6,060
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

HRM in 21st century small organizations: a midrange typology to describe, contrast and contextualize the phenomenon

ORCID Icon &
Pages 3224-3251 | Received 25 May 2020, Accepted 30 Mar 2021, Published online: 18 May 2021

References

  • Aldrich, H. E. (1999). Organizations evolving.
  • Alvesson, M. (2000). Social identity and the problem of loyalty in knowledge-intensive companies. Journal of Management Studies, 37(8), 1101–1123. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00218
  • Anderson, B. (2010). Migration, immigration controls and the fashioning of precarious workers. Work, Employment and Society, 24(2), 300–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010362141
  • Arthur, J. B., & Boyles, T. (2007). Validating the human resource system structure: A levels-based strategic HRM approach. Human Resource Management Review, 17(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.02.001
  • Bacharach, S. B. (1989). Organizational theories: Some criteria for evaluation. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 496–515. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4308374
  • Baines, S., & Robson, L. (2001). Being self-employed or being enterprising? The case of creative work for the media industries. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 8(4), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006830
  • Baron, J. N., Burton, D. M., & Hannan, M. T. (1996). The road taken: Origins and evolution of employment systems in emerging companies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 5, 239–276.
  • Baron, J. N., Burton, M. D., & Hannan, M. T. (1999). Engineering bureaucracy: The genesis of formal policies, positions, and structures in high-technology firms. The Journal of Law, Economic and Organization, 15, 1–41.
  • Barret, R. (1999). Industrial relations in small firms: The case of the Australian information industry. Employee Relations, 21, 311–323.
  • Barrett, R., & Rainnie, A. (2002). What’s so special about small firms? Developing an integrated approach to analysing small firm industrial relations. Work, Employment & Society, 16(3), 415–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/095001702762217416
  • Barringer, B. R., Jones, F. F., & Neubaum, D. O. (2005). A quantitative content analysis of the characteristics of rapid-growth firms and their founders. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(5), 663–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.03.004
  • Bedford, D. S., & Malmi, T. (2015). Configurations of control: An exploratory analysis. Management Accounting Research, 27, 2–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2015.04.002
  • Behrends, T. (2007). Recruitment practices in small and medium size enterprises. An empirical study among knowledge-intensive professional service firms. Management Revue, 18, 55–74. https://doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2007-1-55
  • Boon, C., Den Hartog, D. N., & Lepak, D. P. (2019). A systematic review of human resource management systems and their measurement. Journal of Management, 45(6), 2498–2537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318818718
  • Boxall, P., & Purcell, J. (2011). Strategy and human resource management (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
  • Cappelli, P., & Keller, J. (2012). Classifying work in the new economy. Academy of Management Review, 38(4), 575–596. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.0302
  • Cheney, G., Santa Cruz, I., Peredo, A. M., & Nazareno, E. (2014). Worker cooperatives as an organizational alternative: Challenges, achievements and promise in business governance and ownership. Organization, 21(5), 591–603. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508414539784
  • Combs, J. G., Jaskiewicz, P., Shanine, K. K., & Balkin, D. B. (2018). Making sense of HR in family firms: Antecedents, moderators, and outcomes. Human Resource Management Review, 28(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.05.001
  • Coulson, S. (2012). Collaborating in a competitive world: Musicians’ working lives and understandings of entrepreneurship. Work, Employment and Society, 26(2), 246–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017011432919
  • Datta, K., McIlwaine, C., Evans, Y., Herbert, J., May, J., & Wills, J. (2007). From coping strategies to tactics: London’s low-pay economy and migrant labor. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45(2), 404–432.
  • Davila, T. (2005). An exploratory study on the emergence of management control systems: Formalizing human resources in small growing firms. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 30(3), 223–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2004.05.006
  • Delery, J. E., & Doty, D. H. (1996). Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management : Tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 802–835.
  • Drummond, I., & Stone, I. (2007). Exploring the potential of high performance work systems in SMEs. Employee Relations, 29(2), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450710720011
  • Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2020). Algorithmic management and app-work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 30(1), 114–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258
  • Dundon, T., Grugulis, I., & Wilkinson, A. (1999). Looking out of the black-hole’. Employee Relations, 21(3), 251–266.
  • Edwards, P., & Ram, M. (2006). Surviving on the margins of the economy: Working relationships in small, low-wage firms. Journal of Management Studies, 43(4), 895–916.
  • Edwards, P., Ram, M., Gupta, S. S., & Tsai, C. (2006). The structuring of working relationships in small firms: Towards a formal framework. Organization, 13(5), 701–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508406067010
  • Etzioni, A. (1961). A comparative analysis of complex organizations: On power, involvement and their correlates. Simon and Schuster.
  • Felstead, A., & Jewson, N. (1997). Researching a problematic concept: Homeworkers in Britain. Work, Employment & Society, 11(2), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017097112007
  • Fiss, P. C. (2007). A set-theoretic approach to organizational configurations. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1190–1198. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.26586092
  • Flinchbaugh, C., Zare, M., Chadwick, C., Li, P., & Essman, S. (2020). The influence of independent contractors on organizational effectiveness: A review. Human Resource Management Review, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.01.002
  • Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Polity Press.
  • Gill, M. J. (2019). The significance of suffering in organizations: Understanding variation in workers’ responses to multiple modes of control. Academy of Management Review, 44(2), 377–404. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2016.0378
  • Gilman, M. W., & Edwards, P. K. (2008). Testing a framework of the organization of small firms: Fast-growth, high-tech SMEs. International Small Business Journal, 26(5), 531–558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242608094028
  • Gilman, M., Edwards, P., Ram, M., & Arrowsmith, J. (2002). Pay determination in small firms in the UK: The case of the response to the National Minimum Wage. Industrial Relations Journal, 33(1), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2338.00219
  • Gilman, M., Raby, S., & Pyman, A. (2015). The contours of employee voice in SMEs: The importance of context. Human Resource Management Journal, 25(4), 563–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12086
  • Goffee, R., & Scase, R. (1995). Corporate realities: The dynamics of large and small organizations. International Thomson Business Press.
  • Goss, D. (1991). Small business and society (Vol. 82). Routledge.
  • Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494338
  • Greenwood, R., Deephouse, D. L., & Li, S. X. (2007). Ownership and performance of professional service firms. Organization Studies, 28(2), 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606067992
  • Gresov, C., & Drazin, R. (1997). Equifinality: Functional equivalence in organization design. Academy of Management Review, 22(2), 403–428.
  • Grugulis, I., Dundon, T., & Wilkinson, A. (2000). Cultural control and the “culture manager”: Employment practices in a consultancy. Work, Employment & Society, 14(1), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170022118284
  • Guerci, M., Radaelli, G., Siletti, E., Cirella, S., & Rami Shani, A. B. (2015). The impact of human resource management practices and corporate sustainability on organizational ethical climates: An employee perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(2), 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1946-1
  • Gundry, L. K., & Welsch, H. P. (2001). The ambitious entrepreneur: High growth strategies of women-owned enterprises. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 453–470.
  • Harney, B., & Alkhalaf, H. (2020). A quarter-century review of HRM in small and medium-sized enterprises : Capturing what we know, exploring where we need to go. Human Resouce Management, 60, 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22010
  • Harney, B., & Dundon, T. (2006). Capturing complexity: Developing an integrated approach to analysing HRM in SMEs. Human Resource Management Journal, 16(1), 48–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2006.00004.x
  • Heneman, R. L., Tansky, J. W., & Camp, S. M. (2000). Human resource management practices in small and medium-sized enterprises: Unanswered questions and future research perspectives. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 25(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2007.82.4.907
  • Heracleous, L., & Hendry, J. (2000). Discourse and the study of organization: Toward a structurational perspective. Human Relations, 53(10), 1251–1286. https://doi.org/10.1177/a014105
  • Horak, S. (2017). The informal dimension of human resource management in Korea: Yongo, recruiting practices and career progression. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(10), 1409–1432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1089062
  • Innes, P., & Wiesner, R. (2012). Beyond HRM intensity: Exploring intra-function HRM clusters in SMEs. Small Enterprise Research, 19(1), 32–51. https://doi.org/10.5172/ser.2012.19.1.32
  • Jaffee, D. (2001). Organization theory: Tension and change. McGraw-Hill.
  • Johns, G. (2006). The essential impact of context of organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 386–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/sl0551-008-9983-x
  • Kalleberg, A. L., Reskin, B. F., Hudson, K. (2000). Bad jobs in America: Standard and nonstandard employment relations and job q …. American Sociological Review, 65(2), 256–278.
  • Kaufman, B. E. (2010). The theoretical foundation of industrial Relations and its implications for labor economics and human resource management. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 64(1), 74–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391006400104
  • Kitching, J. (2016). Between vulnerable compliance and confident ignorance : Small employers, regulatory discovery practices and external support networks. International Small Business Journal, 34(5), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242615569325
  • Klaas, B. S., Yang, H., Gainey, T., & Mcclendon, J. A. (2005). HR in the small business enterprise: Assessing the impact of PEO utilization. Human Resource Management, 44(4), 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20083
  • Kroon, B., & Paauwe, J. (2014). Structuration of precarious employment in economically constrained firms: The case of Dutch agriculture. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(1), 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12024
  • Lacoursière, R., Fabi, B., & Raymond, L. (2008). Configuring and contextualising HR systems : An empirical study of manufacturing SME’s. Management Revue, 19(1–2), 106–125.
  • Langley, A. (2007). Process thinking in strategic organization. Strategic Organization, 5(3), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127007079965
  • Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (1967). Organization and environment: Managing differentiation and integration, Harvard Business School Press. 
  • Levin, J., & Tadelis, S. (2005). Profit sharing and the role of professional partnerships. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(1), 131–171. https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553053327506
  • Marchington, M., Carroll, M., & Boxall, P. (2003). Labour scarcity and the survival of small firms: A resource-based view of the road haulage industry. Human Resource Management Journal, 13(4), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2003.tb00102.x
  • Marlow, S. (2002). Regulating labour management in small firms. Human Resource Management Journal, 12(3), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2002.tb00069.x
  • Marlow, S., & Patton, D. (2002). Minding the gap between employers and employees: The challenge for owner-managers of smaller manufacturing firms. Employee Relations, 24(5), 523–539. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450210443294
  • Merchant, K. A. (1985). Control in business organizations, Pitman.
  • Mihail, D. M. (2004). Labour flexibility in Greek SMEs. Personnel Review, 33(5), 549–560. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480410550152
  • Miller, D. (1987). Strategy making and structure: Analysis and implications for performance. Academy of Management Journal, 30(1), 7–32. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=4324172&site=ehost-live
  • Mintzberg, H. (1979). The structuring of organizations, Pearson Education.
  • Nadin, S., & Cassell, C. (2007). New deal for old? Exploring the psychological contract in a small firm environment. International Small Business Journal, 25(4), 417–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242607078587
  • Ouchi, W. G. (1979). A conceptual framework for the design of organizational control mechanisms. Management Science, 25(9), 833–848. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.25.9.833
  • Paauwe, J., & Farndale, E. (2017). Strategy, HRM, and performance: A contextual approach. Oxford University Press.
  • Patel, P. C., & Cardon, M. S. (2010). Adopting HRM practices and their effectiveness in small firms facing product-market competition. Human Resource Management, 49(2), 267–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20346
  • Quinlan, M. (2015). The effects of non-standard forms of employment on worker health and safety. Conditions of Work and Employment Series. ILO. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3934.4400
  • Rainnie, A. (1985). Is small beautiful? Industrial relations in small clothing firms. Sociology, 19(2), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038585019002005
  • Rainnie, A. (1989). Industrial relations in small firms: Small isn’t beautiful. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315563541
  • Ram, M. (1991). Control and autonomy in small firms: The case of the West Midlands clothing industry. Work, Employment & Society, 5(4), 601–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017091005004007
  • Ram, M. (1999). Managing autonomy: Employment relations in small professional service firms. International Small Business Journal, 17(2), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242699172001
  • Ram, M., & Holliday, R. (1993). Relative merits: Family culture and kinship in small firms. Sociology, 27(4), 629–648. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038593027004005
  • Ram, M., Edwards, P., & Jones, T. (2007). Staying underground: Informal work, small firms, and employment regulation in the United Kingdom. Work and Occupations, 34(3), 318–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888407303223
  • Ram, M., Edwards, P., Gilman, M., & Arrowsmith, J. (2001). The dynamics of informality: Employment relations in small firms and the effects of regulatory change. Work, Employment & Society, 15(4), 845–861. https://doi.org/10.1177/095001701400438233
  • Rauch, A., & Hatak, I. (2016). A meta-analysis of different HR-enhancing practices and performance of small and medium sized firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(5), 485–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.05.005
  • Reijonen, H., & Komppula, R. (2007). Perception of success and its effect on small firm performance. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(4), 689–701. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000710832776
  • Scase, R. (2003). Employment relations in small firms. In P. Edwards (Ed.), Industrial relations: Theory and practice (pp. 470–488), Wiley.
  • Scott, W. R., & Davis, G. F. (2015). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge.
  • Senftlechner, D., & Hiebl, M. R. W. (2015). Management accounting and management control in family businesses: Past accomplishments and future opportunities. Journal of Accounting and Organizational Change, 11(4), 573–606. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAOC-08-2013-0068
  • Sheppeck, M. A., & Militello, J. (2000). Strategic HR configurations and organizational performance. Human Resource Management, 39(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-050X(200021)39:1 < 5::AID-HRM2 > 3.0.CO;2-I
  • Short, J. C., Payne, G. T., & Ketchen, D. J. J. (2008). Research on organizational configurations: Past accomplishments and future challenges. Journal of Management, 34(6), 1053–1079.
  • Snell, S. A. (2011). Control theory in strategic human resource management: The mediating effect of administrative information. The Academy of Management Journal, 35(2), 292–327.
  • Storey, J. (1985). Management control as a bridging concept. Journal of Management Studies, 22(3), 269–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1985.tb00076.x
  • Von Nordenflycht, A. (2010). What is a professional service firm? Toward a theory and taxonomy of knowledge-intensive firms. Academy of Management Review, 35(1), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2010.45577926
  • Weick, K. E. (1989). Theory construction as disciplined imagination. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 516–531. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4308376
  • Whitley, R. (1999). Firms, institutions and management control: The comparative analysis of coordination and control systems. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 24(5–6), 507–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(97)00030-5
  • Whittington, R. (1992). Putting Giddens into action: Social systems and managerial agency. Journal of Management Studies, 29(6), 693–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00685.x
  • Wynn, M. T. (2016). Chameleons at large: Entrepreneurs, employees and firms-the changing context of employment relationships. Journal of Management and Organization, 22(6), 826–842. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.40