6,786
Views
55
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Learner Motivation

Motivation of UK school pupils towards foreign languages: a large-scale survey at Key Stage 3

, &
Pages 245-281 | Published online: 25 Oct 2007

References

  • Allford , D. and Pachler , N. 2004 . Editorial . Language Learning Journal , 30 : 2 – 4 .
  • Aplin , R. 1991 . Why do pupils opt out of foreign language courses? A pilot study . Educational Studies , 17 ( 1 ) : 3 – 13 .
  • ATLAS Project . 2003a . Selected results from a survey of school students' attitudes towards learning languages . Nov – Dec 2002 Available online at: www.ucl.ac.uk/calt/atlas/atlas–questionnaire–report.doc (accessed 16 June 2007)
  • ATLAS Project . 2003b . “ Focus groups ” . Available online at: www.ucl.ac.uk/calt/atlas/atlas–focusgroups.doc (accessed 16 June 2007)
  • Au , S. Y. 1988 . A critical appraisal of Gardner's social – psychological theory of second language (L2) learning . Language Learning , 38 ( 1 ) : 75 – 100 .
  • Bachman , L. F. , Purpura , J. E. and Cushing , S. T. 1993 . Development of a questionnaire item bank to explore test-taker characteristics , Cambridge : University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate .
  • Baker , M. 2004 . “ GCSE's: what the statistics show ” . Available online at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3598818.stm (accessed 27 June 2007)
  • Bell , D. 2004 . A new paradigm for modern foreign languages? . Language World , Winter
  • Berger , C. 1997 . Des lycéens et l'anglais. Représentations sociales d'une langue étrangère. Sens et valeur formatrice d'une discipline , Université Paris 13 . Unpublished doctoral thesis
  • Berger , C. 2001 . “ Des lycéens et l'anglais: rôle des variables socio-culturelles dans la représentation des pays Anglophones ” . In Différences et proximités et culturelles : l'Europe , Edited by: Paganini , G. Paris : L'Harmattan .
  • Blenkinsop , S. , McCrone , T. , Morris , M. and Wade , P. 2006 . How do young people make choices at 14 and 16? DfES Research Report RR773. Available online at: www.dfes.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RR773.pdf (accessed 16 June 2007)
  • Bolster , A. , Ballandier-Brown , C. and Rea-Dickins , P. 2004 . Young learners of modern foreign languages and their transition to the secondary phase: a lost opportunity? . Language Learning Journal , 30 : 35 – 41 .
  • Broady , E. 2005 . Language learning motivation: who do you want to be? . Language Learning Journal , 31 : 69 – 74 .
  • Burstall , C. 1978 . “ Factors affecting foreign language learning: a consideration of some recent research findings ” . In Language teaching and linguistics: surveys , Edited by: Kinsella , V. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Burstall C. Jamieson M. Cohen S. Hargreaves M. Primary French in the balance. A report of the National Foundation for Educational Research in England and Wales Windsor NFER 1974
  • Carroll , J. B. 1962 . “ The prediction of success in intensive foreign language training ” . In Training research and education , Edited by: Glaser , R. Pittsburgh, PA : The University of Pittsburgh Press .
  • Chambers , G. 1999 . Motivating language learners , Clevedon : Multilingual Matters .
  • CILT . 2003 . Language trends 2003 , London : CILT, the National Centre for Languages . Available online at: www.cilt.org.uk/research/languagetrends/2003/index.htm, www.cilt.org.uk/research/languagetrends/2003/index.htm (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • CILT . 2004 . Language trends 2004 , London : CILT, the National Centre for Languages . Available online at: www.cilt.org.uk/research/languagetrends/2004/index.htm, www.cilt.org.uk/research/languagetrends/2004/index.htm (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • CILT . 2005 . Language trends 2005 , London : CILT, the National Centre for Languages . Available online at: www.cilt.org.uk/research/languagetrends/2005/ks4.htm (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • CILT . 2006 . Language trends 2006 , London : CILT, the National Centre for Languages . Available online at: www.cilt.org.uk/research/languagetrends/2006/trends2006_ks4.pdf (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • Clark , A. and Trafford , A. J. 1996 . Return to gender: boys' and girls' attitudes and achievements . Language Learning Journal , 14 : 40 – 49 .
  • Clément , R. 1980 . “ Ethnicity, contact and communicative competence in a second language ” . In Language: social psychological perspectives , Edited by: Giles , H. , Robinson , W. P. and Smith , P. M. Oxford : Pergamon Press .
  • Clément , R. , Dörnyei , Z. and Noels , K. A. 1994 . Motivation, self-confidence, and group cohesion in the foreign language classroom . Language Learning , 44 ( 3 ) : 417 – 448 .
  • Clément , R. and Kruidenier , B. G. 1985 . Aptitude, attitude and motivation in second language proficiency: a test of Clément's model . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 4 ( 1 ) : 21 – 37 .
  • Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Coleman , J. A. 1996 . Studying languages: a survey of British and European students. The proficiency, background, attitudes and motivations of students of foreign languages in the United Kingdom and in Europe , London : Centre for Information on Language Teaching and Research .
  • Crookes , G. and Schmidt , R. W. 1991 . Motivation: reopening the research agenda . Language Learning , 41 ( 4 ) : 469 – 512 .
  • Csizér , K. and Dörnyei , Z. 2005 . Language learners' motivational profiles and their motivated learning behaviour . Language Learning , 55 ( 4 ) : 613 – 659 .
  • Davies , B. 2004 . The gender gap in modern languages: a comparison of attitude and performance in Year 7 and Year 10 . Language Learning Journal , 29 : 53 – 58 .
  • Dearing , R. and King , L. 2006 . Consultation report , London : Department for Education and Skills . Available online at: www.teachernet.gov.uk/_doc/10690/6869_DfES_Language_Review.pdf (accessed 16 June 2007)
  • Dearing , R. and King , L. 2007 . Languages review , London : Department for Education and Skills . Available online at: www.teachernet.gov.uk/docbank/index.cfm?id=11124 (accessed 27 June 2007)
  • Department for Education and Science/Welsh Office . 1991 . Modern foreign languages in the National Curriculum , London : HMSO .
  • DfES . 2002 . Languages for all, languages for life. A strategy for England , London : Department for Education and Skills . Available online at: www.dfes.gov.uk/languagesstrategy/ (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • DfES . 2003 . Framework for teaching modern foreign languages: Years 7, 8 and 9 , London : Department for Education and Skills . Available online at: www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/secondary/keystage3/respub/mflframework/foreword (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • DfES . 2004 . Languages for all: from strategy to delivery , London : Department for Education and Skills . Available online at: www.dfes.gov.uk/languages/uploads/Languages%20Booklet.pdf (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • DfES . 2005 . A boost for modern foreign languages. How the National Languages Strategy is transforming the language capability of the nation , London : Department for Education and Skills . Available online at: www.dfes.gov.uk/languages/uploads/6page_leaflet.pdf (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • DfES . 2006 . Schools and pupils in England , London : Department for Education and Skills . Available online at: www.dfes.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/SFR/s000682/SFR38–2006.pdf (accessed 27 June 2007)
  • DfES . 2007 . Publication of 2007 test and examination results in the school and college achievement and attainment tables , London : Department for Education and Skills) . Available online at: www.dfes.gov.uk/performancetables (accessed 25 June 2007)
  • Dörnyei , Z. 1990 . Conceptualizing motivation in foreign language learning . Language Learning , 40 ( 1 ) : 45 – 78 .
  • Dörnyei , Z. 1994 . Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom . Modern Language Journal , 78 : 273 – 284 .
  • Dörnyei , Z. 2001a . Teaching and researching motivation , Harlow, Essex : Pearson .
  • Dörnyei , Z. 2001b . Motivational strategies in the language classroom , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Dörnyei , Z. 2003 . Questionnaires in second language research: construction, administration and processing , London : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Dörnyei , Z. and Csizér , K. 1998 . Ten commandments for motivating language learners: results of an empirical study . Language Teaching Research , 2 ( 3 ) : 203 – 229 .
  • Dörnyei , Z. and Csizér , K. 2002 . Motivational dynamics in second language acquisition: results of a longitudinal nationwide survey . Applied Linguistics , 23 : 421 – 462 .
  • Dörnyei , Z. and Kormos , J. 2000 . The role of individual and social variables in oral task performance . Language Teaching Research , 4 ( 3 ) : 275 – 300 .
  • Dörnyei , Z. and Ottó , I. 1998 . Motivation in action: a process model of L2 motivation . 4 : 43 – 69 . Working Papers in Applied Linguistics, Thames Valley University, London
  • Dörnyei , Z. and Skehan , P. 2003 . “ Individual differences in second language learning ” . In Handbook of second language acquisition , Edited by: Doughty , C. J. and Long , M. H. Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Earle , S. Specialist schools and academies trust languages: evidence, issues and solutions . paper presented to the Languages Colleges Expert Panel . November .
  • Ellis , R. 1994 . The study of second language acquisition , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Eurobarometer . 2006 . Europeans and their languages , European Commission . Available online at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • Galloway , D. , Rogers , C. , Armstrong , D. and Leo , E. 1998 . Motivating the difficult to teach , London : Longman .
  • Gardner , R. C. 1960 . Motivational variables in second language acquisition , McGill University . Unpublished Ph.D. thesis
  • Gardner , R. C. 1985 . Social psychology and second language learning: the role of attitudes and motivation , London : Edward Arnold .
  • Gardner , R. C. 2001 . Language learning motivation: the student, the teacher, and the researcher . Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education , 6 ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 .
  • Gardner , R. C. and Clément , R. 1990 . “ Social psychological perspectives on second language acquisition ” . In Handbook of language and social psychology , Edited by: Giles , H. and Robinson , W. P. Chichester : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Gardner , R. C. and Lambert , W. E. 1959 . Motivational variables in second language acquisition . The Canadian Journal of Psychology , 18 ( 4 ) : 266 – 272 .
  • Gardner , R. C. and Lambert , W. E. 1972 . Attitudes and motivation in second language learning , Rowley, MA : Newbury House .
  • Gardner , R. C. and MacIntyre , P. D. 1993 . On the measurement of affective variables in second language learning . Language Learning , 43 ( 2 ) : 157 – 194 .
  • Gardner , R. C. and Tremblay , P. F. 1994a . On motivation, research agendas and theoretical frameworks . Modern Language Journal , 78 : 359 – 368 .
  • Gardner , R. C. and Tremblay , P. F. 1994b . On motivation: measurement and conceptual considerations . Modern Language Journal , 78 : 524 – 527 .
  • Gardner , R. C. , Tremblay , P. F. and Masgoret , A.-M. 1997 . Towards a full model of second language learning: an empirical investigation . Modern Language Journal , 81 : 344 – 362 .
  • Graham , S. 2002 . Experiences of learning French: a snapshot at Years 11, 12 and 13 . Language Learning Journal , 25 : 15 – 20 .
  • Green , P. S. 1975 . “ Testing ” . In The language laboratory in school: performance and prediction. An account of the York study , Edited by: Green , P. S. Edinburgh : Oliver & Boyd .
  • Harding , L. 2006 . The (tabloid) war is over: England, Germany and the World Cup 2006 Available online at: www.agf.org.uk/pubs/pdfs/1519web.pdf (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • Harland , J. , Moor , H. , Kinder , K. and Ashworth , M. 2002 . Is the Curriculum working? The Key Stage 3 phase of the Northern Ireland Curriculum Cohort Study , Slough : NFER . Summary available online at: www.nfer.ac.uk/research–areas/pims–data/summaries/ncs–northern–ireland–curriculum–cohort–study–key–stage–3–phase.cfm (accessed 16 June 2007)
  • Hawkins , E. 1996 . 30 years of language teaching , London : CILT .
  • Heider , F. 1958 . The psychology of interpersonal relations , New York : Wiley .
  • Heilbronn , R. 2004 . The National Strategy for KS3 and its application to modern foreign language teaching . Language Learning Journal , 30 : 42 – 49 .
  • Jesson , D. and Crossley , D. 2007 . Educational outcomes and value added by specialist schools: 2006 analysis , London : Specialist Schools and Academies Trust .
  • Johnstone , R. M. 2007 . Nationally-sponsored innovations at school in Scotland: issues of evidence, generalisability and sustainability . Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching , 1 ( 1 ) : 111 – 118 .
