References
- Ala-Mursula, L. , Vahtera, J. , Kivimäki, M. , Kevin, M. V. , & Pentti, J. (2002). Employee control over working times: Associations with subjective health and sickness absences. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 56 , 272–278.https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.4.272
- Allen, T. D. , Johnson, R. C. , Kiburz, K. M. , & Shockley, K. M. (2013). Work-family conflict and flexible work arrangements: Deconstructing flexibility. Personnel Psychology , 66 , 345–376.https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.2013.66.issue-2
- van Amelsvoort, L. G. P. M. , Jansen, N. W. H. , Swaen, G. M. H. , van den Brandt, P. A. , & Kant, I. J. (2004). Direction of shift rotation among three-shift workers in relation to psychological health and work-family conflict. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. , 30 , 149–156.https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.772
- Amendola, K. L. , Weisburd, D. , Hamilton, E. , Jones, G. , Slipka, M. , Heitmann, A. , … Tarkghen, E. (2011). The impact of shift length in policing on performance, health, quality of life, sleep, fatigue, and extra-duty employment . Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
- Angrave, D. , & Charlwood, A. (2015). What is the relationship between long working hours, over-employment, underemployment and the subjective well-being of workers? Longitudinal evidence from the UK. Human Relations , 68 , 1491–1515.https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714559752
- Artazcoz, L. , Cortès, I. , Escribà-Agüir, V. , Bartoll, X. , Basart, H. , & Borrell, C. (2013). Long working hours and health status among employees in Europe: Between-country differences. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health , 39 , 369–378.https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3333
- Atkinson, C. , & Hall, L. (2009). The role of gender in varying forms of flexible working. Gender, Work & Organization , 16 , 650–666.https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.2009.16.issue-6
- Bambra, C. , Petticrew, M. , Whitehead, M. , Sowden, A. , & Akers, J. (2007). Project final report. The health and wellbeing effects of changing the organisation of shift work: A systematic review . London: Public Health Research Consortium.
- Barton, J. , Spelten, E. , Totterdell, P. , Smith, L. , Folkard, S. , & Costa, G. (1995). The standard shiftwork index: A battery of questionnaires for assessing shiftwork-related problems. Work & Stress , 9 , 4–30.https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379508251582
- Beckers, D. , Kompier, M. , Kecklund, G. , & Härmä, M. (2012). Worktime control: Theoretical conceptualization, current empirical knowledge, and research agenda. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health , 38 , 291–297.
- Campbell, I. , & van Wanrooy, B. (2013). Long working hours and working time preferences: Between desirability and feasibility. Human Relations , 66 , 1131–1155.https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713478641
- Chung, H. , & Tijdens, K. (2013). Working time flexibility components and working time regimes in Europe: Using company-level data across 21 countries. The International Journal of Human Resource Management , 24 , 1418–1434.https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.712544
- Cohen, S. , Kamarck, T. , & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 24 , 385–396.https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
- Costa, G. , Åkerstedt, T. , Nachreiner, F. , Baltieri, F. , Carvalhais, J. , Folkard, S. , et al. (2004). Flexible working hours, health, and well-being in Europe: Some considerations from a SALTSA project. Chronobiology International , 21 , 831–844.https://doi.org/10.1081/CBI-200035935
- Costa, G. , Sartori, S. , & Akerstedt, F. (2006). Influence of flexibility and variability of working hours on health and well‐being. Chronobiology International , 23 , 1125–1137.https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520601087491
- Costa, G. , Folkard, S. , & Harrington, J. M. (2010). Shift work and extended hours of work. In P. Baxter , P. Adams , T.-C. Caw , A. Cockcroft , & J. Harrington (Eds.), Hunter’s diseases of occupation (10th ed.) (pp. 1233–1245). London: Arnold.
- Courtenay, W. (2000). Behavioural factors associated with disease, injury and death among men: Evidence and implications for prevention. The Journal of Men's Studies , 9 , 81–142.https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0901.81
- Demerouti, E. , Bakker, A. B. , & Bulters, A. J. (2004). The loss spiral of work pressure, work home interference and exhaustion: Reciprocal relations in a three-wave study. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 64, 131–149.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00030-7
- Dick, P. (2009). Bending over backwards? Using a pluralistic framework to explore the management of flexible working in the UK police service. British Journal of Management , 20 , S182–S193.https://doi.org/10.1111/bjom.2009.20.issue-s1
- Dixon, J. , Woodman, D. , Strazdins, L. , Banwell, C. , Broom, D. , & Burgess, J. (2014). Flexible employment, flexible eating and health risks. Critical Public Health , 24 , 461–475.
- Eby, L. T. , Casper, W. J. , Lockwood, A. , Bordeaux, C. , & Brinley, A. (2005). Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980–2002). Journal of Vocational Behavior , 66 , 124–197.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.003
- Eriksen, C. A. & Kecklund, G. (2007). Sleep, sleepiness and health complaints in police officers: The effects of a flexible shift system. Industrial Health , 45 , 279–288.
- Eurofound . (2012). Fifth European working conditions survey . Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved November 2015, from http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2011/82/en/1/EF1182EN.pdf
- Eurofound . (2015). Developments in working life in Europe. EurWORK annual review 2014 . Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2015/working-conditions-industrial-relations/developments-in-working-life-in-europe-eurwork-annual-review-2014
- Fagan, C. , & Walthery, P. (2013). Working time capabilities at the workplace: Individual adjustment options between full-time and part-time working in European firms. In B. Hobson (Ed.), Work-life balance: The agency and capabilities gap (p. 174). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Fleetwood, S. (2007). Why work-life balance now? The International Journal of Human Resource Management , 18 , 387–400.https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190601167441
- Freidli, L. (2009). Mental health, resilience and inequalities . Copenhagen: World Health Organisation Europe.
- Ganster, D. C. , & Rosen, C. C. (2013). Work stress and employee health: A multidisciplinary review. Journal of Management , 39 , 1085–1122.https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313475815
- Gardiner, J. , & Tomlinson, J. (2009). Organisational approaches to flexible working: Perspectives of equality and diversity managers in the UK. Equal Opportunities International , 28 , 671–686.https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150911001706
- Golden, L. (2015). Irregular work scheduling and its consequences. Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper , 394.
- Green, F. , Mostafa, T. , Parent-Thirion, A. , Vermeylen, G. , van Houten, G. , Biletta, I. , & Lyly-Yrjanainen, M. (2013). Is job quality becoming more unequal? ILR Review , 66 , 753–784.https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391306600402
- Grzywacz, J. G. , Carlson, D. S. , & Shulkin, S. (2008). Schedule flexibility and stress: Linking formal flexible arrangements and perceived flexibility to employee health. Community, Work and Family , 11 , 199–214.https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800802024652
- Hämmig, O. , & Bauer, G. F. (2013). Work, work-life conflict and health in an industrial work environment. Occupational Medicine , 64, 34–38.
- Hansen, J. , & Stevens, R. G. (2012). Case–control study of shift-work and breast cancer risk in Danish nurses: Impact of shift systems. European Journal of Cancer , 48 , 1722–1729.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2011.07.005
- Härmä, M. (2006). Workhours in relation to work stress, recovery and health. Scand Journal of Work Environment and Health , 32 , 502–514.
- Hayday, S. , Broughton, A. , & Tyers, C. (2007). Managing sickness absence in the police service: A review of current practices ( RR582 Research Report). Report Commissioned by the Health and Safety Executive and The Home Office, London: Institute of Employment Studies.
- Henly, J. R. , & Lambert, S. J. (2014). Unpredictable work timing in retail jobs. Implications for employee work-life conflict. ILR Review , 67 , 986–1016.https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793914537458
- Hofacker, D. , & Konig, S. (2013). Flexibility and work‐life conflict in times of crisis: A gender perspective. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy , 33 , 613–635.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-04-2013-0042
- Home Office (2004). Study of police resource management and rostering arrangements . London: Author.
- Home Office . (2007). Flexible working in the police service . London: Author.
- Idler, E. L. , & Benyamini, Y. (1997). Self-rated health and mortality: A review of twenty-seven community studies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 21–37.https://doi.org/10.2307/2955359
- Ingre, M. , Åkerstedt, T. , Ekstedt, M. , & Kecklund, G. (2012). Periodic self-rostering in shift work: Correspondence between objective work hours, work hour preferences (personal fit), and work schedule satisfaction. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health , 38 , 327–336.https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3309
- Johnson, T. P. , & Wislar, J. S. (2012). Response rates and nonresponse errors in surveys. JAMA , 307 , 1805–1806.https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.3532
- Kalleberg, A. L. , & Hewison, K. (2013). Precarious work and the challenge for Asia. American Behavioral Scientist , 57 , 271–288.https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212466238
- Kattenbach, R. , Demerouti, E. , & Nachreiner, F. (2010). Flexible working times: Effects on employees’ exhaustion, work‐nonwork conflict and job performance. Career Development International , 15 , 279–295.https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431011053749
- Kohan, A. , & O’connor, B. P. (2002). Police officer job satisfaction in relation to mood, well-being, and alcohol consumption. The Journal of Psychology , 136 , 307–318.https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980209604158
- Lambert, S. (2008). Passing the buck: Labor flexibility practices that transfer risk onto hourly workers. Human Relations , 61 , 1203–1227.https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708094910
- Lambert, S. J. , Haley-Lock, A. , & Henly, J. R. (2012). Schedule flexibility in hourly jobs: Unanticipated consequences and promising directions. Community, Work & Family , 15 , 293–315.
- Lee, C. , & Owens, R. G. (2002). The psychology of men’s health . Buckingham: Open University Press.
- Love, J. , Grimby-Ekman, A. , Eklof, M. , Hagberg, M. , & Dellve, L. (2010). ‘Pushing oneself too hard’: Performance-based self-esteem as a predictor of sickness presenteeism among young adult women and men – a cohort study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 52 , 603–609.https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181dce181
- Loveday, B. (2015). Police management and workforce reform in a period of austerity. In P. Wankhade & D. Weir (Eds.), Police services (pp. 115–127). New York: Springer International Publishing.
- McCann, D. (2007). Temporal autonomy and the protective individualization of working time law: The case of overtime work. Labour & Industry: A journal of the social and economic relations of work , 17 , 29–43.https://doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2007.10669350
- Ménard, K. S. , & Arter, M. L. (2013). Police officer alcohol use and trauma symptoms: Associations with critical incidents, coping, and social stressors. International Journal of Stress Management , 20 , 37–56.https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031434
- Nabe-Nielsen, K. , Garde, A. H. , Aust, B. , & Diderichsen, F. (2012). Increasing work-time influence: Consequences for flexibility, variability, regularity, and predictability. Ergonomics , 55 , 440–449.https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.646321
- Netemeyer, R. G. , Boles, J. S. , & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology , 81 , 400–410.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400
- Nijp, H. H. , Beckers, D. G. , Geurts, S. A. , Tucker, P. , & Kompier, M. A. (2012). Systematic review on the association between employee worktime control and work-non-work balance, health and well-being, and job-related outcomes. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health , 38, 299–313.https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3307
- Otterbach, S. (2010). Mismatches between actual and preferred work time: Empirical evidence of hours constraints in 21 countries. Journal of Consumer Policy , 33 , 143–161.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-009-9116-7
- Pallesen, S. , Bjorvatn, B. , Mageroy, N. , Saksvik, I. B. , Waage, S. , & Moen, B. E. (2010). Measures to counteract the negative effects of night work. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health , 36 , 109–120.https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2886
- Podsakoff, P. M. , MacKenzie, S. B. , Lee, J. , & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 , 879–903.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
- Preacher, K. J. , & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods , 40 , 879–891.https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
- Radcliffe, L. S. , & Cassell, C. (2015). Flexible working, work-family conflict, and maternal gatekeeping: The daily experiences of dual-earner couples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 88, 835–855.
