889
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Relative leader–member exchange perceptions and employee outcomes in service sector: the role of self-construal in feeling relative deprivation

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1808-1851 | Received 03 Apr 2020, Accepted 27 Jan 2022, Published online: 08 Mar 2022

References

  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage.
  • Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
  • Anand, S., Vidyarthi, P. R., & Park, H. P. (2015). LMX differentiation: Understanding relational leadership at individual and group levels. In T. N. Bauer & B. Erdogan (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of leader‐member exchange (pp. 263–291). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Bakar, H. A., & Omilion-Hodges, L. M. (2018). Relative leader-member relationships within group context: Linking group cooperation to perceived group performance. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 23(4), 582–598. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-01-2018-0001
  • Bal, P., De-Jong, S. B., Jansen, P. W., & Bakker, A. B. (2012). Motivating employees to work beyond retirement: A multi-level study of the role of I-deals and unit climate. Journal of Management Studies, 49(2), 306–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2011.01026.x
  • Batt, R. (2002). Managing customer services: Human resource practices, quit rates, and sales growth. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 587–597.
  • Bauer, T. N., Erdogan, B., Liden, R. C., & Wayne, S. J. (2006). A longitudinal study of the moderating role of extraversion: Leader-member exchange, performance, and turnover during new executive development. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.298
  • Becker, T. E., Atinc, G., Breaugh, J. A., Carlson, K. D., Edwards, J. R., & Spector, P. E. (2016). Statistical control in correlational studies: 10 essential recommendations for organizational researchers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(2), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2053
  • Beugre, C. (1998). Managing fairness in organizations. Quorum Books.
  • Bodenhausen, G. V., & Hugenberg, K. (2009). Attention, perception, and social cognition. In F. Strack & J. Förster (Eds.), Social cognition: The basis of human interaction (pp. 1–22). Psychology Press.
  • Bolino, M. C., & Turnley, W. H. (2009). Relative deprivation among employees in lower-quality leader-member exchange relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.001
  • Borucki, C., & Burke, M. (1999). An examination of service-related antecedents to retail store performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(6), 943–962. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199911)20:6<943::AID-JOB976>3.0.CO;2-9
  • Brown, D. J., Ferris, D., Heller, D., & Keeping, L. M. (2007). Antecedents and consequences of the frequency of upward and downward social comparisons at work. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.10.003
  • Buunk, B., & Janssen, P. (1992). Relative deprivation, career issues, and mental health among men in midlife. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 40(3), 338–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(92)90055-5
  • Choi, D., Kraimer, M. L., & Seibert, S. E. (2020). Conflict, justice, and inequality: Why perceptions of leader–member exchange differentiation hurt performance in teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(6), 567–586. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2451
  • Cohen-Charash, Y., & Mueller, J. S. (2007). Does perceived unfairness exacerbate or mitigate interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors related to envy? The Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (3), 666–680.
  • Colquitt, J. A. (2004). Does the justice of the one interact with the justice of the many? Reactions to procedural justice in teams. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 633–646. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.633
  • Colquitt, J. A., Greenberg, J., & Zapata-Phelan, C. P. (2005). What is organizational justice? A historical overview of the field. In J. Greenberg & J. A. Colquitt (Eds.), The handbook of organizational justice (pp. 3–56). Erlbaum.
  • Cropanzano, R., Stein, J. H., & Nadisic, T. (2011). Social justice and the experience of emotion. Routledge.
  • Crosby, F. A. (1976). A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review, 83(2), 85–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.83.2.85
  • Crosby, F. A. (1984). Relative deprivation in organizational settings. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 51–93). JAI Press.
  • Cross, S., & Markus, H. (1991). Possible selves across the life span. Human Development, 34(4), 230–255. https://doi.org/10.1159/000277058
  • Cross, S. E., Hardin, E. E., & Gercek-Swing, B. (2011). The what, how, why, and where of self-construal. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(2), 142–179.
  • Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13(1), 46–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(75)90005-7
  • Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403–425.
  • Dienesch, R. M., & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/258314
  • Dulebohn, J. H., Bommer, W. H., Liden, R. C., Brouer, R. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2012). A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange integrating the past with an eye toward the future. Journal of Management, 38(6), 1715–1759. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311415280
  • Edwards, A. L. (1959). Edwards personal preference schedule (2nd ed.). Psychological Corp.
  • Edwards, J. R. (1995). Alternatives to difference scores as dependent variables in the study of congruence in organizational research. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 64(3), 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1995.1108
  • Edwards, J. R., & Parry, M. E. (1993). On the use of polynomial regression equations as an alternative to difference scores in organizational research. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 1577–1613.
  • Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 42–51.
  • Eisenberger, R., Karagonlar, G., Stinglhamber, F., Neves, P., Becker, T. E., Gonzalez-Morales, M. G., & Steiger-Mueller, M. (2010). Leader-member exchange and affective organizational commitment: The contribution of supervisor’s organizational embodiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(6), 1085–1103. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020858
  • Epitropaki, O., Kapoutsis, I., Ellen, B. P., III, Ferris, G. R., Drivas, K., & Ntotsi, A. (2016). Navigating uneven terrain: The roles of political skill and LMX differentiation in prediction of work relationship quality and work outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(7), 1078–1103. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2100
  • Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2010). Differentiated leader–member exchanges: The buffering role of justice climate. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(6), 1104–1120. − 
  • Erdogan, B., & Liden, R. C. (2002). Social exchanges in the workplace: A review of recent development and future research directions in leader-member exchange theory. In L. L. Neider & C. A. Schriesheim (Eds.), Leadership (pp. 65–114). Information Age Pub.
  • Feldman, D. C., Leana, C. R., & Bolino, M. C. (2002). Underemployment and relative deprivation among re-employed executives. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(4), 453–471. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902321119682
  • Feldman, D. C., & Turnley, W. H. (2004). Contingent employment in academic careers: Relative deprivation among adjunct faculty. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64(2), 284–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2002.11.003
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
  • Folger, R. (1986). A referent cognition theory of relative deprivation. In J. M. Olson, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Relative deprivation and social comparison: Vol. 4. The Ontario Symposium (4th ed., pp. 33–55). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Garg, S., & Dhar, R. L. (2014). Effects of stress, LMX and perceived organizational support on service quality: Mediating effects of organizational commitment. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 21, 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2014.07.002
  • Goodman, P. S., & Haisley, E. (2007). Social comparison processes in an organizational context: New directions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.10.005
  • Gooty, J., Connelly, S., Griffith, J., & Gupta, A. (2010). Leadership, affect and emotions: A state of the science review. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(6), 979–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.005
  • Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to Leadership: Development of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
  • Greenberg, J., Ashton-James, C. E., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2007). Social comparison processes in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.09.006
  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Lee, C. M. (2003). Assessing the validity of self-construal scales. Human Communication Research, 29(2), 253–274.
  • Gudykunst, W. B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishida, T., Kim, K., & Heyman, S. (1996). The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self-construal, and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Human Communication Research, 22(4), 510–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00377.x
  • Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton University Press.
  • Harris, T. B., Li, N., & Kirkman, B. L. (2014). Leader–member exchange (LMX) in context: How LMX differentiation and LMX relational separation attenuate LMX’s influence on OCB and turnover intention. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(2), 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.09.001
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
  • Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. John Wiley.
  • Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106(4), 766–794. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
  • Henderson, D. J., Liden, R. C., Glibkowski, B. C., & Chaudhry, A. (2009). LMX differentiation: A multilevel review and examination of its antecedents and outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(4), 517–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.04.003
  • Henderson, D. J., Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., Bommer, W. H., & Tetrick, L. E. (2008). Leader-member exchange, differentiation, and psychological contract fulfilment: A multilevel examination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (6), 1208–1219. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012678
  • Herdman, A. O., Yang, J., & Arthur, J. B. (2017). How does leader-member exchange disparity affect teamwork behavior and effectiveness in work groups? The moderating role of leader-leader exchange. Journal of Management, 43(5), 1498–1523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314556315
  • Hochwarter, W. A., & Byrne, Z. S. (2005). Leader member exchange and job tension: Linear and non-linear effects across levels of affective disposition. Journal of Business and Psychology, 20(1), 171–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-005-7935-3
  • Holmvall, C. M., & Bobocel, D. R. (2008). What fair procedures sat about me: Self-construals and reactions to procedural fairness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105(2), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.09.001
  • Hooper, D. T., & Martin, R. (2008). Beyond personal leader–member exchange (LMX) quality: The effects of perceived LMX variability on employee reactions. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(1), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.002
  • Hu, J., & Liden, R. C. (2013). Relative leader-member exchange within team contexts: How and when social comparison impacts individual effectiveness. Personnel Psychology, 66 (1), 127–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12008
  • Kamdar, D., & Van Dyne, L. (2007). The joint effects of personality and workplace social exchange relationships in predicting task performance and citizenship performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1286–1298. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1286
  • Kelly, C. M., Strauss, K., Arnold, J., & Stride, C. (2020). The relationship between leisure activities and psychological resources that support a sustainable career: The role of leisure seriousness and work-leisure similarity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 117, 103340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103340
  • Kim, M., & Koo, D. (2017). Linking LMX, engagement, innovative behaviour, and job performance in hotel employees. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(12), 3044–3062. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2016-0319
  • Kim, S., O’Neill, J. W., & Cho, H.-M. (2010). When does an employee not help co-workers? The effect of leader–member exchange on employee envy and organizational citizenship behaviour. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(3), 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.08.003
  • Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Klein, K. J. (2000). A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations (pp. 3–91). Jossey-Bass.
  • Landau, J., & Hammer, T. H. (1986). Clerical employees’ perceptions of intraorganizational career opportunities. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 385–404.
  • Lapointe, É., Vandenberghe, C., Ben Ayed, A. K., Schwarz, G., Tremblay, M., & Chenevert, D. (2020). Social comparisons, self-conceptions, and attributions: Assessing the self-related contingencies in leader-member exchange relationships. Journal of Business and Psychology, 35(3), 381–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09628-9
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1982). Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. American Psychologist, 37(9), 1019–1024. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.9.1019
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (2000). How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. The Sport Psychologist, 14(3), 229–252. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.3.229
  • Lee, A. Y., Aaker, J. L., & Gardner, W. L. (2000). The pleasures and pains of distinct selfconstruals: The role of interdependence in regulatory focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1122–1134.
  • Lee, R. T., & Martin, J. E. (1991). Internal and external referents as predictors of pay satisfaction among employees in a two-tier wage setting. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1991.tb00541.x
  • Levinson, C. A., Langer, J. K., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2011). Self-construal and social anxiety: Considering personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 355–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.006
  • Li, A. N., & Liao, H. (2014). How do leader–member exchange quality and differentiation affect performance in teams? An integrated multilevel dual process model. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(5), 847–866.
  • Li, H., Feng, Z., Liu, C., & Cheng, D. (2014). The impact of relative leader-member exchange on employees’ work behaviours as mediated by psychological contract fulfilment. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42 (1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.1.79
  • Li, X., Sanders, K., & Frenkel, S. (2012). How leader–member exchange, work engagement and HRM consistency explain Chinese luxury hotel employees’ job performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1059–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.01.002
  • Liden, R. C., Erdogan, B., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2006). Leader–member exchange, differentiation, and task interdependence: Implications for individual and group performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(6), 723–724. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.409
  • Liden, R. C., & Graen, G. (1980). Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 23, 451–465.
  • Liden, R. C., & Maslyn, J. M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 21, 43–72.
  • Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross‐sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.114
  • MacKinnon, D. P., & Fairchild, A. J. (2009). Current directions in mediation Analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(1), 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01598.x
  • Mark, M., & Folger, R. (1984). Responses to relative deprivation: A conceptual framework. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 192–218). Sage Publications.
  • Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Martin, R., Thomas, G., Legood, A., & Dello Russo, S. (2018). Leader–member exchange (LMX) differentiation and work outcomes: Conceptual clarification and critical review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(2), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2202
  • Martin, J. (1981). Relative deprivation: A theory of distributive injustice for an era of shrinking resources. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 53–107). JAI Press.
  • McClelland, D. C. (1985). How motives, skills, and values determine what people do. American Psychologist, 40(7), 812–825. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.40.7.812
  • Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20–52. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842
  • Mikula, G. (1984). Justice and fairness in interpersonal relations: Thoughts and suggestions. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), The social dimension (Vol. 1, pp. 204–227). Cambridge University Press.
  • Mikula, G., Scherer, K. R., & Athenstaedt, U. (1998). The role of injustice in the elicitation of differential emotional reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(7), 769–786. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298247009
  • Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. Oxford University Press.
  • Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (1998-2017). Mplus user’s guide. Eighth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén
  • Nadler, D. A., Jensin, G. D., Jr., Cammann, C., & Lawler, E. E., III. (1975). The Michigan organizational assessment package: Progress report II. Institute for Social Research. University of Michigan.
  • Ogbonnaya, C., Daniels, K., & Nielsen, K. (2017). Does contingent pay encourage positive employee attitudes or intensify work? Human Resource Management Journal, 27(1), 94–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12130
  • Olson, J. M., & Hafer, C. L. (1996). Affect, motivation and cognition in relative deprivation research. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.). Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behaviour (Vol. 3, pp. 85–106). Guilford Press.
  • Olson, J. M., & Hazlewood, D. (2014). Relative deprivation and social comparison: An integrative perspective. In J. M. Olson, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Relative deprivation and social comparison (pp. 13–28). Psychology Press.
  • Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge University Press.
  • Overwalle, F., Heylighen, F., Casaer, S., & Daniels, M. (1992). Pre-attributional and attributional determinants of emotions and expectations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22(4), 313–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420220402
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (2016). In pursuit of three theories: Authoritarianism, relative deprivation, and intergroup contact. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033327
  • Podsakoff, P. M., Ahearne, M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.262
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method bias in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 539–569.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03206553
  • Rasbash, J., Browne, W., & Healy, M. (2000). MLwiN (Version 2.1): Interactive software for multilevel analysis. Multilevel Models Project, Institute of Education, University of London.
  • Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 825–836. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.825
  • Roberson, Q. M. (2006). Disentangling the meanings of diversity and inclusion in organizations. Group & Organization Management, 31(2), 212–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601104273064
  • Roseman, J. J., Spindel, M. S., & Jose, P. E. (1990). Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: Testing a theory of discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 899–915. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.899
  • Roch, S. G., Woehr, D. J., Mishra, V., & Kieszczynska, U. (2012). Rater training revisited: An updated meta-analytic review of frame-of- reference training. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(2), 370–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2011.02045.x
  • Runciman, W. G. (1966). Relative deprivation and social justice: A study of attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century England. University of California Press.
  • Russo, J. E., & Shoemaker, P. J. H. (2001). Winning decisions. Crown Business.
  • Rynes, S. L., Gerhart, B., & Parks, L. (2005). Personnel psychology: Performance evaluation and pay for performance. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 571–600.
  • Saks, A. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
  • Saris, W. E., & Gallhofer, N. I. (2014). Design, evaluation, and analysis of questionnaires for survey research, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118634646
  • Scandura, T. A. (1999). Rethinking leader-member exchange: An organizational justice perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)80007-1
  • Scherer, K. R., & Brosch, T. (2009). Culture-specific appraisal biases contribute to emotion dispositions. European Journal of Personality, 23(3), 265–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.714
  • Selig, J. P., & Preacher, K. J. (2008). Monte Carlo method for assessing mediation: An interactive tool for creating confidence intervals for indirect effects [Computer software]. http://quantpsy.org/
  • Serfass, D. G., & Sherman, R. A. (2013). Personality and the perceptions of situations from the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(6), 708–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.06.007
  • Sherman, R. A., Nave, C. S., & Funder, D. C. (2009). The apparent objectivity of behavior is illusory. European Journal of Personality, 23, 430–433.
  • Sias, P. M. (1996). Constructing perceptions of differential treatment: An analysis of coworker discourse. Communication Monographs, 63(2), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759609376385
  • Sias, P. M., & Jablin, F. M. (1995). Differential superior-subordinate relations, perceptions of fairness, and coworker communications. Human Communication Research, 22(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1995.tb00360.x
  • Siemer, M., Mauss, I., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Same situation-different emotions: How appraisals shape our emotions. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 7(3), 592–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.592
  • Siemsen, E., Roth, A., & Oliveira, P. (2010). Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organizational Research Methods, 13(3), 456–476. ‐https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428109351241
  • Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294205014
  • Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2007). Comprehending envy. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 46–64.
  • Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2001). Toward delivering on the promise of appraisal theory. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schoor, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 3–19). Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 7(3-4), 233–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939308409189
  • Smith, H. J., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2015). Advances in relative deprivation theory and research. Social Justice Research, 28(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-014-0231-5
  • Smith, H. J., Pettigrew, T. F., Pippin, G., & Bialosiewicz, S. (2012). Relative deprivation: A theoretical and meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(3), 203–232.
  • Sparrowe, R. T., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Process and structure in leader-member exchange. Academy of Management Review, 22(2), 522–552. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9707154068
  • Subramony, M., & Pugh, S. D. (2015). Services management research: Review, integration, and future directions. Journal of Management, 41(1), 349–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314557158
  • Toh, S. M., & Denisi, A. S. (2003). Host country national reactions to expatriate pay policies: A model and implications. The Academy of Management Review, 28(4), 606–621. https://doi.org/10.2307/30040750
  • Tougas, F., Beaton, A. M., & Veilleux, F. (1991). Why women approve of affirmative action: The study of a predictive model. International Journal of Psychology, 26(6), 761–776. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599108247164
  • Tougas, F., Lagace, M., Sablonniere, R. D., & Kocum, L. (2004). A New approach to the link between identity and relative deprivation in the perspective of ageism and retirement. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 59(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2190/3WTN-63QQ-EJMG-BGYA
  • Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96(3), 506–520. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.506
  • Tse, H. H. M., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dasborough, M. T. (2012). Relative leader-member exchange, negative affectivity and social identification: A moderated mediation examination. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 354–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.08.009
  • Van Wingerden, J., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2016). A test of a job demands-resources intervention. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(3), 686–701. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-03-2014-0086
  • Vidyarthi, P., Liden, R. C., Anand, S., Erdogan, B., & Ghosh, S. (2010). Where do I stand? Examining the effects of leader-member exchange social comparison on employee work behaviors. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 849–861.
  • Vidyarthi, P. R., Erdogan, B., Anand, S., Liden, R. C., & Chaudhry, A. (2014). One member, two leaders: Extending leader–member exchange theory to a dual leadership context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3), 468–483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035466
  • Wang, C. J. (2016). Does leader-member exchange enhance performance in the hospitality industry? The mediating roles of task motivation and creativity. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(5), 969–987. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2014-0513
  • Wang, P. Q., Kim, P. B., & Milne, S. (2017). Leader-member exchange (LMX) and its work outcomes: The moderating role of gender. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 26 (2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2016.1185989
  • Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 82–111.
  • Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305
  • Wood, J. V. (1989). Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.231
  • Yang, H., Van Rijn, M. B., & Sanders, K. (2020). Perceived organizational support and knowledge sharing: Employees’ self-construal matters. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(17), 2217–2237. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1443956
  • Yoon, M. H., & Yoon, D. J. (2019). When and why does relative leader-member exchange enhance service performance? The roles of self-efficacy, team commitment, and multifoci team-level differentiation. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(7), 2666–2690. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2018-0592
  • Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in organizations (5th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
  • Zhao, C., Gao, Z., & Liu, Y. (2018). Worse-off than others? Abusive supervision’s effects in teams. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(6), 418–436. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-12-2017-0476

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.