1,537
Views
33
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

An empirically-derived multidimensional measure of expatriate success: reconciling the discord

, &
Pages 982-998 | Published online: 16 Jun 2010

References

  • Allen , D. and Alvarez , S. 1998 . Empowering Expatriates and Organizations to Improve Repatriation Effectiveness . HR. Human Resource Planning , 21 ( 4 ) : 29 – 39 .
  • Anon . 1993 . Compensation Planning for Intra-European Expatriates . HR Focus , 70 ( 11 ) : 14
  • Au , K.Y. and Fukuda , J. 2002 . Boundary Spanning Behaviors of Expatriates . Journal of World Business , 37 ( 4 ) : 285 – 296 .
  • Banai , M. and Reisel , W.D. 1993 . Expatriate Managers' Loyalty to the MNC: Myth or Reality? An Exploratory Study . Journal of International Business Studies , 24 ( 2 ) : 233 – 248 .
  • Barbian , J. 2002 . Managing Employees Returning From Foreign Assignment . Training , 39 ( 1 ) : 40 – 43 .
  • Bauer , T.N. and Taylor , S. 2001 . When Managing Expatriate Adjustment, Don't Forget the Spouse . Academy of Management Executive , 15 ( 4 ) : 135 – 137 .
  • Bhaskar-Shrinivas , P. , Shaffer , M.A. and Harrison , D.A. 2005 . Input-based and Time-based Models of International Adjustment: Meta-analytic Evidence and Theoretical Extensions . Academy of Management Journal , 48 : 257 – 281 .
  • Bhuian , S.N. and Abdul-Muhmin , A.G. 1997 . Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment Among “Gues-Worker” Salesforces: The Case of Saudi Arabia . Journal of Global Marketing , 10 ( 3 ) : 27 – 44 .
  • Bhuian , S.N. , Al-Shammari , E.S. and Jefri , O.A. 2001 . Work-related Attitudes and Job Characteristics of Expatriates in Saudi Arabia . Thunderbird International Business Review , 43 ( 1 ) : 21
  • Bird , A. and Dunbar , R. 1991 . Getting the Job Done Over There: Improving Expatriate Productivity . National Productivity Review , 10 : 145 – 156 .
  • Birdseye , M.G. and Hill , J.S. 1995 . Individual Organizational/Work and Environmental Influences on Expatriate Turnover Tendencies: An Empirical Study . Journal of International Business Studies , 26 ( 4 ) : 787 – 813 .
  • Black , J.S. 1988 . Work Role Transitions: A Study of American Expatriate Managers in Japan . Journal of International Business Studies , 19 : 277 – 294 .
  • Black , J.S. 1994 . O Kaerinasai: Factors Related to Japanese Repatriation Adjustment . Human Relations , 47 ( 12 ) : 1489 – 1508 .
  • Black , J.S. and Gregersen , H.B. 1991a . The Other Half of the Picture: Antecedents of Spouse Cross-cultural Adjustment . Journal of International Business Studies , 22 ( 3 ) : 461 – 477 .
  • Black , J.S. and Gregersen , H.B. 1991b . When Yankee Comes Home: Factors Related to Expatriate and Spouse Repatriation . Journal of International Business Studies , 22 ( 4 ) : 671 – 694 .
  • Black , J.S. , Gregersen , H.B. and Mendenhall , M.E. 1992a . Toward a Theoretical Framework of Repatriation Adjustment . Journal of International Business Studies , 23 ( 4 ) : 737 – 760 .
  • Black , J.S. , Gregersen , H.B. and Mendenhall , M.E. 1992b . Towards a Comprehensive Model of International Adjustment: An Integration of Multiple Theoretical Perspectives . Academy of Management Review , 16 ( 2 ) : 291 – 317 .
  • Black , J.S. , Mendenhall , M.E. and Oddou , G.R. 1991 . Towards a Comprehensive Model of International Adjustment: An Integration of Multiple Theoretical Perspectives . Academy of Management Review , 16 : 291 – 317 .
  • Black , J.S. and Porter , L.W. 1991 . Managerial Behaviors and Job Performance: A Successful Manager in Los Angeles May Not Succeed in Hong Kong . Journal of International Business Studies , 22 ( 1 ) : 99 – 113 .
  • Black , J.S. and Stephens , G.K. 1989 . The Influence of the Spouse on American Expatriate Adjustment and Intent to Stay in Pacific Rim Overseas Assignments . Journal of Management , 15 : 529 – 544 .
  • Bolino , M.C. 2007 . Expatriate Assignments and Intra-organizational Career Success: Implications for Individuals and Organizations . Journal of International Business Studies , 38 ( 5 ) : 819 – 835 .
  • Budnick , M. 1993 . Expatriate Programs: Keys to Success . Management Review , 82 : 63
  • Caligiuri , P.M. 2000a . The Big Five Personality Characteristics as Predictors of Expatriate's Desire to Terminate the Assignment and Supervisor-rated Performance . Personnel Psychology , 53 ( 1 ) : 67 – 88 .
  • Caliguiri , P. 2000b . Selecting Expatriates for Personality Characteristics: A Moderating Effect of Personality on the Relationship between Host National Contact and Cross-cultural Adjustment . Management International Review , 40 ( 1 ) : 61 – 80 .
  • Caligiuri , P. and Cascio , W. 1998 . Can We Send Her There? Maximizing the Success of Western Women on Global Assignments . Journal of World Business , 33 ( 4 ) : 394 – 416 .
  • Caudron , S. 1991 . Training Ensures Success Overseas . Personnel Journal , 70 : 27 – 30 .
  • Caudron , S. 1992 . Surviving Cross-cultural Shock: Pre-Training Programs Can Boost your Company's Chance for Global Success . Industry Week , 241 : 35 – 36 .
  • Clarke , C. and Hammer , M.R. 1995 . Predictors of Japanese and American Managers' Job Success, Personal Adjustment, and Intercultural Interaction Effectiveness . Management International Review , 35 ( 2 ) : 153 – 170 .
  • Cook , J. and Wall , T. 1980 . New Work Attitude Measures of Trust, Organizational Commitment and Personal Need Non-fulfillment . Journal of Occupational Psychology , 53 ( 1 ) : 39 – 52 .
  • Csizmar , C. 2008 . Does your Expatriate Program Follow the Rules of the Road? . Compensation and Benefits Review , 40 ( 1 ) : 61 – 65 .
  • Downes , M. and Thomas , A.S. 1999 . Managing Overseas Assignments to Build Organizational Knowledge . Human Resource Planning , 22 ( 4 ) : 33 – 48 .
  • Dunbar , E. and Katcher , A. 1990 . Preparing Managers for Foreign Assignments . Training and Development Journal , 44 : 45 – 47 .
  • Esquenazi-Shaio , C. 1996 . Just Rewards . International Business , 9 : 30 – 32 .
  • Feldman , D.C. and Thomas , D.C. 1992 . Career Management Issues Facing Expatriates . Journal of International Business Studies , 23 ( 2 ) : 271 – 293 .
  • Feldman , D.C. and Tompson , H.B. 1993 . Expatriation, Repatriation, and Domestic Geographical Relocation: An Empirical Investigation of Adjustment to New Job Assignments . Journal of International Business Studies , 24 ( 3 ) : 507 – 529 .
  • Finney , M.I. 1996 . Global Success Rides on Keeping Top Talent . HRMagazine , 41 : 68 – 72 .
  • Frazee , V. 1999 . Send Your Expats Prepared for Success . Workforce , 78 ( 3 ) : 6 – 8 .
  • Fryxell , G.E. , Butler , J. and Choi , A. 2004 . Successful Localization Programs in China: An Important Element in Strategy Implementation . Journal of World Business , 39 ( 3 ) : 268 – 282 .
  • Gates , S. 1996 . Managing Expatriates' Expectations . Across the Board , 33 : 58
  • Gaur , A.S. , Delios , A. and Singh , K. 2007 . Institutional Environments, Staffing Strategies, and Subsidiary Performance . Journal of Management , 33 ( 4 ) : 611 – 636 .
  • Goerzen , A. and Beamish , P.W. 2007 . The Penrose Effect: “Excess” Expatriates in Multinational Enterprises . Management International Review , 47 ( 2 ) : 221 – 239 .
  • Gong , Y. 2003a . Subsidiary Staffing in Multinational Enterprises: Agency, Resources, and Performance . Academy of Management Journal , 46 ( 6 ) : 728 – 739 .
  • Gong , Y. 2003b . Toward a Dynamic Process Model of Staffing Composition and Subsidiary Outcomes in Multinational Enterprises . Journal of Management , 29 ( 2 ) : 259 – 280 .
  • Gregersen , H.B. 1992 . Commitments to a Parent Company and a Local Work Unit During Repatriation . Personnel Psychology , 45 : 29 – 54 .
  • Gregersen , H.B. and Black , J.S. 1992 . Antecedents to Commitment to a Parent Company and a Foreign Operation . Academy of Management Journal , 35 ( 1 ) : 65 – 90 .
  • Gregersen , H.B. and Black , J.S. 1996 . Multiple Commitments upon Repatriation: The Japanese Experience . Journal of Management , 22 ( 2 ) : 209 – 229 .
  • Gregersen , H.B. , Hite , J.M. and Black , J.S. 1996 . Expatriate Performance Appraisal in US Multinational Firms . Journal of International Business Studies , 27 ( 4 ) : 711 – 738 .
  • Gregersen , H.B. and Stroh , L.K. 1997 . Coming Home to the Arctic Cold: Antecedents of Finnish Expatriate and Spouse Repatriation Adjustment . Personnel Psychology , 50 : 635 – 654 .
  • Grove , C. 1990 . An Ounce of Prevention: Supporting International Job Transitions . Employment Relations Today , 17 : 111 – 119 .
  • Guy , B.S. and Patton , W.E. 1996 . Managing the Effects of Culture Shock and Sojourner Adjustment on the Expatriate Industrial Sales Force . Industrial Marketing Management , 25 : 385 – 393 .
  • Guzzo , R.A. , Noonan , K.A. and Elron , E. 1994 . Expatriate Managers and the Psychological Contract . Journal of Applied Psychology , 79 ( 4 ) : 617 – 626 .
  • Halcrow , A. 1999 . Expats: The Squandered Resource . Workforce , 78 ( 4 ) : 42 – 46 .
  • Harvey , M. 1997 . Dual-career Expatriates: Expectations, Adjustment and Satisfaction with International Relocation . Journal of International Business Studies , 28 ( 3 ) : 627 – 258 .
  • Harvey , M. and Wiese , D. 1998 . The Dual-career Couple: Female Expatriates and Male Trailing Spouses . Thunderbird International Business Review , 40 ( 4 ) : 359 – 378 .
  • Harzing , A.W.K. 1995 . The Persistent Myth of High Expatriate Failure Rates . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 6 : 457 – 475 .
  • Heim , K. 1997 . Flaws in Expat Management: Foreign Ventures are Urged to Localize Faster . Asian Wall Street Journal Weekly , 19 : 7
  • Henry , E.R. 1965 . What Business Can Learn from Peace Corps Selection and Training . Personnel , 42 : 17 – 25 .
  • Hogan , G.W. and Goodson , J.R. 1990 . The Key to Expatriate Success . Training and Development Journal , 44 : 50 – 52 .
  • Jack , D.W. and Stage , V.C. 2005 . Success Strategies for Expats . Training and Development , 59 ( 9 ) : 48 – 52 .
  • Jun , S. and Gentry , J.W. 2005 . An Exploratory Investigation of the Relative Importance of Cultural Similarity and Personal Fit in the Selection and Performance of Expatriates . Journal of World Business , 40 ( 1 ) : 1 – 8 .
  • Jun , S. , Gentry , J.W. and Hyun , Y.J. 2001 . Cultural Adaptation of Business Expatriates in the Host Marketplace . Journal of International Business Studies , 32 ( 2 ) : 369 – 377 .
  • Kamoche , K. and Harvey , M. 2006 . Knowledge Diffusion in the African Context: An Institutional Theory Perspective . Thunderbird International Business Review , 48 ( 2 ) : 157 – 181 .
  • Katz , J.F. and Seifer , D.M. 1996 . It's a Different World Out There: Planning for Expatriate Success through Selection, Pre-departure Training and On-site Socialization . Human Resource Planning , 19 ( 2 ) : 32 – 47 .
  • Kraimer , M.L. and Wayne , S.J. 2004 . An Examination of Perceived Organizational Support as a Multidimensional Construct in the Context of an Expatriate Assignment . Journal of Management , 30 ( 2 ) : 209 – 237 .
  • Kraimer , M.L. , Wayne , S.J. and Jaworski , R.A. 2001 . Sources of Support and Expatriate Performance: The Mediating Role of Expatriate Adjustment . Personnel Psychology , 54 ( 1 ) : 71 – 99 .
  • Krell , E. 2005 . Budding Relationships . HRMagazine , 50 ( 6 ) : 114 – 118 .
  • Kwanghyun , K. and Slocum , J.W. 2008 . Individual Differences and Expatriate Assignment Effectiveness: The Case of US-Based Korean Expatriates . Journal of World Business , 43 ( 1 ) : 109 – 126 .
  • Lazarova , M. and Caligiuri , P. 2001 . Retaining Repatriates: The Role of Organizational Support Practices . Journal of World Business , 36 ( 4 ) : 389 – 401 .
  • Locke , E. 1976 . “ The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction ” . In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , Edited by: Dunnette , M. 1297 – 1349 . Chicago, IL : Rand McNally .
  • McCallum , B. and Olson , D. 2004 . Advising Potential Expatriate Clients: A Case Study . Journal of Financial Planning , 17 ( 11 ) : 72 – 79 .
  • McCaughey , D. and Bruning , N.S. 2005 . Enhancing Opportunities for Expatriate Job Satisfaction: HR Strategies for Foreign Assignment Success . Human Resource Planning , 28 ( 4 ) : 21 – 29 .
  • Mendenhall , M. and Oddou , G. 1985 . The Dimensions of Expatriate Acculturation: A Review . Academy of Management Review , 10 : 39 – 47 .
  • Mezias , J.M. and Scandura , T.A. 2005 . A Needs-driven Approach to Expatriate Adjustment and Career Development: A Multiple Mentoring Perspective . Journal of International Business Studies , 36 ( 5 ) : 519 – 538 .
  • Miller , E. 1975 . The Job Satisfaction of Expatriate American Mangers: A Function of Regional Location and Previous International Work Experience . Journal of International Business Studies , 6 : 65 – 73 .
  • Mowday , R.T. , Porter , L.W. and Steers , R.M. 1982 . Employee–Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover , New York : Academic Press .
  • Mowday , R.T. , Steers , R.M. and Porter , L.W. 1979 . The Measurement of Organizational Commitment . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 14 : 224 – 247 .
  • Naumann , E. 1992 . A Conceptual Model of Expatriate Turnover . Journal of International Business Studies , 23 ( 3 ) : 499 – 531 .
  • Naumann , E. 1993 . Organizational Predictors of Expatriate Job Satisfaction . Journal of International Business Studies , 24 ( 1 ) : 61 – 80 .
  • Nicholson , N. 1984 . A Theory of Work Role Transitions . Administrative Science Quarterly , 29 : 172 – 191 .
  • Oberg , K. 1960 . Culture Shock: Adjustment to New Cultural Environment . Practical Anthropologist , 7 : 492 – 499 .
  • Osland , J.S. 1995 . Working Abroad: A Hero's Adventure . Training and Development , 49 ( 11 ) : 47 – 51 .
  • Paik , Y. and Sohn , J.D. 2004 . Expatriate Managers and MNC's Ability to Control International Subsidiaries: The Case of Japanese MNCs . Journal of World Business , 39 : 61 – 71 .
  • Peterson , R.B. 2003 . The Use of Expatriates and Inpatriates in Central and Eastern Europe since the Wall Came Down . Journal of World Business , 38 : 55 – 69 .
  • Peterson , R.B. , Sargent , J. and Napier , N.K. 1996 . Corporate Expatriate HRM Policies, Internationalization, and Performance in the World's Largest MNCs . Management International Review , 36 ( 3 ) : 215 – 230 .
  • Plog , S.C. and Sturman , M.C. 2005 . The Problems and Challenges of Working in International Settings . The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 46 : 116 – 124 .
  • Poe , A.C. 2002 . Selection Savvy . HRMagazine , 47 ( 4 ) : 77 – 83 .
  • Porter , G. and Tansky , J.W. 1999 . Expatriate Success May Depend on a “Learning Orientation: Considerations for Selection and Training . Human Resource Management , 38 ( 1 ) : 47 – 60 .
  • Reidy , C.M. 1998 . Expatriate Success: A Reality Check . IBIS Review , 12 ( 12 ) : 17
  • Richards , M. 2001 . US Multinational Staffing Practices and Implications for Subsidiary Performance in the UK and Thailand . Thunderbird International Business Review , 43 ( 2 ) : 225 – 242 .
  • Scelba , M.A. 1995–1996 . Developing An Effective Repatriation Process at Chubb and Son Inc . Employment Relations Today , 22 ( 4 ) : 55 – 61 .
  • Schneider , S.C. and Asakawa , K. 1995 . American and Japanese Expatriate Adjustment: A Psychoanalytic Perspective . Human Relations , 48 : 1109 – 1127 .
  • Selmer , J. 2000 . Adjustment of Western Business Expatriates in Hong Kong versus the Chinese Mainland . Asian Pacific Journal of Management , 17 ( 3 ) : 519 – 538 .
  • Selmer , J. 2002a . The Chinese Connection? Adjustment of Western vs. Overseas Chinese Expatriate Managers in China . Journal of Business Research , 55 ( 1 ) : 41 – 50 .
  • Selmer , J. 2002b . Practice Makes Perfect? International Experience and Expatriate Adjustment . Management International Review , 42 ( 1 ) : 71 – 87 .
  • Selmer , J. 2006 . Language Ability and Adjustment: Western Expatriates in China . Thunderbird International Business Review , 48 ( 3 ) : 347 – 368 .
  • Shaffer , M.S. and Harrison , D.A. 1998 . Expatriates Psychological Withdrawal from International Assignments: Work, Nonwork, and Family Influences . Personnel Psychology , 51 ( 1 ) : 87 – 118 .
  • Shaffer , M.A. , Harrison , D.A. and Gilley , K.M. 1999 . Dimensions,Determinants, and Differences in the Expatriate Adjustment Process . Journal of International Business Studies , 30 ( 3 ) : 557 – 581 .
  • Shaffer , M.A. , Harrison , D.A. and Gilley , K.M. 2001 . Struggling for Balance Amid Turbulence on International Assignments Work–Family Conflict, Support and Commitment . Journal of Management , 27 ( 1 ) : 99 – 121 .
  • Shay , J. and Baack , S.A. 2004 . Expatriate Assignment, Adjustment and Effectiveness: An Empirical Examination of the Big Picture . Journal of International Business Studies , 35 ( 3 ) : 216 – 232 .
  • Shay , J. and Tracey , J.B. 1997 . Expatriate Managers: Reasons for Failure and Implications for Training . The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 38 : 30 – 35 .
  • Shilling , M. 1993 . How to Win at Repatriation . Personnel Journal , 72 : 40 – 41 .