- Rajaratnam, S. M. , Barger, L. K. , Lockley, S. W. , Shea, S. A. , Wang, W. , Landrigan, C. P. , ... Epstein L. J. (2011). Sleep disorders, health, and safety in police officers. JAMA , 306 , 2567–2578.
- Richardson, S. , Shaffer, J. A. , Falzon, L. , Krupka, D. , Davidson, K. W. , & Edmondson, D. (2012). Meta-analysis of perceived stress and its association with incident coronary heart disease. The American Journal of Cardiology , 110 , 1711–1716.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.004
- Richbell, S. , Brookes, M. , Brewster, C. , & Wood, G. (2011). Non-standard working time: An international and comparative analysis. The International Journal of Human Resource Management , 22 , 945–962.https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.555135
- Rubery, J. , Ward, J. , Grimshaw, D. , & Beynon, H. (2005). Working time, industrial relations and the employment relationship. Time and Society , 14 , 89–111.https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X05050300
- Russell, H. , O’Connell, F. J. , & McGinnity, F. (2009). The impact of flexible working arrangements on work-life conflict and work pressure in Ireland. Gender, Work and Organization , 16 , 73–97.https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.2009.16.issue-1
- Siemsen, E. , Roth, A. , & Oliveira, P. (2010). Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organizational Research Methods , 13 , 456–476.https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428109351241
- Silvestri, M. (2006). ’Doing time’: Becoming a police leader. International Journal of Police Science and Management , 8 , 266–281.https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2006.8.4.266
- Smith, L. , Tanigawa, T. , Takahashi, M. , Mutou, K. , Tachibana, N. , Kage, Y. , & Iso, H. (2005). Shiftwork locus of control, situational and behavioural effects on sleepiness and fatigue in shiftworkers. Industrial Health , 43 , 151–170.https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.43.151
- Smith, C. S. , Folkard, S. , Tucker, P. , & Evans, M. S. (2011). Work schedules, health and safety. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (2nd ed.) (pp. 185–204). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Smithson, J. , & Stokoe, E. H. (2005). Discourses of work-life balance: Negotiating ‘genderblind’ terms in organizations. Gender, Work and Organization , 12 , 147–168.https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.2005.12.issue-2
- Swanberg, J. E. , Pitt-Catsouphes, M. , & Drescher-Burke, K. (2005). A question of justice: Disparities in employees’ access to flexible schedule arrangements. Journal of Family Issues , 26 , 866–895.https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X05277554
- Tucker, P. , & Folkard, S. (2012). Working time, health and safety: A research synthesis paper . Geneva: International Labour Office.
- Turnbull, P. J. , & Wass, V. (2015). Normalizing extreme work in the police service? Austerity and the inspecting ranks. Organization , 22 , 512–529.
- Van Buren, H. J. , Greenwood, M. , & Sheehan, C. (2011). Strategic human resource management and the decline of employee focus. Human Resource Management Review , 21 , 209–219.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.02.004
- Van den Bergh, J. , Beliën, J. , De Bruecker, P. , Demeulemeester, E. , & De Boeck, L. (2013). Personnel scheduling: A literature review. European Journal of Operational Research , 226 , 367–385.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.11.029
- Vandello, J. A. , Hettinger, V. E. , Bosson, J. K. , & Siddiqi, J. (2013). When equal isn’t really equal: The masculine dilemma of seeking work flexibility. Journal of Social Issues , 69 , 303–321.https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.2013.69.issue-2
- van Veldhoven, M. J. , & Beijer, S. E. (2012). Workload, work-to-family conflict, and health: Gender differences and the influence of private life context. Journal of Social Issues , 68 , 665–683.https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.2012.68.issue-4
- WHO . (2008). PRIMA-EF guidance on the European framework for psychosocial risk management. A resource for employers and workers representatives. In S. Leka & T. Cox (Eds.), Protecting workers’ health ( series no. 9). Geneva: Author.
- Viens, M. , De Koninck, J. , Mercier, P. , St-Onge, M. , & Lorrain, D. (2003). Trait anxiety and sleep-onset insomnia: Evaluation of treatment using anxiety management training. Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 54 , 31–37.