Work and family demands and life stress among Chinese employees: The mediating effect of work–family conflict

References

• Aiken , L.S. and West , S.G. 1991 . Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• All-China Women's Federation (ACWF) . 2005 . Facts and Data . retrieved 31st October 2005 from: http://www.women.org.cn/womenorg/english/english/fact/mulu.htm
   Google Scholar
• Barnett , R.C. , Marshall , N.L. and Pleck , J.H. 1992 . Men's Multiple Roles and Their Relationship to Men's Psychological Distress . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 54 : 358 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R.M. and Kenny , D.A. 1986 . The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brief , A.P. , Burke , M.J. , George , J.M. , Robinson , B.S. and Webster , J. 1988 . Should Negative Affectivity Remain an Unmeasured Variable in the Study of Job Stress? . Journal of Applied Psychology , 73 : 193 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brislin , R.W. 1970 . Back-translation for Cross-cultural Research . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 1 : 185 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bu , N. and McKeen , C.A. 2000 . Work and Family Expectations of the Future Managers and Professionals of Canada and China . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 15 : 771 – 794 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , L. 1999 . Gender Role Egalitarian Attitudes in Beijing, Hong Kong, Florida, and Michigan . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 30 : 722 – 741 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C.C. 1995 . New Trends in Rewards Allocation Preferences: A Sino–U.S. Comparison . Academy of Management Journal , 38 : 408 – 428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darlington , R.B. 1968 . Multiple Regression in Psychological Research . Psychological Bulletin , 79 : 161 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , D.S. 1999 . Self-employment in Shanghai: A Research Note . The China Quarterly , 157 : 22 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• DeFrank , R.S. and Ivancevich , J.M. 1998 . Stress on the Job: An Executive Update . Academy of Management Executive , 12 : 55 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Doby , V.J. and Caplan , R.D. 1995 . Organizational Stress as Threat to Reputation: Effects on Anxiety at Work and at Home . Academy of Management Journal , 38 : 1105 – 1123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earley , P.C. 1997 . Face, Harmony, & Social Structure: An Analysis of Organizational Behaviour across Cultures , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , J.R. 1996 . An Examination of Competing Versions of the Person-environment Fit Approach to Stress . Academy of Management Journal , 39 : 292 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , J.R. and Rothbard , N.P. 2000 . Mechanisms Linking Work and Family: Clarifying the Relationship between Work and Family Constructs . Academy of Management Review , 25 : 178 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entwisle , B. , Henderson , G.E. , Short , S.E. , Bouma , J. and Zhai , F. 1995 . Gender and Family Businesses in Rural China . American Sociological Review , 60 : 36 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folger , R. and Konovsky , M.A. 1989 . Effects of Procedural Justice, Distributive Justice, and Reactions to Pay Raise Decisions . Academy of Management Journal , 32 : 115 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , M.L. , Dwyer , D.J. and Ganster , D.C. 1993 . Effects of Stressful Job Demands and Control on Physiological and Attitudinal Outcomes in a Hospital Setting . Academy of Management Journal , 36 : 289 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French , J.R.P. Jr. , Caplan , R.D. and Van Harrison , R. 1982 . The Mechanisms of Job Stress and Strain , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Frone , M.R. and McFarlin , D.B. 1989 . Chronic Occupational Stressors, Self-focused Attention, and Well-being: Testing a Cybernetic Model of Stress . Journal of Applied Psychology , 74 : 876 – 883 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frone , M.R. , Russell , M. and Cooper , M.L. 1992 . Antecedents and Outcomes of Work–Family Conflict: Testing a Model of the Work–Family Interface . Journal of Applied Psychology , 77 : 65 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhaus , J.H. and Beutell , N.J. 1985 . Sources of Conflict between Work and Family Roles . Academy of Management Review , 10 : 76 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , D.T. and Richter , J. 1988 . Balancing Work Life and Home Life: What Can Organizations Do to Help? . Academy of Management Executive , 11 : 213 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G. 2001 . Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations , 2nd ed. , Sage : Thousand Oaks, CA .
   Google Scholar
• House , J.S. , Strecher , V. , Metzner , H.L. and Robbins , C.A. 1986 . Occupational Stress and Health among Men and Women in the Tecumseh Community Health Study . Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 27 : 62 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , H.C. 1944 . The Chinese Concepts of ‘Face’ . American Anthropologist , 46 : 45 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , S.E. , Zedeck , S. and Summers , E. 1985 . Family Life Disruptions: Effects of Job-induced Structural and Emotional Interference . Academy of Management Journal , 28 : 574 – 586 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jick , T.D. and Mitz , L.F. 1985 . Sex Differences in Work Stress . Academy of Management Review , 10 : 408 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns , G. and Xie , J.L. 1998 . Perceptions of Absence from Work: People's Republic of China versus Canada . Journal of Applied Psychology , 83 : 515 – 530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joplin , J.R.W. , Francesco , A.M. , Shaffer , M.A. and Lau , T. 2003 . The Macro-environment and Work-family Conflict: Development of a Cross Cultural Comparative Framework . International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management , 3 : 305 – 328 .
   Google Scholar
• Kahn , R.L. and Byosiere , P. 1992 . “ Stress in Organizations ” . In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , Edited by: Dunnette , M.D. and Hough , L.M. 571 – 650 . Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press . (2nd ed.), (Vol. 3)
   Google Scholar
• Kahn , R.L. , Wolfe , D.M. , Quinn , R.P. , Snoek , J.R. and Rosenthal , R.A. 1964 . Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Kanter , R.M. 1977 . Work and Family in the United States: A Critical Review and Agenda for Research and Policy , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Karasek , R.A. 1979 . Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign . Administrative Science Quarterly , 24 : 285 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , P.M. and Schafer , R.B. 1980 . Role Strain and Depression in Two Job Families . Family Relations , 29 : 483 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopelman , R.E. , Greenhaus , J.H. and Connolly , T.F. 1983 . A Model of Work, Family, and Interrole Conflict: A Construct Validation Study . Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance , 32 : 198 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai , G. 1995 . Work and Family Roles and Psychological Well-being in Urban China . Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 36 : 11 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law , K.S. , Tse , D.K. and Zhou , N. 2003 . Does Human Resource Management Matter in a Transitional Economy? China as an Example . Journal of International Business Studies , 34 : 255 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung , A.S.M. 2003 . Feminism in Transition: Chinese Culture, Ideology and the Development of the Women's Movement in China . Asia Pacific Journal of Management , 20 : 359 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , N. and Lai , G. 1995 . Urban Stress in China . Social Science and Medicine , 41 : 1131 – 1145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobel , S.A. and St. Clair , L. 1992 . Effects of Family Responsibilities, Gender, and Career Identity Salience on Performance Outcomes . Academy of Management Journal , 35 : 1057 – 1069 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , R. and Wall , T.D. 1989 . Attentional Demand and Cost Responsibility as Stressors in Shopfloor Jobs . Academy of Management Journal , 32 : 69 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Near , J.P. , Rice , R.W. and Hunt , R.G. 1980 . The Relationship between Work and Nonwork Domains: A Review of Empirical Research . Academy of Management Review , 5 : 415 – 429 .
   Google Scholar
• Parasuraman , S. and Alutto , J.A. 1981 . An Examination of the Organizational Antecedents of Stressors at Work . Academy of Management Journal , 24 : 48 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parasuraman , S. , Greenhaus , J.H. , Rabinowitz , S. , Bedeian , A.G. and Mossholder , K.W. 1989 . Work and Family Variables as Mediators of The Relationship between Wives' Employment and Husbands' Well-being . Academy of Management Journal , 32 : 185 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel , E.E. 2000 . Just How Do I Love Thee? Marital Relations in Urban China . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 62 : 32 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittman , J.F. , Solheim , C.A. and Blanchard , D. 1996 . Stress as a Driver of the Allocation of Housework . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 58 : 456 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff , P.M. and Organ , D.W. 1986 . Self-reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects . Journal of Management , 12 : 531 – 544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn , R.P. and Staines , G.L. 1979 . The 1977 Quality of Employment Survey , Ann Arbor, MI : Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• Redding , S.G. 1993 . The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism , New York : Alter de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , J.R. 1997 . The Effects of Industrial Employment Conditions on Job-related Distress . Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 38 : 105 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley , N.E. 1996 . Holding Up Half the Economy . The China Business Review , : 22 – 24 . Jan/Feb
   Google Scholar
• Rothbard , N.P. 2001 . Enriching or Depleting? The Dynamics of Engagement in Work and Family Roles . Administrative Science Quarterly , 46 : 655 – 684 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbard , N.P. and Edwards , J.R. 2003 . Investment in Work and Family Roles: A Test of Identity and Utilitarian Motives . Personnel Psychology , 56 : 699 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaubroeck , J. and Ganster , D.C. 1993 . Chronic Demands and Responsivity to Challenge . Journal of Applied Psychology , 78 : 73 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaubroeck , J. , Lam , S.S.K. and Xie , J.L. 2000 . Collective Efficacy versus Self-efficacy in Coping Responses to Stressors and Control: A Cross-cultural Study . Journal of Applied Psychology , 85 : 512 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaubroeck , J. and Merritt , D.E. 1997 . Divergent Effects of Job Control on Coping with Work Stressors: The Key Role of Self-efficacy . Academy of Management Journal , 40 : 738 – 754 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartzberg , N.S. and Dytell , R.S. 1996 . Dual-earner Families: The Importance of Work Stress and Family Stress for Psychological Well-being . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 1 : 211 – 223 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schein , E.H. 1984 . Culture as an Environmental Context for Careers . Journal of Occupational Behaviour , 5 : 71 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Spector , P.E. 1975 . Relationships of Organizational Frustration with Reported Behavioural Reactions of Employees . Journal of Applied Psychology , 60 : 635 – 637 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staines , G.L. , Pleck , J. , Shepard , L. and O'Connor , P. 1978 . Wives' Employment Status and Marital Adjustment: Yet Another Look . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 3 : 90 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , L.T. and Ganster , D.C. 1995 . The Impact of Family-supportive Work Variables on Work–Family Conflict and Strain: A Control Perspective . Journal of Applied Psychology , 80 : 6 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voydanoff , P. 1987 . Work and Family Life , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , P. , Lawler , J.J. , Walumbwa , F.O. and Shi , K. 2004 . Work-family Conflict and Job Withdrawal Intentions: The Moderating Effect of Cultural Differences . International Journal of Stress Management , 11 : 392 – 412 .
   Google Scholar
• Wharton , A.S. and Erickson , R.J. 1993 . Managing Emotions on the Job and at Home: Understanding the Consequences of Multiple Emotional Roles . Academy of Management Review , 18 : 457 – 486 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , K.J. and Alliger , G.M. 1994 . Role Stressors, Mood Spillover, and Perceptions of Work–Family Conflict in Employed Parents . Academy of Management Journal , 37 : 837 – 866 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , K.J. , Suls , J. , Alliger , G.M. , Learner , S.M. and Wan , C.K. 1991 . Multiple Role Juggling and Daily Mood States in Working Mothers: An Experience Sampling Study . Journal of Applied Psychology , 76 : 664 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie , J.L. 1996 . Karasek's Model in the People's Republic of China: Effects of Job Demands, Control, and Individual Differences . Academy of Management Journal , 39 : 1594 – 1618 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie , J.L. 2002 . “ Sources and Moderators of Employee Stress in State-owned Enterprises ” . In The Management of Enterprises in the People's Republic of China , Edited by: Tsui , A.S. and Lau , C.M. 299 – 323 . Norwell, MA : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , N. , Chen , C.C. , Choi , J. and Zou , Y. 2000 . Sources of Work-family Conflict: A Sino–US Comparison of the Effects of Work and Family Demands . Academy of Management Journal , 43 : 113 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi , C. and Chien , W. 2002 . The Linkage between Work and Family: Female's Employment Patterns in Three Chinese Societies . Journal of Comparative Family Studies , 33 : 451 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , C. and Farley , J.E. 1995 . Gender and the Distribution of Household Work: A Comparison of Self-reports by Female College Faculty in the United States and China . Journal of Comparative Family Studies , 26 : 195 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuo , J. and Bian , Y. 2001 . Gendered Resources, Division of Housework, and Perceived Fairness: A Case in Urban China . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 63 : 1122 – 1133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar