Emotional intelligence, job insecurity, and psychological strain among real estate agents: a test of mediation and moderation models

References

• Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Alvesson, M., & Sandberg, J. (2011). Generating research questions through problematization. Academy of Management Review, 36, 247–271.10.5465/AMR.2011.59330882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsenault, A., Dolan, S. L., & Van Ameringen, M. R. (1991). Stress and mental strain in hospital work: Exploring the relationship beyond personality. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 483–493. doi:10.1002/job.4030120603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford, S. J., Blatt, R., & VandeWalle, D. (2003). Reflections on the looking glass: A review of research on feedback-seeking behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 29, 773–799. doi:10.1016/S0149-2063_03_00079-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford, S. J., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1989). Content causes, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 803–829. doi:10.2307/256569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford, S. J., & Tsui, A. S. (1991). Self-regulation for managerial effectiveness: The role of active feedback seeking. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 251–280. doi:10.2307/256442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., & Bal, P. M. (2010). Weekly work engagement and performance: A study among starting teachers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 189–206. doi:10.1348/096317909X402596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309–328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management, 38, 9–44. doi:10.1177/0149206311410606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsley, D. A., Kuh, E., & Welsch, R. E. (1980). Regression diagnostics: Identifying influential data and sources of collinearity. New York, NY: John Wiley.10.1002/0471725153
   Google Scholar
• Bender, K. A., & Sloane, P. J. (1999). Trade union membership, tenure, and the level of job insecurity. Applied Economics, 31, 123–135. doi:10.1080/000368499324615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliese, P. D., & Hanges, P. J. (2004). Being both too liberal and too conservative: The perils of treating grouped data as though they were independent. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 400–417. doi:10.1177/1094428104268542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyatzis, R. E., & Sala, F. (2004). Assessing emotional intelligence competencies. In G. Geher (Ed.), Measuring emotional intelligence: Common ground and controversy (pp. 147–180). New York, NY: Nova Science.
   Google Scholar
• Brief, A. P., Burke, M. J., George, J. M., Robinson, B. S., & Webster, J. (1988). Should negative affectivity remain an unmeasured variable in the study of job stress? Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 193–198. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brislin, R. W. (1990), Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. In H. M. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Methodology (Vol. 1, pp. 389–444). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.10.4135/9781483325392
   Google Scholar
• Burke, M. J., Brief, A. P., & George, J. M. (1993). The role of negative affectivity in understanding relations between self-reports of stressors and strains: A comment on the applied psychology literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 402–412. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.3.402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., Van Harrison, R. V., & Pinneau, S. R. (1980). Job demands and worker health: Main effects and occupational differences. Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute of Social Research, University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Central Bank of the Republic of China, Taiwan. (2008). Financial Stability Report December 2008. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.gov.tw/public/Attachment/98517273371.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chang, C. H., Rosen, C. C., & Levy, P. E. (2009). The relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and employee attitudes, strain, and behavior: A meta-analytic examination. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 779–801. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2009.43670894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, G., Mathieu, J. E., & Bliese, P. D. (2004). A framework for conducting multilevel construct validation. In F. J. Yammarino & F. Dansereau (Eds.), Research in multilevel issues: Multilevel issues in organizational behavior and processes (pp. 273–303). Oxford: Elsevier.10.1016/S1475-9144(04)03013-9
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, G. H. L., & Chan, D. K. S. (2008). Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta-analytic review Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 272–303. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00312.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, T., Huang, G. H., Lee, C., & Ren, X. (2012). Longitudinal effects of job insecurity on employee outcomes: The moderating role of emotional intelligence and the leader-member exchange. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29, 709–728. doi:10.1007/s10490-010-9227-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherniss, C. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Towards clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 3, 110–126. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01231.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté, S., & Miners, C. T. H. (2006). Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 1–28. doi:10.2189/asqu.51.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio, A. R. (1999). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, M., Stankov, L., & Roberts, R. D. (1998). Emotional Intelligence: In Search of an Elusive Construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 989–1015. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Witte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 155–177. doi:10.1080/135943299398302
