Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: differences in cross-cultural adjustment and job satisfaction

REFERENCES

• Al Ariss, A., and Syed, J. (2011), ‘Capital Mobilization of Skilled Migrants: A Relational Perspective,’ British Journal of Management, 22, 2, 286–304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R.M., and Kenny, D.A. (1986), ‘The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations,’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 6, 1173–1182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D.A., Shaffer, M.A., and Luk, D.M. (2005), ‘Input-Based and Time-Based Models of International Adjustment: Meta-Analytical Evidence and Theoretical Extensions,’ Academy of Management Journal, 482, 257–281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biemann, T., and Andresen, M. (2010), ‘Self-Initiated Expatriates Versus Assigned Expatriates: Two Distinct Types of International Careers?’ Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25, 4, 430–448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, J.S. (1988), ‘Work Role Transitions: A Study of American Expatriate Managers in Japan,’ Journal of International Business Studies, 19, 277–294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, J.S., and Mendenhall, M. (1991), ‘The U-Curve Adjustment Hypothesis Revisited: A Review and Theoretical Framework,’ Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 2, 225–247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, J.S., and Stephens, G.K. (1989), ‘The Influence of the Spouse on Expatriate Adjustment and Intention to Stay in Assignments,’ Journal of Management, 15, 529–544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, N.G., and Taylor, R.R. (1998), ‘A Developmental Approach to the Examination of Friendship in Leader-Follower Relationships,’ Leadership Quarterly, 9, 1–25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, G., Kirkman, B.L., Kim, K., Farh, C.I.C., and Tangirala, S. (2010), ‘When Does Cross-Cultural Motivation Enhance Expatriate Effectiveness? A Multilevel Investigation of the Moderating Roles of Subsidiary Support and Cultural Distance,’ Academy of Management Journal, 53, 1110–1130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collings, D.G., Scullion, H., and Morley, M.J. (2007), ‘Changing Patterns of Global Staffing in the Multinational Enterprise: Challenges to the Conventional Expatriate Assignment and Emerging Alternatives,’ Journal of World Business, 42, 2, 198–213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dansereau, F., Graen, G., and Haga, B.A. (1975), ‘A Vertical-Dyad Linkage Approach to Leadership Within Formal Organizations: A Longitudinal Investigation of the Role-Making Process,’ Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13, 46–78
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickmann, M., and Mills, T. (2010), ‘The Importance of Intelligent Career and Location Considerations: Exploring the Decision to go to London,’ Personnel Review, 39, 1, 116–134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, N., Dickmann, M., and Mills, T. (2011), ‘Exploring the Motives of Company-Packed and Self-Initiated Expatriates,’ International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 3, 595–611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edström, A., and Galbraith, J.R. (1977), ‘Transfer of Managers as a Coordination and Control Strategy in Multinational Organizations,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 248–263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froese, F.J. (2010), ‘Acculturation Experiences in Korea and Japan,’ Culture and Psychology, 16, 3, 333–348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froese, F.J. (2012), ‘Motivation and Adjustment of Self-Initiated Expatriates: The Case of Expatriate Academics in South Korea,’ International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 1095–1112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froese, F.J., and Peltokorpi, V. (2011), ‘Cultural Distance and Expatriate Job Satisfaction,’ International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 49–60
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froese, F.J., Peltokorpi, V., and Ko, K.A. (2012), ‘The Influence of Intercultural Communication on Cross-Cultural Adjustment and Work Attitudes: Foreign Workers in South Korea,’ International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 331–342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslberger, A. (2005), ‘Facets and Dimensions of Cross-Cultural Adaptation: Refining the Tools,’ Personnel Review, 34, 1, 85–109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslberger, A., and Brewster, C. (2009), ‘Capital Gains, Expatriate Adjustment and the Psychological Contract in International Careers,’ Human Resource Management, 48, 379–397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hechanova, R., Beehr, T.A., and Christiansen, N.D. (2003), ‘Antecedents and Consequences of Employees' Adjustment to Overseas Assignments: A Meta-Analytic Review,’ Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52, 2, 213–236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe-Walsh, L., and Schyns, B. (2010), ‘Self-Initiated Expatriation: Implications for HRM,’ International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 2, 260–273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inkson, K., and Myers, B.A. (2003), ‘The Big OE: Self-Directed Travel and Career Development,’ Career Development International, 8, 170–181
   Google Scholar
• Inkson, K., Arthur, M.B., Pringle, J., and Barry, S. (1997), ‘Expatriate Assignment Versus Overseas Experience: International Human Resource Development,’ Journal of World Business, 2, 351–368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Japan Institute of Labor (2002), Survey on Work and Life Among Expatriates in Japan, Tokyo: Japan Institute of Labor
   Google Scholar
• Jokinen, T., Brewster, C., and Suutari, V. (2008), ‘Career Capital During International Work Experiences: Contrasting Self-Initiated Expatriate Experiences and Assigned Expatriation,’ International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 6, 979–998
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb, D.A. (1984), Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
   Google Scholar
• Locke, E.A. (1976), ‘The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction,’ in Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, ed. M.D.Dunette, Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, pp. 1297–1349
   Google Scholar
• Myers, B., and Pringle, J.K. (2005), ‘Self-Initiated Foreign Experience as Accelerated Development: Influences of Gender,’ Journal of World Business, 40, 421–431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltokorpi, V. (2007), ‘Intercultural Communication Patterns and Strategies: Nordic Expatriates in Japan,’ International Business Review, 16, 1, 68–82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltokorpi, V. (2008), ‘Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Expatriates in Japan,’ International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 9, 1588–1606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltokorpi, V. (2010), ‘Intercultural Communication in Foreign Subsidiaries: The Influence of Expatriates' Language and Cultural Competencies,’ Scandinavian Journal of Management, 26, 176–188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltokorpi, V., and Froese, F.J. (2009), ‘Organizational Expatriates and Self-Initiated Expatriates: Who Adjusts Better to Work and Life in Japan?’ International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20, 5, 1095–1111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltokorpi, V., and Froese, F.J. (2012), ‘The Impact of Expatriate Personality Traits on Cross-cultural Adjustment: A Study with Expatriates in Japan,’ International Business Review, 21, 4, 734–746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponterotto, J.G., Costa-Wofford, C.I., Brobst, K.E., Spelliscy, D., Scheinholtz, J., and Martines, D. (2007), ‘Multicultural Personality Dispositions and Psychological Well-being,’ Journal of Social Psychology, 147, 2, 119–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, J. (2005), ‘Self-Directed Expatriation: Family Matters,’ Personnel Review, 35, 469–486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, J., and Mallon, M. (2005), ‘Career Interrupted? The Case of the Self-Directed Expatriate,’ Journal of World Business, 40, 409–420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, J., and McKenna, S. (2003), ‘Leaving and Experiencing: Why Academics Expatriate and How They Experience Expatriation,’ Career Development International, 7, 67–78
   Google Scholar
• Selmer, J. (2006), ‘Language Ability and Adjustment: Western Expatriates in China,’ Thunderbird International Business Review, 48, 3, 347–368
   Google Scholar
• Selmer, J., and Lauring, J. (2010), ‘Self-Initiated Academic Expatriates: Inherent Demographics and Reasons to Expatriate,’ European Management Review, 7, 3, 169–179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmer, J., and Lauring, J. (2011a), ‘Acquired Demographics and Reasons to Relocate Among Self-Initiated Expatriates,’ International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 10, 2055–2070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmer, J., and Lauring, J. (2011b), ‘Marital Status and Work Outcomes of Self-Initiated Expatriates: Is There a Moderating Effect of Gender?’ Cross-Cultural Management: An International Journal, 18, 2, 198–213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmer, J., and Leung, A.S.M. (2003), ‘International Adjustment of Female vs. Male Business Expatriates,’ International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14, 1117–1131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer, M.A., Francesco, A.M., Joplin, J.R.W., and Lau, T. (2005), ‘Easing the Pain: A Cross-cultural Study of Support Resources and their Influence on Work-Family Conflict,’ in Work and Family: An International Research Perspective, ed. S.Poelmans, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 319–340
   Google Scholar
• Shaffer, M.A., Harrison, D.A., Gregersen, H.B., Black, J.S., and Ferzandi, L.A. (2006), ‘You can Take it With You: Individual Differences and Expatriate Effectiveness,’ Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 109–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel, M.E. (1982), ‘Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equations Models,’ in Sociological Methodology, ed. SLeinhart, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp. 290–312
   Google Scholar
• Spector, P.E. (1997), Job Satisfaction: Applications, Assessment, Causes and Consequences, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
   Google Scholar
• Suutari, V., and Brewster, C. (2000), ‘Making Their Own Way: International Experience Through Self-Initiated Foreign Assignments,’ Journal of World Business, 35, 417–436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., and Russell, J.E.A. (2002), ‘Antecedents and Consequences of the Perceived Adjustment of Japanese Expatriates in the USA,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 8, 1224–1244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tharenou, P., and Caulfield, N. (2010), ‘Will I Stay Or Will I Go? Explaining Repatriation by Self-Initiated Expatriates,’ Academy of Management Journal, 53, 5, 1009–1028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toh, S.M., and Denisi, A. (2007), ‘Host Country Nationals as Socializing Agents: A Social Identity Approach,’ Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 3, 281–301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torbiörn, I. (1982), Living Abroad, New York: Wiley
   Google Scholar
• Van der Zee, K.I., and Van Oudenhoven, J.P. (2000), ‘The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: A Multidimensional Instrument of Multicultural Effectiveness,’ European Journal of Personality, 14, 291–309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance, C.M. (2005), ‘The Personal Quest for Building Global Competence: A Taxonomy of Self-Initiating Career Path Strategies for Gaining Business Experience Abroad,’ Journal of World Business, 40, 374–385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki, Y., and Kayes, D.C. (2004), ‘An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Learning: A Review and Integration of Success Factors in Expatriate Adaptation,’ Academy of Management Learning Education, 3, 4, 354–379
   Google Scholar
• Yamazaki, Y., and Kayes, D.C. (2007), ‘Expatriate Learning: Exploring How Japanese Managers Adapt in the United States,’ International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, 8, 1373–1395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar