‘So called caste’: S. N. Balagangadhara, the Ghent School and the Politics of grievanceFootnote^**

** A very different version of this paper was presented at the British Association of South Asian Studies Conference in Nottingham in 2017. I would like to thank my co-panellist, Shalini Sharma, discussant, Ed Anderson, the two anonymous reviewers and John Zavos for their insights and suggestions.

References

• Appadurai, Arjun. 1988. “Putting Hierarchy in Its Place.” Cultural Anthropology 3 (1): 36–49. doi: 10.1525/can.1988.3.1.02a00040
   Google Scholar
• Balagangadhara, S. N. 1994. “The Heathen in His Blindness … ”: Asia, the West and the Dynamic of Religion. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Balagangadhara, S. N. 2006. “Imagining Hinduism: A Postcolonial Perspective. By Sharada Sugirtharajah. Routledge, 2003. 164 Pages. $35.95.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 74 (3): 801–805. doi: 10.1093/jaarel/lfj109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balagangadhara, S. N. 2012. Reconceptualizing India Studies. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Balagangadhara, S. N. 2015. “How About Speaking The Truth About Reservations?” Swarajya Magazine, October 14.
   Google Scholar
• Balagangadhara, S. N., and M. Keppens. 2009. “Reconceptualizing the Postcolonial Project.” Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies 11 (1): 50–68. doi: 10.1080/13698010902752731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balagangadhara, S. N., Esther Bloch, and Jakob De Roover. 2007. “Rethinking Colonialism and Colonial Consciousness: The Case of Modern India.” Unpublished paper. http://www.cultuurwetenschap.be/files/publications/Rethinking_Colonialism.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chakravarti, Anand. 2001. “Caste and Agrarian Class: A View from Bihar.” Economic and Political Weekly 36 (17): 1449–1462.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra, Kanchan. 2009. “Caste in our Social Imagination.” Seminar, no. 601 September. http://www.india-seminar.com/2009/601/601_kanchan_chandra.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Chopra, Samir. 2017. “S.N. Balagangadhara and Rajiv Malhotra on Reversing the Gaze.” Accessed November 9, 2017. https://samirchopra.com/2014/03/16/sn-balagangadhara-and-rajiv-malhotra-on-reversing-the-gaze/.
   Google Scholar
• Cohn, Bernard S. 1996. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohn, Bernard. 1998. An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Copley, Anthony. 2012. “Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of India. Edited by Bloch, Keppens and Hedge (Routledge South Asian Religion Series) pp. xv, 192. London, Routledge, 2010.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 22 (3-4): 612–613. doi: 10.1017/S1356186312000570
   Google Scholar
• de Roover, Jakob. 2015. Europe, India, and the Limits of Secularism. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Roover, Jakob. 2016. “On the Road to Renaissance?” International Journal of Hindu Studies 20: 373–383. doi: 10.1007/s11407-016-9196-3
   Google Scholar
• de Roover, Jacob. 2017. “A Nation of Tribes and Priests: The Jews and the Immorality of the Caste System.” In Western Foundations of the Caste System, edited by Martin Fárek et al., 173–220. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• de Roover, Jakob, and Sarah Claerhout. 2015. “The Caste Connection. On the Sacred Foundations of Social Hierarchy.” Theatrum Historiae 17: 9–36.
   Google Scholar
• Desai, M. S., and I. Roy. 2016. “Development Discourse and Popular Articulations in Urban Gujarat.” Critical Asian Studies 48: 1–26. doi: 10.1080/14672715.2015.1120402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhanda, Meena. 2017. “Casteism Amongst Punjabis in Britain.” Economic and Political Weekly 52 (3): 62–65.
   Google Scholar
• Dhanda, M., A. Waughray, D. Keane, D. Mosse, R. Green, and S. Whittle. 2014. Caste in Britain: Socio-Legal Review. Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report no. 91. Manchester: Equality and Human Rights Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Dirks, Nicholas B. 2001. Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fárek, Martin. 2014. “Caste or Qualification? Vaisnava Discussions about Brahmanas in Colonial India.” paper presented, Caste: Critiquing Colonial and Contemporary Constructions, Oshwal Association of the UK, 4 April 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLuUXZQuawHD3yTMJnnvl3REz9C4ckwSic&v=5RYsHRvefvw.
   Google Scholar
• Fárek, Martin, Dunkin Jalki, Sufiya Pathan, and Prakash Shah, eds. 2017. Western Foundations of the Caste System. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, C. J., and Haripriya Narasimhan. 2014. Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gandhi, Supriya. 2017. “Secularism and Hindutva Histories.” The Imminent Frame, December 1, 2017. Accessed January 8, 2018. https://tif.ssrc.org/2017/12/01/secularism-and-hindutva-histories/.
   Google Scholar
• Gelders, Raf. 2009. “Genealogy of Colonial Discourse: Hindu Traditions and the Limits of European Representation.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 51 (3): 571–572. doi: 10.1017/S0010417509000231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelders, Raf, and S. N. Balagangadhara. 2011. “Rethinking Orientalism: Colonialism and the Study of Indian Traditions.” History of Religions 51 (2): 101–128. doi: 10.1086/660928
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorringe, Hugo, and Suryakant Waghmore. 2018. “‘Go Write on the Walls that You are the Rulers of this Nation’: Dalit Mobilisation and the BJP.” Paper presented at the British Association of South Asian Studies Conference, Exeter, 18–20 April 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Gurukkal, Rajan. 2014. “A Blindness About India.” Economic and Political Weekly 49 (49): 12–15.
   Google Scholar
• Inden, Ronald B. 1986. “Orientalist Constructions of India.” Modern Asian Studies 20 (1): 401–446. doi: 10.1017/S0026749X00007800
   Google Scholar
• Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2000. “The Rise of the Other Backward Classes in the Hindi Belt.” The Journal of Asian Studies 59 (1): 86–108. doi: 10.2307/2658585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalki, Dunkin. 2018. “Who Says Lingayat Vachanas are not Adhyatmic Reflections?” Swarajya 29 April 2018. Accessed May 1, 2018. https://swarajyamag.com/ideas/who-says-lingayat-vachanas-are-not-adhyatmic-reflections.
   Google Scholar
• Jalki, Dunkin, and Sufiya Pathan. 2017. “Are There Caste Atrocities in India? What the Data Can and Cannot Tell Us.” In Western Foundations of the Caste System, edited by Fárek, Martin, Dunkin Jalki, Sufiya Pathan, and Prakash Shah, 7–84. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lal, Vinay. 1999. “The Politics of History on the Internet: Cyber-Diasporic Hinduism and the North American Hindu Diaspora.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 8 (2): 137–172. doi: 10.1353/dsp.1999.0000
   Google Scholar
• Larson, Gerald. 1997. “Review of ‘The Heathen in His Blindness … ’: Asia, the West and the Dynamic of Religion by S. N. Balagangadhara.” Philosophy East and West 47 (3): 433–435. doi: 10.2307/1399914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzen, David. 2006. Who Invented Hinduism?: Essays on Religion in History. New Delhi: Yoda Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mosse, David. 2012. The Saint in the Banyan Tree: Christianity and Caste Society in India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nagaraj, D. N. 2011. The Flaming Feet and Other Essays: the Dalit Movement in India. Kolkata: Seagull Books.
   Google Scholar
• Nair, Sulekha. 2018. “UP Govt adds ‘Ramji’ to BR Ambedkar's Name: BJP won't Succeed in Hijacking Babasaheb for Caste Politics, Say Experts.” Firstpost, April 2. Accessed May 1, 2018. https://www.firstpost.com/politics/modi-yogi-adityanath-and-the-bjp-will-not-succeed-in-hijacking-ambedkar-for-caste-politics-4415163.html.
   Google Scholar
• Nandy, Ashis, Shikha Trivedy, Shail Mayaram, and Achyut Yagnik. 1995. Creating a Nationality: The Ramjanmabhumi Movement and Fear of the Self. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, Andrew. 2010. Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oddie, Geoffrey A. 2006. Imagined Hinduism: British Protestant Missionary Construction of Hinduism, 1793–1900. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Pennington, Brian. 2005. Was Hinduism Invented? Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Raghuvanshy, Garima, Marianne Keppens, and Anil Rao. 2015. “India is not ‘Rapeistan’: How Media is Failing.” Daylio, October 24 Accessed April 23, 2018. https://www.dailyo.in/lite/politics/baghpat-sisters-rape-diktat-khap-panchayat-up-human-rights-jeetendra-singh-media-investigative-journalism/story/1/6964.html?__twitter_impression=true.
   Google Scholar
• Rao, Anupama. 2009. The Caste Question: Dalits and Politics in Modern India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rawat, Ram. 2012. Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India. Delhi: Permanent Black.
   Google Scholar
• Samarendra, Padmanabh. 2011. “Census in Colonial India and the Birth of Caste.” Economic and Political Weekly 46 (33): 50–58.
   Google Scholar
• Samarendra, Padmanabh. 2016. “Religion, Caste and Conversion.” Economic and Political Weekly 51 (4): 13–16.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar, T., et al. 1993. Khaki Shorts Saffron Flags: Critique of the Hindu Right. Delhi: Sangam Books.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, Prakash. 2015a. Against Caste in British Law: A Critical Perspective on the Caste Discrimination Provision in the Equality Act 2010. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, Prakash. 2015b. ““An Ancient System of Caste”: How the British law Against Caste Depends on Orientalism.” Theatrum Historiae 17: 119–141.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, Prakash. 2015c. “Caste, Critique and Colonial Consciousness: A Response to Meena Dhanda.” Indiafacts. Accessed November 17, 2017. http://indiafacts.org/caste-critique-and-colonial-consciousness-a-response-to-meena-dhanda/.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, Prakash. 2016. “What Lies Behind the Inclusion of Caste in the UK Equality Act?” Religion and Global Society, LSE Blog. Accessed May 2, 2018. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/religionglobalsociety/2016/10/what-lies-behind-the-inclusion-of-caste-in-the-uk-equality-act/.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, Prakash. 2017. Aryalegal Blog Post. ‘Dear Dr. Shalini Sharma’, November 6. Accessed November 17, 2017. https://aryalegal.wordpress.com/2017/11/06/dear-dr-shalini-sharma/.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, Shalini. 2017. “Hindutva and Historical Revisionism.” History Workshop On-Line, July 20. http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/hindutva-and-historical-revisionism/#comments.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, David. 2002. Hinduism and Modernity. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• van der Veer, Peter. 1992. “Ayodhya and Somnath: Eternal Shrines, Contested Histories.” Social Research 59 (1): 85–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veerendra, P. M. 2015. “Action Sought against Prof. Balagangadhar.” The Hindu, December 22.
   Google Scholar