   Google Scholar
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Bulters, A. J. (2004). The loss spiral of work pressure, work-home interference and exhaustion: Reciprocal relations in a three-wave study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 131–149. doi:10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00030-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman, C., & Zapf, D. (1999). Social support, social stressors at work, and depressive symptoms: Testing for main and moderating effects with structural equations in a three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 874–884. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.6.874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durán, A., Extremera, N., & Rey, L. (2004). Self-reported emotional intelligence, burnout and engagement among staff in services for people with intellectual disabilities. Psychological Reports, 95, 386–390. doi:10.2466/pr0.95.2.386-390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enzmann, D., Schaufeli, W. B., Janssen, P., & Rozeman, A. (1998). Dimensionality and validity of the burnout measure. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71, 331–351. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1998.tb00680.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fineman, S. (2000). Commodifying the emotionally intelligent. In S. Fineman (Ed.), Emotion in organizations (pp. 101–115). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 571–579. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2007). Dual tuning in a supportive context: Joint contributions of positive mood, negative mood, and supervisory behaviors to employee creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 605–622. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2007.25525934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goleman, H. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
   Google Scholar
• Goleman, H. (2001). Emotional intelligence: Issues in paradigm building. In C. Cherniss, & D. Goleman (Eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace (pp. 13–26). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Gong, Y., Wang, M., Huang, J. C., & Cheung, S. Y. (in press), Toward a goal orientation-based feedback-seeking typology: Implications for employee performance outcomes. Journal of Management. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0149206314551797
   Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job Insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9, 438–448. doi:10.5465/AMR.1984.4279673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (pp. 776–815). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Person Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hobföll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobföll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6, 307–324. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobföll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 632–643. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holahan, S. E., Moos, R. H., Holahan, C. K., & Cronkite, R. C. (1999). Resource loss, resource gain, and depressive symptoms: A 10-year model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 620–629. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, G., Niu, X., Lee, C., & Ashford, S. J. (2012). Differentiating cognitive and affective job insecurity: Antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 752–769. doi:10.1002/job.1815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, L. R. (1982). Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 219–229. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.67.2.219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, P. J., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Hartel, C. E. (2002). Emotional intelligence as a moderator of emotional and behavioral reactions to job insecurity. Academy of Management Review, 27, 361–372. doi:10.5465/AMR.2002.7389905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, P. J., Dasborough, M. T., Daus, C. S., & Askanasy, N. M. (2010). A call to context. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3, 145–148. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01215.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, P. J., & Troth, A. C. (2010). Emotional intelligence and leader member exchange: The relationship with employee turnover intentions and job satisfaction. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32, 260–280. doi:10.1108/01437731111123915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 54–78. doi:10.1037/a0017286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, R. L., & Byosiere, P. (1992). Stress in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 571–650). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., & Cleary, P. D. (1980). Social class and psychological distress. American Sociological Review, 45, 463–478.10.2307/2095178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnunen, U., Mäuno, S., Nätti, J., & Happonen, M. (1999). Perceived job insecurity: A longitudinal study among Finnish employees. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 243–260. doi:10.1080/135943299398348
   Google Scholar
• Law, K. S., Wong, C. S., Huang, G., & Li, X. (2008). The effects of emotional intelligence on job performance and life satisfaction for the research and development scientists in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 25, 51–69. doi:10.1007/s10490-007-9062-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, K. S., Wong, C. S., & Mobley, W. H. (1998). Toward a taxonomy of multidimensional constructs. Academy of Management Review, 23, 741–755. doi:10.5465/AMR.1998.1255636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, K. S., Wong, C. S., & Song, L. J. (2004). The Construct and Criterion Validity of Emotional Intelligence and Its Potential Utility for Management Studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 483–496. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, H. (2007). Do it right this time: The role of employee service recovery performance in customer-perceived justice and customer loyalty after service failures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 475–489. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, V. K. G. (1996). Job insecurity and its outcomes: Moderating effects of work-based and nonwork-based social support. Human Relations, 49, 171–194. doi:10.1177/001872679604900203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, G., Schwean, V. L., Campbell, S. E., Saklofske, D. H., & Mohamed, A. A. R. (2000). Personality, self-regulation, and adaptation. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 171–207). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50035-4
   Google Scholar
• Mäuno, S., Kinnunen, U., Mäkikangas, A., & Nätti, J. (2005). Psychological consequences of fixed-term employment and perceived job insecurity among health care staff. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 209–237. doi:10.1080/13594320500146649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence (pp. 392–420). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2002). Mayer-Salovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test (MSCEIT) user’s manual. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 197–215.10.1207/s15327965pli1503_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montes-Berges, B., & Augusto, J. M. (2007). Exploring the relationship between perceived emotional intelligence, coping, social support and mental health in nursing students. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 14, 163–171. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01059.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2005). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: Exploring its effects on occupational stress and health outcomes in human service workers. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 18, 167–175. doi:10.1108/eb028956
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, 36, 717–731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Bobik, C., Coston, T. D., Greeson, C., Jedlicka, C., … Wendorf, G. (2001). Emotional intelligence and interpersonal relations. Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 523–536. doi:10.1080/00224540109600569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, J., & Wang, L. (2007). Validation of emotional intelligence scale in Chinese university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 377–387. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair, R. R., Wang, M., & Tetrick, L. E. (2013). Research methods in occupational health psychology: Measurement, design, and data analysis. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Slaski, M., & Cartwright, S. (2003). Emotional intelligence training and its implications for stress, health, and performance. Stress and Health, 19, 233–239. doi:10.1002/smi.979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2003). Stress in organizations. In I. B. Weiner (Ed.), Handbook of psychology (pp. 453–491). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Stanton, J. M., Balzer, W. K., Smith, P. C., Parra, L. F., & Ironson, G. (2001). A general measure of work stress: The stress in general scale. Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 216–232. doi:10.1177/00131640121971455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summerfeldt, L. J., Kloosterman, P. H., Antony, M. M., & Parker, J. D. A. (2006). Social anxiety, emotional intelligence, and interpersonal adjustment. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28, 57–68. doi:10.1007/s10862-006-4542-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 242–264. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Towers Watson. (2013). 2013/2014 staying@work survey report. Retrieved from http://www.towerswatson.com/en/Insights/IC-Types/Survey-Research-Results/2013/12/stayingatwork-survey-report-2013-2014-us
   Google Scholar
• Tsaousis, I., & Nikolaou, I. (2005). Exploring the relationship of emotional intelligence with physical and psychological health functioning. Stress and Health, 21, 77–86. doi:10.1002/smi.1042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mierlo, H., Vermunt, J. K., & Rutte, C. G. (2009). Composing group-level constructs from individual-level survey data. Organizational Research Methods, 12, 368–392. doi:10.1177/1094428107309322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rooy, D. L., Whitman, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Additional questions still unanswered. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3, 149–153. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01216.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rooy, D. L., & Viswesvaran, C. (2004). Emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 71–95. doi:10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00076-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M., Liao, H., Zhan, Y., & Shi, J. (2011). Daily customer mistreatment and employee sabotage against customers: Examining emotion and resource perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 312–334. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2011.60263093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243–274. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, J. L. (1995). Research on Chinese organizational behavior and human resource management: Conceptual and methodological consideration. In S. B. Prasad (Ed.), Advances in international comparative management (Vol. 10, pp. 15–42). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, J. L. (1996). Karasek’s model in the People’s Republic of China: Effects of job demands, control, and individual differences. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1594–1618. doi:10.2307/257070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, J. L., & Johns, G. (1995). Job scope and stress: Can job scope be too high? Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1288–1309. doi:10.2307/256858
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar