds) The UN security council in the 21st century (Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner), 413–439
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, Kimberly A (2009) ‘Assessing UN sanctions after the cold war’, International Journal, 65:1, 85–79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, Kimberly A (2005) ‘Trends in economic sanctions policy’ in Peter Wallensteen and Carina Staibano (eds) International sanctions: between words and wars in the global system (Abdingdon, UK: Frank Cass), 3–14
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, Mikael (2010) Supporting democracy in Africa: African union’s use of targeted sanctions to deal with unconstitutional changes of government (Stockholm: FOI)
   Google Scholar
• European Commission and High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (2016) ‘Evaluation of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement’, Joint Staff Working Document 6 SWD (2016) 260, Brussels, July 2016
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and Council (2012) Regulation (EU) applying a scheme of generalised tariff preferences and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 732/2008, Official Journal of the EU, L303, Strasbourg, 25 October 2012
   Google Scholar
• Ferrero-Waldner, Benita (2006) ‘Statement on Belarus’, European Parliament plenary session discussion on Belarus elections, European Parliament, Speech 06/226, Strasbourg, 5 April 2006
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, Sabine (2015) 'EU Sanktionen gegen Russland’[EU sanctions against Russia], SWP Aktuell 26, March 2015
   Google Scholar
• Giumelli, Francesco (2015) ‘Unterstanding UN targeted sanctions’, International Affairs, 91:6, 1351–1368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giumelli, Francesco and Krystof Krulis (2012) ‘Understanding success of targeted sanctions: the EU in Zimbabwe’, Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 6:2, 160–194
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, Joy (2011) ‘Smart sanctions revisited’, Ethics and International Affairs, 25:03, 315–335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, Joy (2015) ‘The invisibility of human harm: how smart sanctions consumed all the oxygen in the room’, Social Research, 82:4, 863–874
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellquist, Elin (2016) Either with us or against us? Third party alignment with EU sanctions against Russia/Ukraine, CRIA 29
   Google Scholar
• Herzog, Lisa and Andrew Walton (2014) ‘Qualified market access and interdisciplinarity’, Ethics and Global Politics, 7:2, 83–94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heupel, Monika (2009) ‘Multilateral sanctions against terror suspects and the violation of due process standards’, International Affairs, 85:2, 307–321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, Martin (2002) The European Union and the third world (Basingstoke: Palgrave)
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Lee (2015) Societies under siege (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press)10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198749325.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Kirkham, Elisabeth and Catherine Flew (2003) Strengthening embargoes and enhancing human security, Biting the bullet Briefing No. 17, University of Bradford, Bradford
   Google Scholar
• Kirshner, Jonathan (1997) 'The microfoundations of economic sanctions', Security Studies 6:3, 32-64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, Svea (2015) ‘A typology of political conditionality beyond aid: conceptual horizons based on lessons from the European Union’, World Development, 75:1, 79–108
   Google Scholar
• Koutrakos, Panos (2001) Trade, foreign policy and defence in EU constitutional law (Oxford: Hart)
   Google Scholar
• Lidington, David (2014) Letter addressed to Lord Tugendhat, chairman of EU Subcomittee C’, House of Lords, 14 February 2014
   Google Scholar
• Lerch, Marika (2004) Menschenrechte und Europäische Aussenpolitik [Human Rights and European foreign policy] (Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften)10.1007/978-3-322-88986-7
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, George (2012) ‘In defense of smart sanctions: a response to Joy Gordon’, Ethics and International Affairs, 26:01, 135–146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, Michael (2000) ‘US doctors’ group highlights public-health effects of sanctions’, The Lancet, 355:9200, 296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molenaers, Nadia, Anna Gagiano, Lodewijk Smets and Sebastian Dellepiane (2015) ‘What determines the suspension of budget support?’, World Development, 75:1, 62–73
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moret, Erica (2015) ‘Humanitarian impacts of economic sanctions on Iran and Syria’, European Security, 24:1, 1–21
   Google Scholar
• Neier, Aryeh (2015) ‘Sanctions and human rights’, Social Research, 82:4, 875–886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nivet, Bastien (2015) ‘Les sanctions internationales de l’Union Européenne : soft power, hard power ou puissance symbolique ?’[The international sanctions of the European Union: soft power, hard power or symbolic power?], Revue internationale et stratégique, 97, printemps, 129–138
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, João (1998) Answer on behalf of the Commission to written question p-2913/97 by Graham Wilson (ELDR) to the Commission, Official Journal of the European Communities C82/151, 17 March 1998
   Google Scholar
• Pattison, James (2015) ‘The morality of sanctions’, Social Philosophy and Policy, 32:01, 192–215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portela, Clara (2016) ‘How the EU learned to love sanctions’ in M Leonard (ed) Connectivity wars (London: ECFR), 36–42
   Google Scholar
• Portela, Clara (2010) European union sanctions and foreign policy (London, UK: Routledge)
   Google Scholar
• Portela, Clara and Jan Orbie (2014) ‘Sanctions under the EU’s Generalised System of Preferences (GSP): coherence by accident?’, Contemporary Politics, 20:1, 63–76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenhammar, Fredrik (2004) 'UN smart sanctions. Political reality and international law’, in Diana Amneus and Karina Svanberg–Torpman (eds) Peace and security. Current challenges in international law (Lund, Sweden: Studentlitteratur), 145–175
   Google Scholar
• The Economist (2015) ‘Who are you calling a rogue?’, 20 June, No 63
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Brendan (2009) American sanctions in the Asia-Pacific (London, UK: Routledge)
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, Andrew (2013) ‘“Pariah States” and sanctions: the case of Syria’, Middle East Policy, 20:3, 27–40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tostensen, Arne and Beate Bull (2002) ‘Are smart sanctions feasible?’, World Politics, 54:03, 373–403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly (2015) ‘Compendium of the High-level Review of UN Sanctions’, Doc. A/69/941–S/2015/432, New York, NY, 12 June 2015
   Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly (2014) ‘Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran’, Doc. A/69/306, UN: New York, 12 August 2014
   Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly (2000) ‘Report of the secretary-general on the work of the organisation’, Doc. A/55/1, New York, 12 June 2000
   Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly (1995) Supplement to ‘An Agenda for Peace’: Position paper of the Secretary-General on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations. A/50/60, S/1995/1, New York, 25 January 1995
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council (2006) ‘Report of the Security Council Informal Working Group on general issues of sanctions’, Doc. A/2006/997, New York, 22 December 2006
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council (1995) Letter from the Permanent Representatives of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United States and the United Kingdom to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/1995/300, New York, 13 April 1995
   Google Scholar
• Vines, Alex (2012) ‘The effectiveness of UN and EU sanctions: lessons for the twenty-first century’, International Affairs, 88:4, 867–877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries, Anthonius (2002) ‘European Union sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1998-2000)’ in D Cortright and G Lopez (eds) Smart sanctions (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield), 87–108
   Google Scholar
• de Vries, Anthonius and Hadewych Hazelzet (2005) ‘The EU as a new actor on the sanctions scene’ in Peter Wallensteen and Carina Staibano (eds) International sanctions: between words and wars in the global system (Abdingdon: Frank Cass), 95–106
   Google Scholar
• Walker, Justine (2016) Study on humanitarian impact of Syria-related unilateral coercive measures (Beirut: UNESCWA)
   Google Scholar
• Wallensteen, Peter, Mikael Eriksson and Daniel Strandow (2006) Sanctions for conflict prevention and peacebuilding (Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University Department of Peace and Conflict Research)
   Google Scholar
• Wallensteen, Peter and Helena Grusell (2012) ‘Targeting the right targets? The UN use of individual sanctions’, Global Governance, 18:2, 207–230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallensteen, Peter, Carina Staibano and Mikael Eriksson (2003) Making targeted sanctions effective. Guidelines for the implementation of UN policy options (Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University Department of Peace and Conflict Research)
   Google Scholar
• Weschler, Joanna (2009) ‘The evolution of security council innovations in sanctions’, International Journal, 65:1, 31–43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohlgemuth, Lennart (2005) ‘African sanctions: the case of Burundi’ in Peter Wallensteen and Carina Staibano (eds) International sanctions: between words and wars in the global system (Abdingdon, UK: Frank Cass), 126–143
   Google Scholar
• Zimelis, Andris (2011) ‘Conditionality in the EU-ACP partnership’, Australian Journal of Political Science, 46:3, 389–406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar