The mediating effects of cross-cultural dynamic competencies on the relationship between multicultural personality and cross-cultural adjustment

REFERENCES

• Andreason, A.W. (2003), ‘Expatriate Adjustment to Foreign Assignment,’ International Journal of Cultural Management, 13, 1, 42–60.
   Google Scholar
• Aycan, Z. (1997), ‘Expatriate Adjustment as a Multifaceted Phenomenon: Individual and Organizational Level Predictors,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8, 4, 435–455.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1997), Self-Efficacy: The Experience of Control, New York: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, R.M., and Kenny, D.A. (1986), ‘The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Consideartions,’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 6, 1173–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D.A., Shaffer, M.A., and Luk, D.M. (2005), ‘Input-Based and Time-Based Models of International Adjustment: Meta-Analytic Evidence and Theoretical Extensions,’ Academy of Managemet Journal, 48, 2, 257–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, J.S. (1988), ‘Work Role Transitions: A Study of American Expatriate Managers in Japan,’ Journal of International Business Studies, 19, 2, 277–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, J.S., Mendenhall, M., and Oddou, G. (1991), ‘Toward a Comprehensive Model of International Adjustment: Integration of Multiple Theoretical Perspectives,’ Academy of Management Review, 16, 2, 291–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, J.S., and Stephens, G.K. (1989), ‘The Influence of the Spouse on American Expatriate Adjustment and Intent to Stay in Pacific Rim Overseas Assignments,’ Journal of Management, 15, 4, 529–544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuluundorj, O. (2006), ‘A Multi-Level Study of Vulnerability of Mongolian Pastoralists to Natural Hazards and Its Consequences on Individual and Household Well-Being,' unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Health and Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, A.E., and Oswald, A.J. (1994), ‘Unhappiness and Unemployment,’ Economic Journal, 104, 648–659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockett, K.H., and North-Schulte, D. (2003), ‘Transcending Self and Other: Mahayana Principles of Integration,’ in Psychology and Buddhism, eds. K.H.Dockett, G.R.Dudley-Grant, and C.P.Bankart, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Economic and Commercial Section of the U.S. Embassy in Ulaanbaatar (2010), ‘Mongolia Investment Climate Statement 2010,’ http://mongolia.usembassy.gov/root/media/pdf/mongolia-ics-2011.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Florkowski, G.W., and Fogel, D.S. (1999), ‘Expatriate Adjustment and Commitment: The Role of Host-Unit Treatment,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10, 5, 783–807.
   Google Scholar
• Frazier, P.A., Tix, A.P., and Barron, K.E. (2004), ‘Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology,’ Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 1, 115–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, J.K., Chadwick, M., and Scales, M. (1996), ‘The Relationship between Cross-Cultural Adjustment and the Personality Variables of Self-Efficacy and Self-Monitoring,’ International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 2, 167–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, D.A., and Shaffer, M. (2005), ‘Mapping the Criterion Space for Expatriate Success: Task- and Relationship-Based Performance, Effort and Adaptation,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 8, 1454–1474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan, J., and Holland, B. (2003), ‘Using Theory to Evaluate Personality and Job-Performance Relations: A Socioanalitic Perspective,’ Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 1, 100–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, D.H. (1998), International Management: Text and Cases (2nd ed.), Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, T.-J., Chi, S.-C., and Lawer, J.J. (2005), ‘The Relationship Between Expatriate Personality Traits and Their Adjustment to International Assignments,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 9, 1656–1670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaynak, E., Demirbag, M., and Tatoglu, E. (2007), ‘Determinants of Ownership-Based Entry Mode Choice of MNEs: Evidence from Mongolia,’ Management International Review, 47, 4, 505–530.
   Google Scholar
• Leiba-O'Sullivan, S. (1999), ‘The Distinction between Stable and Dynamic Cross-Cultural Competencies: Implications for Expatriate Trainability,’ Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 4, 709–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leone, L., Zee, K.I.V.d., Oudenhoven, J.P.V., Perugini, M., and Ercolani, A.P. (2005), ‘The Cross-Cultural Generalizability and Validity of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire,’ Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1449–1462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong, C.-H. (2007), ‘Predictive Validity of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: A Longtidinal Study on the Socio-Psychological Adaptation of Asian Undegraduates Who Took Part in a Study-Abroad Program,’ International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 545–559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendenhall, M., and Oddou, G. (1985), ‘The Dimensions of Expatriate Acculturation: A Review,’ Academy of Management Journal, 10, 1, 38–47.
   Google Scholar
• Mongolian Culture Website (2007), ‘The Historical Role of Women in Mongolian Society and Culture,’ http://www.mongolianculture.blogspot.de.
   Google Scholar
• Mongolian Culture Website (2010), ‘Collectivism versus Individualism of Mongolia,’ http://www.siteglimpse.com/mongolianculture.com.
   Google Scholar
• Nachin, D. (2005), ‘Trends in International Investment Flows: Foreign Direct Investment in Mongolia,’ http://www.univ-lehavre.fr/actu/itlcsge/nachin.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Neuliep, J.W., and McCroskey, J.C. (1997), ‘The Development of a U.S and Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale,’ Communication Research Reports, 14, 4, 385–396.
   Google Scholar
• Nunnenkamp, P. (2002), Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: What Economists (Do't) Know and What Policymakers Should (Not) Do, Jaipur: CUTS.
   Google Scholar
• Oberg, K. (1960), ‘Culture Shock and the Problem of Adjustment in New Cultural Environments,’ Practical Anthropology, 7, 177–182.
   Google Scholar
• Osman-Gani, A.M., and Rockstuhl, T. (2009), ‘Cross-Cultural Training, Expatriate Self-Efficacy, and Adjustments to Overseas Assignments: An Empirical Investigation of Managers in Asia,’ International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33, 277–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudenhoven, J.P.V, Mol, S., and Zee, K.L.V.d. (2003), ‘Short Note Study of the Adjustment of Western Expatriates in Taiwan ROC with the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire,’ Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 159–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudenhoven, J.P.V., and Zee, K.I.V.d. (2002), ‘Predicting Multicultural Effectiveness of International Students: The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire,’ International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 679–694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltokorpi, V. (2008), ‘Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Expatriates in Japan,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 9, 1588–1606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmer, J. (2001), ‘Expatriate Selection: Back to Basics,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, 8, 1219–1233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmer, J. (2002), ‘Practice Makes Perfect? International and Expatriate Adjustment,’ Management International Review, 42, 1, 71–85.
   Google Scholar
• Shaffer, M.A., Harrison, D.A., Gregerson, H., Black, J.S., and Ferzandi, L.A. (2006), ‘You Can Take It With You: Individual Differences and Expatriate Effectiveness,’ Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1, 109–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinangil, H.K., and Ones, D.S. (2003), ‘Gender Differences in Expatriate Job Performance,’ Applied Psychology: An Internationa Review, 52, 3, 461–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu, O.-l., Lu, C.-q., and Spector, P.E. (2007), ‘Employees' Well-Being in Greater China: The Direct and Moderating Effects of General Self-Efficacy,’ Applied Psychology: An Internationa Review, 56, 2, 288–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., and Russel, J.E.A. (2002), ‘Antecedents and Consequences of the Perceived Adjustment of Japanese Expatriates in the USA,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 8, 1224–1244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K.M. (1997), ‘Psychological Privilege and Ethnocentrism as Barriers to Cross-Cultural Adjustment and Effective Intercultural Interactions,’ Leadership Quarterly, 7, 2, 215–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torbiorn, I. (1982), Living Abroad: Personal Adjustment and Personnel Policy in the Overseas Setting, New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Zee, K.I.V.d., and Oudenhoven, J.P.V. (2000), ‘The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: Multidimensional Instrument of Multicultural Effectiveness,’ European Journal of Personality, 14, 291–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zee, K.I.V.d., and Oudenhoven, J.P.V. (2001), ‘The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity of Self - and Other Ratings of Multicultural Effectiveness,’ Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 278–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman, M. (1979), Sensation Seeking: Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal, Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Zuckerman, M. (1994), Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar