Public perception of early childhood language policy in Ghana: an exploratory study

References

• Adika, G. S. 2012. “English in Ghana: Growth, Tensions, and Trends.” International Journal of Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication 1: 151–166. doi:10.12681/ijltic.17.
   Google Scholar
• African Union. 2016. Continental Education Strategy for Africa 2016-2025 (CESA 16-25). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/29958-doc-cesa_-_english-v9.pdf
   Google Scholar
• African Union. 2018. “Conference Report.” In Pan-African High Level Conference on Education (PACE). Nairobi, Kenya. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367711.locale=en
   Google Scholar
• Amekudzi, K. 2015. “Open letter to the Minister of Education.” November 5. http://graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/52829-open-letter-to-the-minister-of-education.html
   Google Scholar
• Ansah, G. N. 2014. “Re-Examining the Fluctuations in Language Education Policies in Post-Independence Ghana.” Multilingual Education 4 (1): 12–27. doi:10.1186/s13616-014-0012-3.
   Google Scholar
• Association for the Development of Education in Africa Secretariat (ADEA). 2004. “The Quest for Quality: Learning from the African Experience.” Proceedings of the ADEA Biennial Meeting, Grand Baie, Mauritius, December 3–6. http://www.adeanet.org/adea/downloadcenter/publications/rap%20bie%2003%20eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Association for the Development of Education in Africa Secretariat (ADEA). 2017. “General Synthesis.” Triennial Education and Training in Africa Meeting. Dakar, Senegal. http://www.adeanet.org/sites/default/files/2018.02.06_general_synthesis_report_on_the_2017_triennale_final_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Baffoe, I., and A. K. Amoah 2015. “Using Ghanaian language as medium of instruction in schools.” http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Using-Ghanaian-language-as-medium-of-instruction-in-schools-390375
   Google Scholar
• Bokor, M. J. K. 2015. “English No More the Medium of Instruction in Ghanaian Schools? Crap!!” http://vibeghana.com/2015/10/16/english-no-more-the-medium-of-instruction-in-ghanaian-schools-crap/
   Google Scholar
• Brock-Utne, B. 2007. “Language of Instruction and Student Performance: New Insights from Research in Tanzania and South Africa.” International Review of Education 53 (5–6): 509–530. doi:10.1007/s11159-007-9065-9.
   Google Scholar
• Brock-Utne, B. 2010. “Research and Policy on the Language of Instruction Issue in Africa.” International Journal of Educational Development 30 (6): 636–645. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffery, J., G. Coronado, and B. Hodge. 2016. “Multilingual Language Policy and Mother Tongue Education in Timor-Leste: A Multiscalar Approach.” Language Policy 15 (4): 561–580. doi:10.1007/s10993-015-9393-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, D. C., B. Ayankoya, and C. Kasprzak. 2011. The New Voices-Nuevas Voces- Guide to Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Early Childhood. Baltimore: Paul H Brookes Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Darvas, P., and D. Balwanz. 2014. Basic Education beyond the Millennium Development Goals in Ghana. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Duodu, C. 2015. “Ministry of Education is Too Important to Make Capricious Decision.” https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Ministry-of-Education-is-too-important-to-make-capricious-decision-389726
   Google Scholar
• Edu-Buandoh, D. F., and G. Otchere. 2012. “’Speak English!’ A Prescription or Choice ofEnglish as A Lingua Franca in Ghanaian Schools.” Linguistics and Education 23 (3): 301–309. doi:10.1016/j.linged.2012.06.003.
   Google Scholar
• EQUALL. 2010. NALAP Implementation Study. Accra, Ghana: EDC.
   Google Scholar
• Erling, E. J., L. Adinolfi, A. K. Hultgren, A. Buckler, and M. Mukorera. 2016. “Medium of Instruction Policies in Ghanaian and Indian Primary Schools: An Overview of Key Issues and Recommendations.” Comparative Education 52 (3): 294–310. doi:10.1080/03050068.2016.1185254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier, J. 2015. “The Tot, Her Mother Tongue and Poverty.” http://graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/52959-the-tot-her-mother-tongue-and-poverty.html
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, O., and J. A. Kleifgen. 2010. Educating Emergent Bilinguals: Policies, Programs, and Practices for English Language Learners. New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grbich, C. 2013. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Han, W. J. 2012. “Bilingualism and Academic Achievement.” Child Development 83 (1): 300–321. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01686.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, A. E. 2012. “Systematic Use of Mother Tongue as Learning/Teaching Resources in Target Language Instruction.” Multilingual Education 2 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1186/2191-5059-2-1.
   Google Scholar
• Hungi, N., J. Njagi, P. Wekulo, and M. Ngware. 2018. “Effects of Language of Instruction on Learning of Literacy Skills among Pre-Primary School Children from Low-Income Urban Communities in Kenya.” Early Childhood Education Journal 46 (2): 187–199. doi:10.1007/s10643-017-0850-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft, R. J. 2003. Primary Schools in Ghana: A Report to USAID. Accra, Ghana: USAID/Ghana Ministry of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Limon, D., and N. S. Lukanovič. 2016. “Does Bilingualism Have an Economic Value in the Ethnically Mixed Regions of Slovenia?” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 8 (8): 656–670.