  • Johnstone , R. M. , Doughty , H. and Malcolm , I. 2004 . Partners in excellence: evaluation report , University of Stirling : Scottish CILT .
  • Jones , B. and Jones , G. 2001 . Boys' performance in modern foreign languages. Listening to learners , London : CILT .
  • Jones , N. 2007 . Assessment and the National Languages Strategy . Cambridge Journal of Education , 37 ( 1 ) : 17 – 33 .
  • Kelley , H. H. 1967 . “ Attribution in social psychology ” . In Nebraska symposium on motivation , Edited by: Levine , D. Vol. 15 , Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska .
  • Kelley , H. H. 1972 . “ Causal schemata and the attribution process ” . In Attribution: perceiving the causes of behaviour , Edited by: Jones , E. E. Morristown, NJ : General Learning Press .
  • King , L. 2007 . Shadows on the wall: a policy viewpoint and personal view . Cambridge Journal of Education , 37 ( 1 ) : 129 – 137 .
  • Kissau , S. 2006 . Gender differences in motivation to learn French . Canadian Modern Language Review , 62 : 401 – 422 .
  • Lamb , M. 2004 . Integrative motivation in a globalizing world . System , 32 : 3 – 19 .
  • Lee J. Buckland D. Shaw G. The invisible child. The responses and attitudes to the learning of modern languages shown by Year 9 pupils of average ability London CILT 1998
  • Littlewood , W. T. 1984 . Foreign and second language learning: language acquisition research and its implications for the classroom , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Lukmani , Y. M. 1972 . Motivation to learn and language proficiency . Language Learning , 22 ( 2 ) : 261 – 273 .
  • Maslow , A. 1970 . Motivation and personality , New York : Harper and Row .
  • McDonough , S. 1986 . Psychology in foreign language teaching , 2nd edn. , London : Routledge .
  • McPake , J. , Johnstone , R. M. , Low , L. and Lyall , L. 1999 . Foreign languages in the upper secondary school: a study of the causes of decline. SCRE research report no. 91 , Edinburgh : Scottish Council for Research in Education . Available online at: www.scre.ac.uk/resreport/pdf/091.pdf (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • Mihaljević Djigunović , J. 1993 . “ Attitudes of young foreign language learners: a follow – up study ” . In Children and foreign languages , Edited by: Vilke , M. , Vrohac , Y. , Kruhan , M. , Sironić – Bonfačić , N. and Skender , I. Zagreb : Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb .
  • Mitchell , R. 2003 . Rethinking the concept of progression in the National Curriculum for Modern Foreign Languages: a research perspective . Language Learning Journal , 27 : 15 – 23 .
  • Moys A. Where are we going with languages? The Consultative Report of the Nuffield Languages Enquiry London The Nuffield Foundation 1988
  • Nikolov , M. 1999 . ‘Why do you learn English?’‘Because the teacher is short’. A study of Hungarian children's foreign language learning motivation . Language Teaching Research , 3 ( 1 ) : 33 – 56 .
  • Nunan , D. 1991 . “ Second language acquisition research in the language classroom ” . In Language acquisition and the second/foreign language classroom , Edited by: Sadtono , E. Singapore : Seameo Regional Language Centre .
  • Ofsted . 2005 . “ Modern foreign languages in secondary schools ” . In The annual report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector for Schools 2004/05 Edited by: Ofsted . Available online at: http://live.ofsted.gov.uk/publications/annualreport0405/4.2.10.html (accessed 16 June 2007)
  • Oxford , R. and Shearing , J. 1994 . Language learning motivation: expanding the theoretical framework . Modern Language Journal , 79 : 12 – 28 .
  • Pachler , N. 2007 . Choices in language education: principles and policies . Cambridge Journal of Education , 37 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
  • Pachler , N. and Allford , D. 2003 . Editorial . The Language Learning Journal , 27 : 2 – 3 .
  • Page , B. 1996 . “ Graded objectives in ML (GOML) ” . In 30 years of language teaching , Edited by: Hawkins , E. London : CILT .
  • Patrick , H. , Ryan , A. and Pintrich , P. 1999 . The differential impact of extrinsic and mastery goal orientations on males' and females' self – regulated learning . Learning and Individual Differences , 11 ( 2 ) : 153 – 171 .
  • Payne , M. 2007 . Foreign language planning: pupil choice and pupil voice . Cambridge Journal of Education , 37 ( 1 ) : 89 – 109 .
  • Powell , B. 1986 . Boys, girls and languages in school. Information guide 24 , London : CILT .
  • Purpura , J. E. 2001 . Validating questionnaires to examine personal factors in L2 performance. European language testing in a global context , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • QCA . 2004 . Modern foreign languages in the Key Stage 4 Curriculum , London : QCA . Available online at http://www.qca.org.uk/ages14–19 (accessed 27 June 2007)
  • QCA . 2005 . Modern foreign languages. 2004/5 Annual report on curriculum and assessment , London : QCA . Available online at: www.qca.org.uk/downloads/qca–05–2172–mfl–report.pdf (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • QCA . 2006a . Pupils' views on language learning , London : QCA . Available online at: www.qca.org.uk/17309.html (accessed 17 June 2007)
  • QCA . 2006b . Maximising take-up of languages at key stage 4: a study of seven schools , London : QCA . Available online at: www.qca.org.uk/downloads/qca–06–2881_maximising_take–up_of_languages.pdf (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • QCA . 2007 . The new secondary curriculum: what has changed and why? , London : QCA . Available online at: www.qca.org.uk/downloads/OverviewBrochure_v03e_FIN.pdf (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • Rawlinson , V. 2001 . Boys, MFL and motivation. Level 3 report Best Practice Research Scholarship scheme
  • Rozendaal , J. S. , Minnaert , A. and Boekaerts , M. 2003 . Motivation and self-regulated learning in secondary vocational education: information-processing type and gender differences . Learning and Individual Differences , 13 : 273 – 289 .
  • Saville , N. 2000 . Developing language learning questionnaires (LLQs) . Research Notes , 1 : 6 – 7 . (Cambridge ESOL)
  • Schulz , R. A. 1991 . Second language acquisition theories and teaching practice: how do they fit? . Modern Language Journal , 75 : 17 – 26 .
  • Siegel , J. 2003 . “ Social context ” . In Handbook of second language acquisition , Edited by: Doughty , C. J. and Long , M. H. Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Skehan , P. 1989 . Individual differences in second-language learning , London : Edward Arnold .
  • Stables , A. and Wikeley , F. 1999 . From bad to worse? Pupils' attitudes to modern foreign languages at ages 14 and 15 . Language Learning Journal , 20 : 27 – 31 .
  • Tenberg , R. , ed. 1999 . Intercultural perspectives: images of Germany in education and the media , Munich : Indicium .
  • The Guardian . 2005 . Boys turned off by languages, says report . The Guardian , 19 October Available online at: http://education.guardian.co.uk/ofsted/story/0,,1595865,00.html (accessed 30 June 2007)
  • The Nuffield Languages Inquiry . 2000 . Languages: the next generation , London : The Nuffield Foundation .
  • Tremblay , P. F. and Gardner , R. C. 1995 . Expanding the motivation construct in language learning . Modern Language Journal , 79 : 505 – 518 .
  • Ushioda , E. 2003 . “ Motivation as a socially mediated process ” . In Learner autonomy in the foreign language classroom: teacher, learner, curriculum and assessment , Edited by: Little , D. , Riddley , J. and Ushioda , E. Dublin : Authentik .
  • Ushioda , E. 2007 . “ Motivation, autonomy and sociocultural theory ” . In Learner autonomy: insider perspectives on autonomy in language learning and teaching , Edited by: Benson , P. Dublin : Authentik .
  • Williams , M. , Burden , R. and Lanvers , U. 2002 . ‘French is the language of love and stuff’: student perceptions of issues related to motivation in learning a foreign language . British Educational Research Journal , 28 ( 4 ) : 503 – 528 .
  • Williams , M. , Burden , R. , Poulet , G. and Maun , I. 2004 . Learners' perceptions of their successes and failures in foreign language learning . Language Learning Journal , 30 : 19 – 29 .
  • Wright , S. 2006 . The health of subjects: evidence from examinations entries Research Report 5, The Nuffield review of 14–19 Education and Training. Available online at: www.nuffield14–19review.org.uk/files/documents133–1.pdf (accessed 16 June 2007)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.