‘Multiple personality disorder’ presenting to the English courts: A case-study

References

• Abrams , S. 1983 . ‘The Multiple Personality: a Legal Defence’. . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 25 ( 4 ) : 225 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , R. B. 1981 . ‘Multiple Personality and Criminal Behaviour’. . American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 2 : 32 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Allison , R. B. 1982 . ‘The Multiple Personality Defendant in Court’. . American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 3 : 181 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Allison , R. B. 1984 . ‘Difficulties Diagnosing the Multiple Personality Syndrome in a Death Penalty Case’. . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 32 : 102 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, , 4th edn , Washington, DC : APA. . (DSM-IV).
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , J. G. and Loewenstein , R. J. 1990 . ‘Characteristics of Patients with Multiple Personality and Dissociative Disorders on Testing’. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 178 : 448 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss , E. L. 1986 . Multiple Personality, Allied Disorders and Hypnosis , New York : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Boor , M. 1992 . ‘The Multiple Personality Epidemic’. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 170 : 302 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Brick , S. S. and Chu , J. A. 1991 . ‘The Simulation of Multiple Personalities: a Case Report’. . Psychotherapy , 28 ( 2 ) : 267 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce-Jones , W. and Coid , J. 1992 . ‘Identity Diffusion Presenting as Multiple Personality Disorder in a Female Psychopath’. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 541 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck , O. D. 1983 . ‘Multiple Personality Disorder as a Borderline State’. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 171 : 62 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clary , W. F. , Burstin , K. J. and Carpenter , J. S. 1984 . ‘Multiple Personality and Borderline Personality Disorder’. . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 7 : 89 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coons , P. M. 1988 . ‘Misuse of Forensic Hypnosis: a Hypnotically Elicited False Confession with the Apparent Creation of a Multiple Personality’. . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 36 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coons , P. M. 1991 . ‘Iatrogenesis and Malingering of Multiple Personality Disorder in the Forensic Evaluation of Homicide Defendants’. . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 14 ( 3 ) : 757 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cripps , J. and James , D. V. 1995 . ‘An Insane Way to Behave? Sources of Confusion under the Criminal Procedure (Insanity and Unfitness to Plead) Act 1991’. . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 6 ( 3 ) : 77 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Cutler , B. and Reed , J. 1975 . ‘Multiple Personality: A Single Case Study with a 15-year Follow-up’. . Psychological Medicine , 5 : 18 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastman , N. 1996 . ‘Hybrid Orders: an Analysis of their Likely Effects on Sentencing Practice and on Forensic Psychiatric Practice and Services’. . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 7 ( 3 ) : 481 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahy , T. 1988 . ‘The Diagnosis of Multiple Personality Disorder. A Critical Review’. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 597 – 606 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahy , T. A. , Abas , M. and Christie Brown , J. 1989 . ‘Multiple Personality: a Symptom of Psychiatric Disorder’. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 99 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink , D. 1991 . ‘The Comorbidity of Multiple Personality Disorder and DSM-III-R Axis II Disorders’. . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 14 : 547 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel , F. H. 1993 . ‘Adult Reconstruction of Childhood Events in the Multiple Personality Literature’. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 ( 6 ) : 954 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeland , A. , Manchanda , R. , Chiu , S. , Sharma , V. and Merskey , H. 1993 . ‘Four Cases of Supposed Personality Disorder: Evidence of Unjustified Diagnoses’. . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 38 : 245 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French , A. P. and Shechmeister , J. D. 1983 . ‘The Multiple Personality Syndrome and Criminal Defence’. . Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law , 11 ( 1 ) : 17 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goff , D. C. , Olin , J. A. , Jenike , M. A. , Baer , L. and Buttolph , M. L. 1992 . ‘Dissociative Symptoms in Patients with Obsessive-compulsive Disorder’. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 180 ( 5 ) : 332 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacking , I. 1992 . ‘Multiple Personality Disorder and its Hosts’. . History of Human Science , 5 : 3 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halleck , S. L. 1990 . ‘Dissociative Phenomena and the Question of Responsibility’. . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 38 : 298 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horewitz , R. P. and Braun , B. G. 1984 . ‘Are Multiple Personalities Borderlines? An Analysis of 33 Cases’. . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 7 : 69 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , D. V. 1998 . ‘Multiple Personality in the Courts: a Review of the North American Experience’. . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 9 : 339 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes , D. 1981 . The Minds of Billy Milligan , New York : Random House. .
   Google Scholar
• Kirsten , M. 1990 . ‘Multiple Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder’. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 1386 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. 1987a . ‘First Rank Symptoms as a Diagnostic Clue to Multiple Personality Disorder’. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 293 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. 1987b . ‘The Simulation and Dissimulation of Multiple Personality Disorder’. . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 30 ( 2 ) : 104 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , D. O. and Bard , J. S. 1991 . ‘Multiple Personality and Forensic Issues’. . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 14 ( 3 ) : 741 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merskey , H. 1992 . ‘The Manufacture of Personalities. The Production of Multiple Personality Disorder’. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 327 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merskey , H. 1995 . ‘Multiple Personality Disorder and False Memory Syndrome’. . British Journal of Psychiatry. ,
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orne , M. T. , Dinges , D. F. and Orne , E. C. 1984 . ‘On the Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Personality in the Forensic Context’. . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 32 ( 2 ) : 118 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perr , I. R. 1991 . ‘Crime and Multiple Personality Disorder: a Case History and Discussion’. . Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law , 19 ( 2 ) : 203 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piper , A. 1994 . ‘Multiple Personality Disorder’. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 164 : 600 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. , Guroff , J. J. , Silberman , E. K. , Barban , L. and Post , R. M. 1986 . ‘The Clinical Phenomenology of Multiple Personality Disorder: Review of 100 Recent Cases’. . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 47 ( 6 ) : 285 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , C. A. 1997 . Dissociative Identity Disorder: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder , New York : John Wiley. .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , C. A. and Anderson , G. 1988 . ‘Phenomenological Overlap of Multiple Personality Disorder and Obsessive-compulsive Disorder’. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 176 ( 5 ) : 295 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , C. A. , Norton , G. R. and Wozney , K. 1989 . ‘Multiple Personality Disorder: an Analysis of 236 Cases’. . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 34 ( 5 ) : 413 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , C. A. , Miller , S. D. , Reagor , P. , Bjornson , L. , Fraser , G. A. and Anderson , G. 1990 . ‘Structured Interview Data on 102 Cases of Personality Disorder from Four Centres’. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 ( 5 ) : 596 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saks , E. R. 1994 . ‘Does Multiple Personality Exist? The Beliefs, the Data and the Law’. . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 17 ( 1 ) : 43 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saks , E. R. 1997 . Jekyll on Trial. Multiple Personality Disordered Criminal Law , New York and London : New York University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Slovenko , R. 1993 . ‘The Multiple Personality and the Criminal Law’. . Medicine and Law , 12 : 329 – 40 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solomka , B. 1996 . ‘The Role of Psychiatric Evidence in Passing “Longer than Normal” Sentences’. . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 7 ( 2 ) : 239 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spanos , N. P. 1996 . Multiple Identities and False Memories: a Sociocognitive Perspective , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association. .
   Google Scholar
• Spanos , N. P. , Weekes , J. R. and Lorme , D. B. 1985 . ‘Multiple Personality: a Social Psychological Perspective’. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 94 ( 3 ) : 362 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg , M. , Bancroft , J. and Buchanan , J. 1993 . ‘Multiple Personality Disorder in Criminal Law’. . Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law , 21 ( 3 ) : 345 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watkins , J. G. 1984 . ‘The Bianchi (L.A. Hillside Strangler) Case: Sociopath or Multiple Personality?’ . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 32 : 67 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation . 1992 . The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders , Geneva : WHO. .
   Google Scholar