   Google Scholar
• Littlewood, W., and B. Yu. 2011. “First Language and Target Language in the Foreign Language Classroom.” Language Teaching 44 (1): 64–77. doi:10.1017/S0261444809990310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. 2006. Report on 2005 Administration of National Education Assessment Primary 3 and Primary 6 English and Mathematics. Accra, Ghana: GES.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. 2008. 2007 National Education Assessment Report. Accra, Ghana: GES.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. 2016. 2016 National Education Assessment Report. Accra, Ghana: GES.
   Google Scholar
• MoE/USAID. 2009. National Literacy Acceleration Program (NALAP) Baseline Assessment. Accra, Ghana: EDC.
   Google Scholar
• MoE/USAID. 2010. Let’s Read and Write. Accra, Ghana: GES.
   Google Scholar
• Opoku-Amankwa, K., and A. Brew-Hammond. 2011. “Literacy Is the Ability to Read and Write English: Defining and Developing Literacy in Basic Schools in Ghana.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 14 (1): 89–106. doi:10.1080/13670051003692857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opoku-Amankwa, K., D. F. Edu-Buandoh, and A. Brew-Hammond. 2015. “Publishing for Mother Tongue-Based Bilingual Education in Ghana: Politics and Consequences.” Language and Education 29 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/09500782.2014.921194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouane, A., and C. Glanz. 2010. Why and How Africa Should Invest in African Languages. Hamburg, Germany: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Owu-Ewie, C. 2006. “The Language Policy of Education in Ghana: A Critical Look at the English-Only Language Policy of Education.” In Selected Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, edited by J. Mugane, J. P. Hutchuson, and D. A. Worman, 76–85. Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
   Google Scholar
• Owusu-Ansah, L. K., and R. T. Torto. 2013. “Communication of Language Attitudes: An Exploration of the Ghanaian Situation.” The International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World 2 (1): 65–75.
   Google Scholar
• Piper, B., J. Destefano, E. M. Kinyanjui, and S. Ong’ele. 2018. “Scaling up Successfully: Lessons from Kenya’s Tusome National Literacy Program.” Journal of Educational Change 19 (3): 293–321. doi:10.1007/s10833-018-9325-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper, B., S. S. Zuilkowski, and S. Ong’ele. 2016. “Implementing Mother Tongue Instruction in the Real World: Results from a Medium-Scale Randomized Controlled Trial in Kenya.” Comparative Education Review 60 (4): 776–807. doi:10.1086/688493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prosser, J. 2010. “Visual Methods and the Visual Culture of Schools.” Visual Studies 22 (1): 13–30. doi:10.1080/14725860601167143.
   Google Scholar
• Rogoff, B. 2003a. Apprenticeship in Thinking: Cognitive Development in Social Context. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rogoff, B. 2003b. The Cultural Nature of Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, G. 2012. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. 3rd ed. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Saldaña, J. 2015. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 3rd ed. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Seid, Y. 2019. “The Impact of Learning First in Mother Tongue: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Ethiopia.” Applied Economics 51 (6): 577–593. doi:10.1080/00036846.2018.1497852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidu, A., K. Mereku, M. Avoke, E. Ekumah, E. Tamanja, V. Adzahlie-Mensah, and A. Hartwell. 2008. Report on Teacher Capacity for Local Language Instruction. Accra, Ghana: National Centre for Research into Basic Education, University of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Shin, J., M. Sailors, N. McClung, P. D. Pearson, J. V. Hoffman, and M. Chilimanjira. 2015. “The Case of Chichewa and English in Malawi: The Impact of First Language Reading and Writing on Learning English as a Second Language.” Bilingual Research Journal 38 (3): 255–274. doi:10.1080/15235882.2015.1091050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skutnabb-Kangas, T. 2006. “Linguistic Genocide? Children’s Right to Education in Their Own Languages.” Communicating Development Research 5 (3). http://www.eldis.org/document/A46628
   Google Scholar
• Swadener, B. B., L. Lundy, J. Habashi, and N. Blanchet-Cohen, eds. 2013. Children’s Right and Education: International Perspectives. New York: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. K. 2009. “Tongue‐Tied No More? beyond Linguistic Colonialization of Multilingual Children in the Public School System.” Race Ethnicity and Education 12 (3): 417–426. doi:10.1080/13613320903178337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudell, B. 2007. “Local Community Perspectives and Language of Education in Sub-Saharan African Communities.” International Journal of Educational Development 27 (5): 552–563. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.02.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudell, B. 2009. “Local-Language Literacy and Sustainable Development in Africa.” International Journal of Educational Development 29 (1): 73–79. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudell, B. 2016. “Language Choice and Education Quality in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Review.” Comparative Education 52 (3): 281–293. doi:10.1080/03050068.2016.1185252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. 1989. http://www.unicef.org/crc/
   Google Scholar
• “What has language got to do with poverty?”. 2015. http://graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/51768-what-has-language-got-to-do-with-poverty.html
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2016. “If You Don’t Understand, How Can You Learn?” Global Education Monitoring Report, Policy Paper 24. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO Education Statistical Data. n.d. http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?queryid=120
   Google Scholar
• USAID. 2011. NALAP Formative Evaluation Report. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International.
   Google Scholar
• Zepeda, M., D. C. Castro, and S. Cronin. 2011. “Preparing Early Childhood Teachers to Work with Young Dual Language Learners.” Child Development Perspectives 5 (1): 10–14. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00141.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar