Discrimination in hiring against immigrants and ethnic minorities: the effect of unionization

References

• Aigner , D. and Cain , G. 1977 . Statistical Theories of Discrimination in Labor Markets . Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 30 : 1975 – 1987 .
   Google Scholar
• Arrow , K.J. 1998 . What has Economics to say about Racial Discrimination? . The Journal of Economic Perspectives , 12 ( 2 ) : 91 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashenfelter , O. 1972 . Racial Discrimination and Trade Unionism . Journal of Political Economy , 80 ( 3 ) : 435 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher , R. and Stephenson , C. , eds. 1990 . Labor Divided: Race and Ethnicity in United States and Labor Struggles 1935–1960 , Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Athey , S. , Avery , C. and Zemsky , P. 2000 . Mentoring and Diversity . American Economic Review , 90 ( 4 ) : 765 – 786 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics . 2001 . Populations of Australia and New Zealand: A Comparison . Australian Demographic Statistics, March Quarter 2001 , (Catalogue. No. 3101.0)
   Google Scholar
• BBC News (2004, 27 April), “Blair Pledges Immigration Review,” retrieved on 4 May 2004 from http://www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3661261.stm
   Google Scholar
• Becker , G.S. 1957 . The Economics of Discrimination , Chicago, IL : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bertone , S. and Griffin , G. 1995 . Immigrant Female Workers and Australian Trade Unions . Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations , 50 ( 1 ) : 117 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Borjas , G. and Goldberg , M. 1978 . Biased Screening and Discrimination in the Labor Market . American Economic Review , 68 ( 5 ) : 918 – 922 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowles , S. and Gintis , H. 1976 . Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Modern Life , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• CBS News (2003, 21 January) . Hispanics now Largest US Minority . CBSNEWS , retrieved on 19 April 2004 from http;//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/01/21/national/main537369/shtml
   Google Scholar
• Chaison , G. and Dhavale , D.G. 1990 . The Changing Scope of Union Organizing . Journal of Labor Research , 11 ( 3 ) : 307 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Coate , S. and Loury , G. 1993 . Will Affirmative-Action Policies Eliminate Negative Stereotypes? . American Economic Review , 83 ( 5 ) : 1220 – 1240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , A. and Kirchmeyer , C. 1994 . Unions and Ethnic Diversity: The Israeli Case of East European Immigrants . Journal of Applied Behaviorial Science , 30 ( 2 ) : 141 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , A. , Harbridge , R. and Walsh , P. 2000 . Union and Union Membership in New Zealand: Annual Review for 1999 . New Zealand Journal of Industrial Relations , 25 ( 3 ) : 291 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Daniels , J.P. and Von Der Ruhr , M. 2003 . The Determinants of Immigrant Policy Preferences in Advanced Economies: A Cross-country Study . Atlantic Economic Journal , 31 ( 2 ) : 146 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Defreitas , G. 1993 . Unionization Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities . Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 46 ( 2 ) : 284 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• England , P. 1992 . Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence , Hawthorne, NY : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• EU Business (2004, 4 May), “EU Newcomers Urge End to Worker Restrictions,” retrieved on 4 May 2004 from http://www.eubusiness.com/afp/040504161955.bu573r44
   Google Scholar
• Farber , H.S. and Western , B. 2001 . Accounting for the Decline of Unions in the Private Sector, 1973–1998 . Journal of Labor Research , 22 ( 3 ) : 459 – 485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , C.C. 1987 . Toward a More Complete Understanding of Occupational Sex Discrimination . Journal of Economic Issues , 21 ( 1 ) : 113 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foner , P.S. 1974 . Organized Labor and the Black Worker 1619–1973 , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , R.B. and Medoff , J.L. 1984 . What Do Unions Do , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Funkhouser , E. 1993 . Do Immigrants have Lower Unionization Propensities than Natives? . Industrial Relations , 32 ( 2 ) : 248 – 261 .
   Google Scholar
• Godard , J. 2000 . Industrial Relations, the Economy, and Society , North York, Ontario : Captus Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , D. 1972 . Theories of Poverty and Unemployment , Lexington, MA : Heath .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , W. 1977 . Black Workers in White Unions: Job Discrimination in the United States , New York : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grenier , G. and Nissen , B. 2000 . Comparative Union Response to Mass Immigration: Evidence from an Immigrant City . Critical Sociology , 26 ( 1/2 ) : 82 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Hayes James , E. 2000 . Race-related Differences in Promotions and Support: Underlying Effects of Human and Social Capital . Organization Science , 11 ( 5 ) : 493 – 508 .
   Google Scholar
• He, W., and Hobbs, F. (1999), “The Emerging Minority Marketplace–Minority Population Growth: 1995 to 2050,” US Department of Commerce. www.mbda.gov/documents/mbdacolor.pdf (http://www.mbda.gov/documents/mbdacolor.pdf) (Retrieved 16 April 2004)
   Google Scholar
• Heywood , J.S. and Mohtad , H. 1995 . The Racial Composition of Unemployment: The Role of Unions . The Manchester School , 63 ( 2 ) : 175 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , H. 1985 . Black Labor and the American Legal System: Race, Work, and the Law , Madison, WS : University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , G. and Rayside , D. 2000 . Labor Union Response to Diversity in Canada and the United States . Industrial Relations , 39 ( 3 ) : 401 – 444 .
   Google Scholar
• Jain , H. and Al-Waqfi , M. 2000 . Racial Discrimination in Employment in Canada . Proceedings of the XXXVIIth Conference of the Canadian Industrial Relations Association , : 47 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Jain , H. and Sloane , P. 1981 . Equal Employment Issues: Race and Sex Discrimination in the United States, Canada, and Britain , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• James , C. 1999 . Migrant Repellent . Far Eastern Economic Review , 162 ( 27 ) : 22
   Google Scholar
• Kim , D. and Kim , S. 1997 . The Effects on Union Membership of Race and Immigrant Status . Journal of Applied Behaviorial Science , 30 ( 3 ) : 378 – 396 .
   Google Scholar
• Lahav , G. 1997 . Ideological and Party Constraints on Immigration Attitudes in Europe . Journal of Common Market Studies , 35 ( 3 ) : 377 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le , P.M. and Kleiner , B.H. 2000 . A Review of Current Empirical Research Concerning Race Discrimination at Work . Equal Opportunities International , 19 ( 6/7 ) : 98 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Leah , R. 1993 . “ Black Women Speak Out ” . In Women Challenging Unions: Feminism, Democracy, and Militancy , Edited by: Briskin , L. and McDermott , P. 157 – 171 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leonard , J.S. 1985 . The Effect of Unions on the Employment of Blacks, Hispanics, and Women . Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 39 ( 1 ) : 115 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Lynk , M. 2000 . Union Democracy and the Law in Canada . Journal of Labor Research , 21 ( 1 ) : 37 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalf , D. , Hansen , K. and Charlwood , A. 2001 . Unions and the Sword of Justice: Unions and Pay Systems, Pay Inequality, Pay Discrimination and Low Pay . National Institute Economic Review , 17 ( 6 ) : 61 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Metz , I. and Tharenou , P. 2001 . Women's Career Development: The Relative Contribution of Human and Social Capital . Group and Organization Management , 26 ( 3 ) : 312 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neter , J. , Kutner , M. , Nachtsheim , C. and Wasserman , W. 1996 . Applied Linear Models , 4th ed. , Chicago, IL : Irwin .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , S. 1995 . Population growth in the Pacific . Viewpoints , 95 ( 2 ) : 6 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Newton , L.A. and Shore , L.M. 1992 . A Model of Union Membership: Instrumentality, Commitment and Opposition . Academy of Management Review , 17 ( 2 ) : 275 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olzak , S. 1989 . Labor Unrest, Immigration, and Ethnic Conflict in Urban America, 1880–1914 . The American Journal of Sociology , 97 ( 6 ) : 1303 – 1333 .
   Google Scholar
• Phelps , E. 1972 . The Statistic Theory of Racism and Sexism . American Economic Review , 64 : 59 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Quinlan , M. 1989 . “ Unions and Immigrants: The Post Second World War Experience ” . In Australian Unions , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Ford , B. and Plowman , D. 203 – 224 . Melbourne : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Reshef , Y. and Lam , H. 1999 . Union Responses to Quality Improvement Initiatives: Factors Shaping Support and Resistance . Journal of Labor Research , 20 ( 1 ) : 111 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccucci , N.M. 1990 . Women, Minorities, and Unions in the Public Sector , New York : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roemer , J. 1979 . Divide and Conquer: Microfoundations of a Marxian Theory of Wage Discrimination . Bell Journal of Economics , 10 : 695 – 705 .
   Google Scholar
• Shan , J. , Morris , A. and Sun , F. 1999 . Immigration and Unemployment: New Evidence from Australia and New Zealand . International Review of Applied Economics , 13 ( 2 ) : 253 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada (2003a, 23 April), “Visible Minority Population, Provinces and Territories: 2001 Census,” retrieved 16 April 2004 from http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/demo40a.htm
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada (2003b, 12 May), “Proportion of Foreign-born Population, Provinces and Territories,” retrieved 16 April 2004 from http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/demo46a.htm
   Google Scholar
• Statistics New Zealand (2003c, 12 December), “Projections Overview: Ethnic Population Projections,” retrieved 23 April 2004 from www.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/web/prod_serv.nsf/htmldocs/projections+overview#EthnicPopulationProjections (http://www.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/web/prod_serv.nsf/htmldocs/projections+overview#ethnicpopulationprojections)
   Google Scholar
• Statistics New Zealand (2004, 4 February), “Visitors Arrivals up 12 Percent. External Migration December 2003 – Media Release,” retrieved 16 April 2004 from http://www.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/web/Media+Release+External+Migration+December+2003?open
   Google Scholar
• Tomaskovic-Devey , D. and Skaggs , S. 1999 . An Establishment-level Test of the Statistical Discrimination Hypothesis . Work and Occupations , 26 ( 4 ) : 422 – 445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virdee , S. and Grint , K. 1994 . Black Self-organization in Trade Unions . The Sociological Review , 42 ( 2 ) : 202 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , W.P. 1978 . White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy towards Orientals in British Columbia , Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press .
   Google Scholar
• White , J. 1993 . Sisters and Solidarity: Women and Unions in Canada , Toronto : Thomson Educational Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Withers , G. and Pope , D. 1985 . Immigration and Unemployment . Economic Record , 61 : 554 – 563 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , C. 2001 . A Clean Sweep: Justice for Janitors . Multinational Monitor , 22 ( 1/2 ) : 12 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Zeitlin , M. and Weyher , L.F. 2001 . ‘Black and White, Unite and Fight:' Interracial Working-class Solidarity and Racial Employment Equality . The American Journal of Sociology , 107 ( 2 ) : 430 – 467 .
   Google Scholar
• Zeltzer , S. 1999 . Global Victory for Workers in Seattle: Workers, Students, Activists Rout WTO . Labournet , retrieved 10 February 2004 from http://www.labournet.net/docks2/9912/wto37.htm
   Google Scholar