The impact of the employee-organization relationship on temporary employees' performance and attitude: testing a Singaporean sample

REFERENCES

• Adams, J.S. (1965) 'Inequity in Social Exchange'. In Berkowitz L. (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2. New York: Academic Press, pp. 267-300.
   Google Scholar
• Albrecht, D.G. (1998) 'New Heights: Today's Contract Workers are Highly Promotable', Workforce, April: 42-8.
   Google Scholar
• Angle, H.L. and Perry, J.L. (1981) 'An Empirical Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness', Administrative Science Quarterly, 26: 1-14.
   Google Scholar
• Argyris, C.P. (1960), Understanding Organizational Behavior. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arthur, J.B. (1992) "The Link between Business Strategy and Industrial Relations Systems in American Steel Minimills', Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45: 488-506.
   Google Scholar
• Arthur, J.B. (1994) 'Effects of Human Resource Systems on Manufacturing Performance and Turnover', Academy of Management Journal, 37: 670-87.
   Google Scholar
• Atchison, T.J. (1991) "The Employment Relationship: Un-tied or Re-tied?', Academy of Management Executive, 5(4): 52-62.
   Google Scholar
• Barnard, C.I. (1938) The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barrel, A.P. (1991) 'Productivity Gains from the Implementation of Employee Training', Working paper no. 3893. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Barrel, A.P. (1994) 'Productivity Gains from the Implementation of Employee Training Programs', Industrial Relations, 33(3): 411-25.
   Google Scholar
• Barrel, A.P. (1995). 'Training, Wage Growth and Job Performance: Evidence from a Company Database', Journal of Labor Economics, 13: 401-25.
   Google Scholar
• Beard, K.M. and Edwards, J.R. (1995) 'Employees at Risk: Contingent Work and the Psychological Experience of Contingent Workers', Trends in Organizational Behavior, 2: 109-26.
   Google Scholar
• Beehr, T.A. and Diexler, J.A. (1986) 'Social Support, Autonomy, and Hierarchical Level as Moderators of the Role Characteristics-Outcome Relationship', Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 7(3): 207-14.
   Google Scholar
• Blau, P.M. (1964) Exchange and Power in Social Life. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C. (1990) 'Empirical Evidence on Private Training', Research in Labor Economics, 97-113.
   Google Scholar
• Camman, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D. and Klesh, J. (1979) 'The Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire', unpublished manuscript. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Carlopio, J. and Gardner, D. (1995) 'Perceptions of Work and Workplace: Mediators of the Relationship between Job Level and Employee Reactions', Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68(4): 321-6.
   Google Scholar
• Caudron, S. (1994) 'Contingent Workforce Spurs HR Planning', Personnel Journal, 73(7): 52-60.
   Google Scholar
• Darden, W.R., Hampton, R.D. and Boatwright, E.W. (1987) 'Investigating Retail Employee Turnover: An Application of Survival Analysis', Journal of Retailing, 63: 69-87.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, L. (1997) 'The Temp Pool's Shrinking', Workforce, April: 73-80.
   Google Scholar
• Dubin, R. (1978) Theory Building, 2nd ed. New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dyer, L. and Holder, G.W. (1988) 'Toward a Strategic Perspective of Human Resource Management'. In Dyer L. (ed.) Human Resource Management: Evolving Roles and Responsibilities. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, pp. 1-46.
   Google Scholar
• Ekeh, PP. (1979) Social Exchange Theory: Two Traditions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Emerson, R. (1981) 'Social Exchange Theory'. In Rosenberg M. and Turner R. (eds.) Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives. New York: Basic Books, pp. 30-65.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, D.C. and Doerpinghaus, H. I. (1992) 'Missing Persons No Longer: Managing Part-time Workers in the '90s', Organizational Dynamics, 21(1): 59-72.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, D.C., Doerpinghaus, H. I. and Tumley, W. H. (1994) 'Managing Temporary Workers: A Permanent HRM Challenge', Organizational Dynamics, 23(2): 49-63.
   Google Scholar
• Good, L.K., Page, T.J., Jr. and Young, C.E. (1996). 'Assessing Hierarchical Differences in Job-related Attitudes and Turnover among Retail Managers', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24(2): 148-56.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhaus, J.H., Parasuraman, S. and Wormley, W.M. (1990). Effects of Race on Organizational Experiences, Job Performance Evaluations, and Career Outcomes,' Academy of Management Journal, 33: 64-86.
   Google Scholar
• Gritz, R.M. (1993) "The Impact of Training on the Frequency and Duration of Employment', Journal of Econometrics, 57: 21-51.
   Google Scholar
• Guzzo, R.A. and Noonan, K.A. (1994) 'Human Resource Practices as Communications and the Psychological Contract,' Human Resource Management, 33(3): 447-62.
   Google Scholar
• Hackman, J.R. and Oldham, G.R. (1975) 'Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey', Journal of Applied Psychology, 60: 159-70.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J.P., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1995) Muhivariate Data Analysis, 4th edn. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Harber, D., Marriott, F. and Idrus, N. (1991) 'Employee Participation in TQC: The Effects of Job Levels on Participation and Job Satisfaction', International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 8(5): 35-54.
   Google Scholar
• Hippel, C.V., Mangum, S.L., Greenberger, D.B., Heneman, R.L. and Skoglind, J.D. (1997) 'Temporary Employment: Can Organizations and Employees Both Win?', Academy of Management Executive, 11(1): 93-104.
   Google Scholar
• Horn, P.W. and Griffeth, R.W. (1995) Employee Turnover. Cincinnati, H: Southwestern College Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Igbaria, M. and Greenhaus, J.H. (1992) 'Determinants of MIS Employees' Turnover Intentions: A Structural Equation Model', Communications of the ACM, 35(2): 35-49.
   Google Scholar
• Igbaria, M. and Siegal, S.R. (1992) 'The Reasons for Turnover of Information Systems Personnel', Information & Management, 23: 321-30.
   Google Scholar
• IRS Employment Trends 659 (1998) 'Union Recognition for Temporary Agency Workers', July: 4-8.
   Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick, S. and Fdmingham, B. (1996) 'Labour Mobility in the Australian Region', Economic Record, 72(218): 214-23.
   Google Scholar
• Kosters, M.H. (1997) 'New Employment Relationships and the Labor Market', Journal of Labor Research, 18(4): 551-9.
   Google Scholar
• Kotier, J.P. (1973) "The Psychological Contract: Managing the Joining-up Process', California Management Review. 15(3): 91-9.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, A. and Rouse, C. (1998) 'The Effect of Workplace Education on Earnings, Turnover, and Job Performance,' Journal of Labor Economics, 16(1): 61-94.
   Google Scholar
• Lawler, E.E., III (1986) High-involvement Management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Lawler, E.E., III (1988) 'Choosing an Involvement Strategy ', Academy of Management Executive, 2(3): 197-204.
   Google Scholar
• Lawler, E.E., III (1992) The Ultimate Advantage: Creating the High-involvement Organisation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Levinson, H., Price, C.R., Munden, K.J., Mandl, H.J. and Solley, C.M. (1962) Men, Management and Mental Health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• March, J.G. and Simon, H.A. (1958) Organizations. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Mathieu, J.E. and Zajac, D.M. (1990) 'A Review and Meta-analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of Organisational Commitment', Psychologkai Bulletin, 108: 171-194.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, A.D., Tsui, A.S. and Minings, C.R. (1993) 'Configurational approaches to Organizational Analysis', Academy of Management Journal, 36: 1175-95.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, R.E. (1989) 'Adapting to Technology and Competition: A New Industrial Relations System for the 21st Century', California Management Review, 31(2): 9-28.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Labour (Research and Statistics Department) (1994) Report on the Labour Force Survey of Singapore 1994. Singapore: Ministry of Labour.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Labour (Research and Statistics Department) (1997) Report on the Labour Force Survey of Singapore 1997. Singapore: Ministry of Labour.
   Google Scholar
• Organ, D.W. (1988) Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
   Google Scholar
• Osterman, P. (1988) Employment Futures: Reorganization, Dislocation, and Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ouchi, W.G. (1980). 'Markets, Bureaucracies, and Clans', Administrative Science Quarterly, 25: 129-41.
   Google Scholar
• Parks, J.M. (1992) "The Role of Incomplete Contracts and their Governance in Delinquency, In-role, and Extra-role Behaviors', paper presented at the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Montreal.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J.L. and Peters, R.H. (1985) 'A Contradictory Norm View of Employer-Employee Exchange', Journal of Management, 11: 19-30.
   Google Scholar
• Purcell, K. and Purcell, J. (1998) 'Insourcing, Outsourcing, and the Growth of Contingent Labour as Evidence of Flexible Employment Strategies', European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 7(1): 39-59.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, S.L., Kraatz, M.S. and Rousseau, D.M. (1994). 'Changing Obligations and the Psychological Contract: A Longitudinal Study', Academy of Management Journal, 37: 137-52.
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D.M. (1989) 'Psychological and Implied Contracts in Organizations', Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2: 121-39.
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D.M. (1995) Psychological Contracts in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D.M. and Anton, R.J. (1988) 'Fairness and Implied Contract Obligations in Job Terminations: A Policy Capturing Study', Human Performance, 1: 273-89.
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D.M. and Parks, J.M. (1993) "The Contracts of Individuals and Organizations', Research in Organizational Behavior, 15: 1-43.
   Google Scholar
• Schein, E.H. (1980) Organizational Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Seashore, S.E., Lawler, E.E., Mirvis, P. and Camman, C. (eds) (1982) Observing and Measuring Organizational Change: A Guide to Field Practice. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Shore, L.M. and Tetrick, L.E. (1994) 'The Psychological Contract as an Explanatory Framework in the Employment Relationship', Trends in Organizational Behavior, 1: 91-109.
   Google Scholar
• Sommer, S.M., Bae, S.H. and Luthans, F. (1996). Organisational Commitment across Cultures: The Impact of Antecedents on Korean Employees', Human Relations, 49(7): 977-93.
   Google Scholar
• Stellman, J.M., Klitzman, S., Gordon, G.C. and Snow, B.R. (1987) 'Work Environment and the Well-being of Clerical and VDT Workers', Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 8: 95-114.
   Google Scholar
• The Straits Times (1997). 'Manpower Acquires Goodmen: New Company Poised for Growth', 4 November.
   Google Scholar
• The Straits Times (1998a) 'Fresh Grads Resorting to Part-time Jobs', 16 July.
   Google Scholar
• The Straits Times (1998b). 'Six in 10 Hit by Downturn', 5 September.
   Google Scholar
• Szilagyi, A.D., Jr., Sims, H.P. and Keller, R.T. (1976) 'Role Dynamics, Locus of Control, and Employee Attitudes and Behaviour', Academy of Management Journal, 19: 259-76.
   Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum, S.I., Mathieu, J.E., Salas, E. and Cannon-Bowers, J. (1991) 'Meeting Trainees' Expectations: The Influence of Training Fulfillment on the Development of Commitment, Self-efficacy, and Motivation', Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 759-69.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, K.W. and Velthouse, B.A. (1990) 'Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: An "Interpretive" Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation', Academy of Management Review, 15: 66-681.
   Google Scholar
• Tsui, A.S., Pearce, J.L., Porter, L.W. and Kite, J.P. (1995) 'Choice of Employee-Organization Relationship: Influence of External and Internal Organizational Factors'. In Ferns, G.R. (ed.) Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 13: 117-51.
   Google Scholar
• Tsui, A.S., Pearce, J.L., Porter, L.W. and Tripoli, A.M. (1997). 'Alternative Approaches to the Employee-Organization Relationship: Does Investment in Employees Pay Off?', Academy of Management Journal, 40(5): 1089-111.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, R.E. (1985) 'From Control to Commitment in the Workplace', Harvard Business Review, 63(2): 77-84.
   Google Scholar
• Weick, K. (1979) Social Psychology of Organizing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Zeffrane, R. (1994) 'The Influence of Computer Usage on Employees and Managers' Satisfaction: Findings from the Australian Telecommunications', Human Systems Management, 13(4): 269-82.
   Google Scholar