Are generational differences in work values fact or fiction? Multi-country evidence and implications

References

• Adams , M. 1998 . Sex in the Snow: Canadian Social Values at the End of the Millennium , Toronto, Canada : Penguin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Aldag , R. and Brief , A. 1997 . Some Correlates of Work Values . Journal of Applied Psychology , 60 : 757 – 760 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelbaum , S.H. , Serena , M. and Shapiro , B.T. 2005 . Generation ‘X’ and the Boomers: An Analysis of Realities and Myths . Management Research News , 28 : 1 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong-Stassen , M. and Lee , S.H. 2009 . The Effect of Relational Age on Older Canadian Employees' Perceptions of Human Resource Practices and Sense of Worth to Their Organization . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 20 : 1753 – 1769 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsenault , P.M. 2004 . Validating Generational Differences: A Legitimate Diversity and Leadership Issue . The Leadership and Organization Development Journal , 25 : 124 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Baruch , Y. 2004 . Managing Careers: Theory and Practice , Harlow : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Beit-Hallahmi , B. 1979 . Personal and Social Components of the Protestant Ethic . Journal of Social Psychology , 109 : 263 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , P. 1997 . American Work Values: Their Origin and Development , New York : University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blau , G. and Ryan , J. 1997 . On Measuring Work Ethic: A Neglected Work Commitment Facet . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 51 : 435 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford , F.W. 1993 . Understanding “Generation X” . Marketing Research , 5 : 54
   Google Scholar
• Brewster , C. , Hegewisch , A. and Mayne , L. 1994 . “ Flexible Work Practices: The Controversy and the Evidence ” . In Policy and Practice in European Human Resource Management: The Price Waterhouse Cranfield Survey , Edited by: Brewster , C. and Hegewisch , A. New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Buchholz , R. 1978 . An Empirical Study of Contemporary Belief about Work in American Society . Journal of Applied Psychology , 63 : 219 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , M.E. 2005 . SHRM Generational Differences Survey Report: A Study by the Society for Human Resource Management , Alexandria, VA : Society for Human Resource Management .
   Google Scholar
• Chanchani , S. and MacGregor , A. 1999 . A Synthesis of Cultural Studies in Accounting . Journal of Accounting Literature , 18 : 1 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Cherrington , D. 1980 . The Work Ethic , New York : AMACOM .
   Google Scholar
• Cherrington , D.J. , Condie , S.J. and England , J.L. 1979 . Age and Work Values . Academy of Management Journal , 22 : 617 – 623 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow , C.W. , Shields , M.D. and Wu , A. 1999 . The Importance of National Culture in the Design of and Preference for Management Controls for Multi-National Operations . Accounting, Organizations and Society , 24 : 441 – 461 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crumpacker , M. and Crumpacker , J.M. 2007 . Succession Planning and Generational Stereotypes: Should HR Consider Age-Based Values and Attitudes a Relevant Factor or a Passing Fad? . Public Personnel Management , 36 : 349 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Long , D.W. 2004 . Lost Knowledge: Confronting the Threat of an Aging Workforce , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 1985 . Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior Perspectives in Social Psychology , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 1992 . “ The Initiation and Regulation of Intrinsically Motivated Learning and Achievement ” . In Achievement and Motivation: A Social-Developmental Perspective , Edited by: Boggiano , A.K. and Pittman , T.S. 9 – 36 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dries , N. , Pepermans , R. and Carlier , O. 2008 . Career Success: Constructing a Multidimensional Model . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 73 : 254 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egri , C.P. and Ralston , D.A. 2004 . Generation Cohorts and Personal Values: A Comparison of China and the United States . Organization Science , 15 : 210 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisner , S.P. 2005 . Managing Generation Y . SAM Advanced Management Journal , 70 : 4 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Erikson , E. 1963 . Childhood and Society , 2nd ed. , New York : W.W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Erikson , E. 1997 . The Life Cycle Completed , New York : W.W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Freedman , M. 2002 . Prime Time: How Baby Boomers Will Revolutionize Retirement and Transform America , Cambridge, MA : Public Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs , V.R. 1983 . How We Live , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Furnham , A. 1984 . The Protestant Work Ethic: A Review of the Psychological Literature . European Journal of Psychology , 14 : 87 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham , A. 1990a . The Protestant Work Ethic: The Psychology of Work-Related Beliefs and Behaviors , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Furnham , A. 1990b . A Content Correlation and Factor Analytical Study of Seven Questionnaire Measures of the Protestant Work Ethic . Human Relations , 43 : 383 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass , A. 2007 . Understanding Generational Differences for Competitive Success . Industrial and Commercial Training , 39 : 98 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodale , J. 1973 . Effects of Personal Background and Training on Work Values of the Hard-Core Unemployed . Journal of Applied Psychology , 57 : 1 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. 1977 . The Protestant Work Ethic and Reactions to Negative Performance Evaluation on a Laboratory Task . Journal of Applied Psychology , 62 : 682 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. 1978 . Protestant Ethic Endorsement and Attitudes Toward Riding to Work Among Mass Transit Riders . Journal of Applied Psychology , 63 : 755 – 758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhaus , J.H. , Parasuraman , S. and Wormley , W. 1990 . Effects of Race on Organizational Experiences, Job Performance Evaluations, and Career Outcomes . Academy of Management Journal , 33 : 64 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding , S.D. and Hinkspoors , F.J. 1995 . New Work Values: In Theory and in Practice . International Social Science Journal , 47 : 441 – 455 .
   Google Scholar
• Heslin , P.A. 2005 . Conceptualizing and Evaluating Career Success . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 26 : 113 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G. 1994 . Values Survey Module 1994 Manual , Maastricht, The Netherlands : Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation . University of Limburg
   Google Scholar
• Homer , P.M. and Kahle , L.R. 1988 . A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy . Journal of Personality Social Psychology , 54 : 638 – 646 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart , R. 1997 . Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , J.A. and Lopes , J. 2008 . The Intergenerational Workforce, Revisited . Organization Development Journal , 26 : 31 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Jurkiewicz , C.E. and Brown , R.G. 1998 . GenXers vs. Boomers vs Matures: Generational Comparison of Public Employee Motivation . Review of Public Personnel Administration , 18 : 18 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Kahle , L.R. 1980 . Stimulus Condition Self-Selection by Males in the Interaction of Locus of Control and Skill-Chance Situations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 50 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karp , H. , Sirias , D. and Arnold , K. 1999 . Teams: Why Generation X Marks the Spot . The Journal for Quality and Participation , 22 : 30 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelliher , C. and Anderson , D. 2008 . For Better or for Worse? An Analysis of how Flexible Working Practices Influence Employees' Perceptions of job Quality . The International Journal of Human Resource Management , 9 : 419 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupperschmidt , B. 2000 . Multi-Generation Employees: Strategies for Effective Management . Health Care Manager , 19 : 65 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lancaster , L.C. and Stillman , D. 2002 . When Generations Collide , New York : Harper Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Levinson , D. 1978 . The Seasons of a Man's Life , New York : Alfred A Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Lofquist , L.H. and Dawis , R.V. 1984 . A Psychological Theory of Work Adjustment: An Individual-Differences Model and Its Applications , Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ma , L.C. 1986 . The Protestant Ethic Among Taiwanese College Students . The Journal of Psychology , 120 : 219 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannheim , K. 1922/1924 . Structures of Thinking , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , C.A. 2005 . From High Maintenance to High Productivity: What Managers Need to Know About Generation Y . Industrial and Commercial Training , 37 : 39 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , P. , Pini , B. and Bradley , L. 2007 . Freedom or Fallout in Local Government? How Work–Life Culture Impacts Employees Using Flexible Work Practices . The International Journal of Human Resource Management , 18 : 602 – 619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meglino , B.M. and Ravlin , E.C. 1998 . Individual Values in Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research . Journal of Management , 24 : 351 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , M.J. , Woehr , D.J. and Hudspeth , N. 2002 . The Meaning and Measurement of Work Ethic: Construction and Initial Validation of a Multidimensional Inventory . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 60 : 451 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaels , E. , Handfield-Jones , H. and Axelrod , B. 2001 . The War for Talent , Cambridge, MA : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mirels , H.L. and Garrett , J.B. 1971 . The Protestant Ethic as a Personality Variable . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 36 : 40 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison , R. , Erickson , T. and Dychtwald , K. 2006 . Managing Middlescence . Harvard Business Review , March : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , E.F. , Gordon , J.D. and Anderson , T.L. 2004 . Cross-Cultural, Cross-Cultural Age and Cross-Cultural Generational Differences Between the United States and Japan . Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship , 9 : 21 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Nadler , D. and Tushman , M. 1980 . A Model for Diagnosing Organizational Behavior . Organizational Dynamics , 9 : 35 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Bannon , G. 2001 . Managing Our Future: The Generation X Factor . Public Personnel Management , 29 : 55 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Rand , A.M. and Krecker , M.L . 1990 . Concepts of the Life Cycle: Their History, Meanings, and Uses in the Social Sciences . Annual Review of Sociology , 16 : 241 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe , R.A. and Ester , P. 1999 . Values and Work: Empirical Findings and Theoretical Perspectives . Applied Psychology – An International Review , 48 : 1 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokeach , M. 1973 . The Nature of Human Values , New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau , D.M. 2005 . I-Deals: Idiosynratic Deals Employees Bargain for Themselves , New York : M.E. Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , R.M. and Deci , E.L. 2000 . Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being . American Psychologist , 55 : 68 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , J. 2000 . Is It a Different World to When You were Growing Up: Generational Effects on Social Representations and Child-Rearing Values . British Journal of Sociology , 51 : 355 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , S. and Fairhurst , D. 2008 . Engaging a New Generation of Graduates . Education and Training , 50 : 366 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J.W. and Clurman , A. 1997 . Rocking the Ages: The Yankelovich Report on Generational Marketing , New York : Harper Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , P.B. and Schwartz , S.H. 1997 . “ Values ” . In Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Berry , J.W. , Segall , M.H. and Kagitcibasi , C. Vol. 3 , 77 – 118 . Needham Heights, MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Smola , K.W. and Sutton , C.D. 2002 . Generational Differences: Revisiting Generational Work Values for the New Millennium . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 23 : 363 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares , A.M. , Farhangmehr , M. and Shoham , A. 2007 . Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture in International Marketing Studies . Journal of Business Research , 60 : 277 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondergaard , M. 1994 . Hofstede's Consequences: A Study of Reviews, Citations and Replications . Organization Studies , 15 : 447 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Super , D.E. 1970 . Manual for the Work Value Inventory , Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Tang , T.L. , Singer , M.G. and Roberts , S. 2000 . Employees' Perceived Organizational Instrumentality: An Examination of the Gender Differences . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 15 : 378 – 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Topel, R.H., and Ward, M.P. (1988), ‘Job Mobility and the Careers of Young Men,’ NBER Working Paper Series, 2649. http://ssrn.com/abstract  = 439576
   Google Scholar
• Vroom , V.H. 1964 . Work and Motivation , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Westerman , J.W. and Yamamura , J.H. 2007 . Generational Preferences for Work Environment Fit: Effects on Employee Outcomes . Career Development International , 12 : 150 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , D. 2002 . Forward from a Critique of Hofstede's Model of National Culture . Human Relations , 55 : 1373 – 1395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemke , R. , Raines , C. and Filipczak , B. 2000 . Generations at Work: Managing the Clash of Veterans, Boomers, Xers and Nexters in your workplace , New York : AMACOM .
   Google Scholar