  • Solomon , C.M. 1994 . How Does Your Global Talent Measure Up? . Personnel Journal , 73 : 96 – 98 .
  • Solomon , C.M. 1996 . CEO Mom: The Tie that Binds a Global Family . Personnel Journal , 75 : 80 – 82 .
  • Stamps , D. 1996 . Welcome to America: Watch out for Culture Shock . Training , 33 : 22 – 28 .
  • Stanek , M.B. 2000 . The Need for Global Mangers: A Business Necessity . Management Decision , 38 ( 4 ) : 232 – 242 .
  • Stening , B.W. and Hammer , M.R. 1992 . Cultural Baggage and the Adaption of Expatriate American and Japanese Managers . Management International Review , 32 ( 1 ) : 77 – 89 .
  • Stroh , L.K. , Gregersen , H.B. and Black , J.S. 1998 . Closing the Gap: Expectations versus Reality among Repatriates . Journal of World Business , 33 ( 2 ) : 111 – 124 .
  • Takeuchi , R. , Tesluk , P.E. and Yun , S. 2005 . An Integrative View of International Experience . Academy of Management Journal , 48 ( 1 ) : 85 – 100 .
  • Takeuchi , R. , Wang , M. and Marinova , S.V. 2005 . Antecedents and Consequences of Psychological Workplace Strain During Expatriation: A Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Investigation . Personnel Psychology , 58 ( 4 ) : 925 – 948 .
  • Taylor , S. and Napier , N.K. 2001 . An American Woman in Turkey: Adventures Unexpected and Knowledge Unplanned . Human Resource Management , 40 ( 4 ) : 347 – 364 .
  • Thatcher , M. 1997 . International Rescue . People Management , 3 : 52 – 54 .
  • Toh , S.M. and DeNisi , A.S. 2005 . A Local Perspective to Expatriate Success . The Academy of Management Executive , 19 ( 1 ) : 132 – 146 .
  • Tung , R. 1981 . Selection and Training of Personnel for Overseas Assignments . Columbia Journal of World Business , 16 ( 1 ) : 68 – 78 .
  • Tung , R. 1998 . American Expatriates Abroad: From Neophytes to Cosmopolitans . Journal of World Business , 33 ( 2 ) : 125 – 144 .
  • Van Vianen , A.E. , De Pater , I.E. and Kristof-Brown , A.L. 2004 . Fitting In: Surface- and Deep-level Cultural Differences and Expatriates' Adjustment . Academy of Management Journal , 47 ( 5 ) : 697 – 709 .
  • Vance , C.M. 2005 . The Personal Quest for Building Global Competence: A Taxonomy of Self-initiating Career Path Strategies for Gaining Business Experience Abroad . Journal of World Business , 40 ( 4 ) : 374 – 385 .
  • Vidal , M.E.S. , Valle , R.S. and Aragon , M.I.B. 2007 . Antecedents of Repatriates' Job Satisfaction and its Influence on Turnover Intentions: Evidence from Spanish Repatriated Managers . Journal of Business Research , 60 ( 12 ) : 1272 – 1281 .
  • Wederspahn , G.M. 1992 . Costing Failures in Expatriate Human Resource Management . Human Resource Planning , 15 ( 3 ) : 27 – 35 .
  • Wilson , F. 1999 . All Around the World . People Management , 5 ( 13 ) : 67
  • Wynne , M. 2006 . The Hidden Cost of Expatriate Executives . Global Cosmetic Industry , 174 ( 10 ) : 49 – 50 .
  • Yavas , U. and Bodur , M. 1999 . Correlates of Adjustment: A Study of Expatriate Managers in An Emerging Country . Management Decision , 37 ( 3 ) : 267 – 278 .
  • Zeira , Y. and Banai , M. 1987 . Selecting Managers for Foreign Assignments . Management Decision , 25 : 38 – 40 .
  • Zingheim , P.K. and Schuster , J.R. 2001 . How You Pay is What You Get . Across the Board , 38 ( 5 ) : 41 – 44 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.