1,648
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Papers

A toxic combination of poor social policies and programmes, unfair economic arrangements and bad politics: the experiences of poor Canadians with Type 2 diabetes

, , , , &
Pages 127-145 | Received 07 May 2011, Accepted 15 Jul 2011, Published online: 17 Aug 2011

References

  • Basinski, A.S., Naylor, C.D., and Slaughter, P., eds., 1999. Hospitalization for cardiovascular medical diagnoses. In: Cardiovascular health and services in Ontario: an ICES Atlas. Toronto, Canada: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Services and Heart and Stroke Foundation (Ontario), 16–50
  • Benzeval , M . 2001 . “ Income and health over the lifecourse: evidence and policy implications ” . In Understanding health inequalities , Edited by: Graham , H. 96 – 112 . Buckingham , , UK : Open University Press .
  • Berkman , L and Syme , SL . 1979 . Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda county residents . American Journal of Epidemiology , 109 : 186 – 204 .
  • Brown , AF . 2004 . Socioeconomic position and health among persons with diabetes mellitus: a conceptual framework and review of the literature . Epidemiologic Reviews , 26 : 63 – 77 .
  • Brunner , E and Marmot , M . 2006 . “ Social organization, stress, and health ” . In Social determinants of health , 2nd , Edited by: Marmot , M. and Wilkinson , R.G. 6 – 30 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Bryant , T . 2009 . An introduction to health policy , Toronto, Canada : Canadian Scholars’ Press .
  • Bryant , T . 2011 . Canada: a land of missed opportunity for addressing the social determinants of health . Health Policy , 101 : 44 – 58 .
  • Campbell, B. and Marchildon, G.P., eds., 2007. Medicare: facts, myths, problems and promise. Toronto, Canada: James Lorimer
  • Canadian Diabetes Association, 2008. The prevalence and costs of diabetes. Available from: http://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/what/prevalence/ [Accessed 22 July 2011]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Primary Prevention Working Group . 2004 . Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by lifestyle intervention: implications for health policy . Annals of Internal Medicine , 140 : 951 – 958 .
  • Chaufan , C . 2008 . What does justice have to do with it? A bioethical and sociological perspective on the diabetes epidemic . Bioethical Issues, Sociological Perspectives , 9 : 269 – 300 .
  • Clark , AM and Thompson , DR . 2008 . The future of management programmes for heart failure . The Lancet , 372 (9641) : 784 – 786 .
  • Clark , AM . 2009 . Socioeconomic status and coronary heart disease: risks and care implications . Nature: Reviews Cardiology , 6 : 712 – 722 .
  • Cohen , S , Kaplan , G and Salonen , J . 1999 . The role of psychological characteristics in the relation between socioeconomic status and perceived health . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 29 : 445 – 468 .
  • Cohen , S and Wills , T . 1985 . Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 310 – 357 .
  • Cruickshank , J . 2001 . Sick genes, sick individuals or sick populations with chronic disease? The emergence of diabetes and high blood pressure in African-origin populations . International Journal of Epidemiology , 30 : 111 – 117 .
  • Curry-Stevens , A . 2009 . “ When economic growth doesn’t trickle down: the wage dimensions of income polarization ” . In Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives , 2nd , Edited by: Raphael , D. 362 – 377 . Toronto, Canada : Canadian Scholars Press .
  • Davey Smith, G., ed., 2003. Inequalities in health: life course perspectives. Bristol, UK: Policy Press
  • Davey Smith , G and Gordon , D . 2000 . “ Poverty across the life-course and health ” . In Tackling inequalities: where are we now and what can be done? , Edited by: Pantazis , C. and Gordon , D. 141 – 158 . Bristol , , UK : Policy Press .
  • Davey Smith , G , Grunnell , D and Ben-Shlomo , Y . 2001 . “ Life-course approaches to socioeconomic differentials in cause-specific adult mortality ” . In Poverty, inequality and health: an international perspective , Edited by: Leon , D. and Walt , G. 88 – 124 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Dinca-Panaitescua , S . 2011 . Diabetes prevalence and income: results of the Canadian Community Health Survey . Health Policy , 99 : 116 – 123 .
  • Food Banks Canada . 2011 . Hunger count 2010 , Toronto, Canada : Food Banks Canada .
  • Government of Canada, 1982. Canadian charter of rights and freedoms. Available from: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/charter/ [Accessed 22 July 2011]
  • Graham , H . 2007 . Unequal lives: health and socioeconomic inequalities , New York , NY : Open University Press .
  • Hulchanski , D . 2001 . A tale of two Canadas: homeowners getting richer, renters getting poorer , Toronto, Canada : Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto .
  • Hulchanski , D . 2007 . The three cities within Toronto: income polarization among Toronto's neighbourhoods, 1970–2000 , Toronto, Canada : Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto .
  • Hux, J., Booth, G., and Laupacis, A., 2002. The ICES practice atlas: diabetes in Ontario, Available from: http://www.ices.on.ca/ [Accessed 27 July 2011]
  • Jack , L . 2005 . Beyond lifestyle interventions in diabetes: a rationale for public and economic policies to intervene on social determinants of health . Journal of Public Health Management Practice , 11 : 357 – 360 .
  • Kabir, S., 2010. Social determinants of health approach to reduce the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Canada. Unpublished MA major research paper. School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Canada
  • Koskinen , S , Martelin , T and Valkonen , T . 1996 . Socioeconomic differences in mortality among diabetic people in Finland: five year follow up . British Medical Journal – Clinical Research , 313 : 975 – 978 .
  • Langille , D . 2009 . “ Follow the money: how business and politics shape our health ” . In Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives , 2nd , Edited by: Raphael , D. 221 – 234 . Toronto, Canada : Canadian Scholars Press .
  • McBride , S and McNutt , K . 2007 . Devolution and neo-liberalism in the Canadian welfare state: ideology, national and international conditioning frameworks, and policy change in British Columbia . Global Social Policy , 7 : 177 – 201 .
  • McCaskell, T. 2009. Neoliberalism as water balloon. Available from: http://vimeo.com/6803752 [Accessed 22 July 2011]
  • McGibbon , E . 2009 . “ Health and health care: a human rights perspective ” . In Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives , Edited by: Raphael , D. 173 – 203 . Toronto, Canada : Canadian Scholars’ Press .
  • McIntyre , L and Rondeau , K . 2009 . “ Food insecurity in Canada ” . In Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives , Edited by: Raphael , D. 235 – 251 . Toronto, Canada : Canadian Scholars Press .
  • National Council of Welfare . 2005 . From poverty to prosperity, presentation to the standing committee on finance for the 2005 pre-budget consultations , Ottawa, Canada : National Council of Welfare .
  • National Council of Welfare . 2010 . Welfare incomes 2009 , Ottawa, Canada : National Council of Welfare .
  • OECD . 1999 . The battle against exclusion: social assistance in Canada and Switzerland , Paris : OECD .
  • OECD . 2008 . Growing unequal: income distribution and poverty in OECD nations , Paris : OECD .
  • OECD . 2009 . Health at a glance 2009, OECD indicators , Paris : OECD .
  • Pilkington , FB . 2010 . The experience of living with diabetes for low income Canadians . Canadian Journal of Diabetes , 34 : 119 – 126 .
  • Raine , K . 2002 . Poverty, ethnicity and type 2 diabetes . International Diabetes Monitor , 14 : 15 – 16 .
  • Raphael , D . 2008 . Grasping at straws: a recent history of health promotion in Canada . Critical Public Health , 18 : 483 – 495 .
  • Raphael , D . 2011a . “ Interactions with the health and service sector ” . In Poverty in Canada: implications for health and quality of life , Edited by: Raphael , D. 173 – 203 . Toronto, Canada : Canadian Scholars’ Press .
  • Raphael , D . 2011b . Poverty in Canada: implications for health and quality of life. 2nd ed. , Toronto , , Canada : Canadian Scholars’ Press .
  • Raphael , D . 2011c . Poverty in childhood and adverse health outcomes in adulthood . Maturitas , 69 : 22 – 26 .
  • Raphael , D , Anstice , S and Raine , K . 2003 . The social determinants of the incidence and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: are we prepared to rethink our questions and redirect our research activities? . Leadership in Health Services , 16 : 10 – 20 .
  • Raphael , D and Farrell , ES . 2002 . Beyond medicine and lifestyle: addressing the societal determinants of cardiovascular disease in North America . Leadership in Health Services , 15 : 1 – 5 .
  • Riste , L , Khan , F and Cruickshank , K . 2001 . High prevalence of type 2 diabetes in all ethnic groups, including Europeans, in a British inner city. Relative poverty, history, inactivity, or 21st century Europe? . Diabetes Care , 24 : 1377 – 1383 .
  • Schoen , C and Doty , MM . 2004 . Inequities in access to medical care in five countries: findings from the 2001 Commonwealth Fund International Health Policy Study . Health Policy , 67 : 309 – 322 .
  • Shaw , M . 1999 . The widening gap: health inequalities and policy in Britain , Bristol , , UK : The Policy Press .
  • Starfield , B . 2007 . Pathways of influence on equity in health . Social Science and Medicine , 64 : 1355 – 1362 .
  • Statistics Canada . 2004 . Owner households and tenant households by major payments and gross rent as a percentage of 1995 household income, 1996 census, census metropolitan areas , Ottawa, Canada : Statistics Canada .
  • Statistics Canada . 2007 . Low income cut-offs for 2006 , Ottawa, Canada : Statistics Canada Income Statistics Division .
  • Statistics Canada, 2010. Total income by quintile. CANSIM Table 202-0411. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada
  • Swanson , J . 2001 . Poor-bashing: the politics of exclusion , Toronto, Canada : Between the Lines Press .
  • Teeple, G. and McBride, S., eds., 2010. Relations of global power: neoliberal order and disorder. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press
  • Theall , KP . 2003 . Perceived susceptibility to HIV among women: differences according to age . Research on Aging , 25 : 405 – 432 .
  • Townsend , P . 1993 . The international analysis of poverty , Milton Keynes : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
  • Tucker , JS . 2003 . Patterns and correlates of HIV testing among sheltered and low-income housed women in Los Angeles county . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes: JAIDS , 34 : 415 – 422 .
  • United Nations . 1948 . Universal declaration of human rights , New York , NY : United Nations .
  • Wilkins, R., 2007. Statistics Canada, Health Analysis and Measurement Group (HAMG). HAMG Seminar and Special Compilations. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada
  • World Health Organization . 2008 . Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health , Geneva : World Health Organization .
  • Yu , V and Raphael , D . 2004 . Identifying and addressing the social determinants of the incidence and successful management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Canada . Canadian Journal of Public Health , 95 : 366 – 368 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.