390
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Exploring the determinants of career success after expatriation: a focus on job fit, career adaptability, and expatriate type

, &
Received 05 Oct 2023, Accepted 31 May 2024, Published online: 30 Jun 2024

References

  • Akkan, E., Lee, Y. T., & Reiche, B. S. (2022). How and when do prior international experiences lead to global work? A career motivation perspective. Human Resource Management, 61(1), 117–132.
  • AlMemari, M., Khalid, K., & Osman, A. (2023). How career adaptability influences job embeddedness of self-initiated expatriates? The mediating role of job crafting. Cogent Business & Management, 10(2), 2220201. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2220201
  • Andresen, M., Pattie, M. W., & Hippler, T. (2020). What does it mean to be a ‘self-initiated’ expatriate in different contexts? A conceptual analysis and suggestions for future research. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(1), 174–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1674359
  • Andresen, M., Bergdolt, F., & Margenfeld, J. (2012). What distinguishes self-initiated expatriates from assigned expatriates and migrants? A literature-based definition and differentiation of terms. In Self-initiated expatriation (pp. 11–41). Routledge.
  • Andresen, M., Bergdolt, F., Margenfeld, J., & Dickmann, M. (2014). Addressing international mobility confusion–developing definitions and differentiations for self-initiated and assigned expatriates as well as migrants. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(16), 2295–2318. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.877058
  • Andresen, M., Lazarova, M., Apospori, E., Cotton, R., Bosak, J., Dickmann, M., Kaše, R., & Smale, A. (2022). Does international work experience pay off? The relationship between international work experience, employability and career success: A 30-country, multi-industry study. Human Resource Management Journal, 32(3), 698–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12423
  • Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N., & Wilderom, C. P. (2005). Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(2), 177–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.290
  • Aycan, Z. (2005). The interplay between cultural and institutional/structural contingencies in human resource management practices. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(7), 1083–1119. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190500143956
  • Baruch, Y., Altman, Y., & Tung, R. L. (2016). Career mobility in a global era: Advances in managing expatriation and repatriation. Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 841–889. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2016.1162013
  • Baruch, Y., Dickmann, M., Altman, Y., & Bournois, F. (2013). Exploring international work: Types and dimensions of global careers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(12), 2369–2393. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.781435
  • Begley, A., Collings, D. G., & Scullion, H. (2008). The cross-cultural adjustment experiences of self-initiated repatriates to the Republic of Ireland labour market. Employee Relations, 30(3), 264–282. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450810866532
  • Benson, G. S., & Pattie, M. (2008). Is expatriation good for my career? The impact of expatriate assignments on perceived and actual career outcomes. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(9), 1636–1653.
  • Booth, J. E., Shantz, A., Glomb, T. M., Duffy, M. K., & Stillwell, E. E. (2020). Bad bosses and self-verification: The moderating role of core self-evaluations with trust in workplace management. Human Resource Management, 59(2), 135–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21982
  • Bossard, A. B., & Peterson, R. B. (2005). The repatriate experience as seen by American expatriates. Journal of World Business, 40(1), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2004.10.002
  • Breitenmoser, A., Bader, B., & Berg, N. (2018). Why does repatriate career success vary? An empirical investigation from both traditional and protean career perspectives. Human Resource Management, 57(5), 1049–1063. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21888
  • Bretz, Jr., Robert, D., & Judge, T. A. (1994). Person–organization fit and the theory of work adjustment: Implications for satisfaction, tenure, and career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 44(1), 32–54. 54. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1003
  • Brown, A., Bimrose, J., Barnes, S. A., & Hughes, D. (2012). The role of career adaptabilities for mid-career changers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 754–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.003
  • Cable, D., & DeRue, D. (2002). The convergent and discriminant validity of subjective fit perceptions. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5), 875–884. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.5.875
  • Chalutz-Ben Gal, H. (2023). Person–skill fit: Why a new form of employee fit is required. Academy of Management Perspectives, 37(2), 117–137. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2022.0024
  • Chan, K. Y., Uy, M. A., Ho, M. R., Sam, Y. L., Chernyshenko, O. S., & Yu, K. T. (2015). Comparing two career adaptability measures for career construction theory : Relations with boundaryless mindset and protean career attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.006
  • Chan, S. H. J., & Mai, X. (2015). The relation of career adaptability to satisfaction and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.05.005
  • Chen, Y. P., & Shaffer, M. A. (2017). The influences of perceived organizational support and motivation on self-initiated expatriates’ organizational and community embeddedness. Journal of World Business, 52(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.12.001
  • Chiang, F. F. T., van Esch, E., Birtch, T., & Shaffer, M. (2018). Repatriation: What do we know and where do we go from here. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(1), 188–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1380065
  • Culpan, O., & Wright, G. H. (2002). Women abroad: Getting the best results from women managers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(5), 784–801. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190210125921
  • de Guzman, A. B., & Choi, K. O. (2013). The relations of employability skills to career adaptability among technical school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.01.009
  • De Vos, A., Van der Heijden, B. I., & Akkermans, J. (2020). Sustainable careers: Towards a conceptual model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 117, 103196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.06.011
  • Delecraz, S., Eltarr, L., Becuwe, M., Bouxin, H., Boutin, N., & Oullier, O. (2022). Responsible artificial intelligence in human resources technology: An innovative inclusive and fair by design matching algorithm for job recruitment purposes. Journal of Responsible Technology, 11, 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100041
  • Dickmann, M., & Doherty, N. (2010). Exploring organizational and individual career goals, interactions, and outcomes of developmental international assignments. Thunderbird International Business Review, 52(4), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20353
  • Dickmann, M., Suutari, V., Brewster, C., Mäkelä, L., Tanskanen, J., & Tornikoski, C. (2018). The career competencies of self-initiated and assigned expatriates: Assessing the development of career capital over time. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(16), 2353–2371.
  • Dowling, P. J., Festing, M., & Engle, A. D. (2013). International human resource management. (6th ed.). Cengage.
  • Edwards, J. R. (1991). Person-job fit: A conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Ehrhart, K. (2006). Job characteristic beliefs and personality as antecedents of subjective person–job fit. Journal of Business and Psychology, 21(2), 193–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-006-9025-6
  • Ellis, D. R., Thorn, K., & Yao, C. (2020). Repatriation of self-initiated expatriates: Expectations vs. experiences. Career Development International, 25(5), 539–562. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-09-2019-0228
  • Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2005). Enhancing career benefits of employee proactive personality: The role of fit with jobs and organizations. Personnel Psychology, 58(4), 859–891. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00772.x
  • Eugenia Sánchez Vidal, M., Valle, R. S., & Isabel Barba Aragón, M. (2007). Antecedents of repatriates’ job satisfaction and its influence on turnover intentions: Evidence from Spanish repatriated managers. Journal of Business Research, 60(12), 1272–1281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.05.004
  • Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 64–86. https://doi.org/10.2307/256352
  • Greguras, G. J., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2009). Different fits satisfy different needs: Linking person-environment fit to employee commitment and performance using self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 465–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014068
  • Guan, Y., Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N., Hall, R. J., & Lord, R. G. (2019). Career boundarylessness and career success: A review, integration and guide to future research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110(May 2018), 390–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.013
  • Guan, Y., Deng, H., Fan, L., & Zhou, X. (2021). Theorizing person-environment fit in a changing career world: Interdisciplinary integration and future directions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 126, 103557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103557
  • Gunz, H. P., & Heslin, P. A. (2005). Reconceptualizing career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.300
  • Haak-Saheem, W., Hutchings, K., & Brewster, C. (2022). Swimming ahead or treading water? Disaggregating the career trajectories of women self-initiated expatriates. British Journal of Management, 33(2), 864–889. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12465
  • Haak-Saheem, W., Brewster, C., & Lauring, J. (2020). Low-status expatriates. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research, 7(4), 321–324. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-12-2019-074
  • Haenggli, M., & Hirschi, A. (2020). Career adaptability and career success in the context of a broader career resources framework. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103414
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
  • Haslberger, A., & Dickmann, M. (2016). The correspondence model of cross-cultural adjustment: Exploring exchange relationships. Journal of Global Mobility, 4(3), 276–299.
  • Hirschi, A., Freund, P. A., & Herrmann, A. (2014). The career engagement scale: Development and validation of a measure of proactive career behaviors. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(4), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713514813
  • Hirschi, A., Herrmann, A., & Keller, A. C. (2015). Career adaptivity, adaptability, and adapting: A conceptual and empirical investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.008
  • Ho, N. T. T., Seet, P. S., & Jones, J. (2016). Understanding re-expatriation intentions among overseas returnees – an emerging economy perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(17), 1938–1966.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Huang, M. H., & Rust, R. T. (2018). Artificial intelligence in service. Journal of Service Research, 21(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670517752459
  • Jannesari, M., & Sullivan, S. E. (2019). Career adaptability and the success of self-initiated expatriates in China. Career Development International, 24(4), 331–349. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-02-2019-0038
  • Jooss, S., Collings, D. G., McMackin, J., & Dickmann, M. (2024). A skills-matching perspective on talent management: Developing strategic agility. Human Resource Management, 63(1), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22192
  • Jooss, S., Collings, D., McMackin, J. F., & Dickmann, M. (2023). Towards agile talent management: The opportunities of a skills-first approach. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2023(1), 10103. (https://doi.org/10.5465/AMPROC.2023.232bp
  • Kraimer, M. L., Shaffer, M. A., & Bolino, M. C. (2009). The influence of expatriate and repatriate experiences on career advancement and repatriate retention, Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management, 48(1), 27–47.
  • Kraimer, M. L., Shaffer, M. A., Bolino, M. C., Charlier, S. D., & Wurtz, O. (2022). A transactional stress theory of global work demands: A challenge, hindrance, or both? Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(12), 2197–2219. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001009
  • Kraimer, M. L., Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Ren, H. (2012). No place like home? An identity strain perspective on repatriate turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 55(2), 399–420. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0644
  • Lauring, J., & Selmer, J. (2018). Personenvironment fit and emotional control: Assigned expatriates vs. self-initiated expatriates. International Business Review, 27(5), 982–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.02.010
  • Lazarova, M., Dimitrova, M., Dickmann, M., Brewster, C., & Cerdin, J. L. (2021). Career satisfaction of expatriates in humanitarian inter-governmental organizations. Journal of World Business, 56(4), 101205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2021.101205
  • Lyness, K. S., & Heilman, M. E. (2006). When fit is fundamental: Performance evaluations and promotions of upper-level female and male managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 777–785. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.777
  • Mäkelä, K., & Suutari, V. (2009). Global careers: A social capital paradox. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(5), 992–1008.
  • Mäkelä, L., Suutari, V., Brewster, C., Dickmann, M., & Tornikoski, C. (2015). The impact of career capital on expatriates’ perceived marketability. Thunderbird International Business Review, 58(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21742
  • Maggiori, C., Rossier, J., & Savickas, M. L. (2017). Career adapt-abilities scale–short form (CAAS-SF): Construction and validation. Journal of Career Assessment, 25(2), 312–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714565856
  • Makkonen, P. (2015). Employer perceptions of self-initiated expatriate employability in China: A person-environment fit perspective. Journal of Global Mobility, 3(3), 303–330. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-12-2014-0054
  • McDonald, S., Damarin, A. K., & Membrez-Weiler, N. J. (2023). Organizational perspectives on digital labor market intermediaries. Sociology Compass, 17(4), e13061. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13061
  • Mello, R., Erro-Garcés, A., Dickmann, M., & Brewster, C. (2023c). A potential paradigm shift in global mobility? The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Business Review, 102245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2023.102245
  • Mello, R., Suutari, V., & Dickmann, M. (2023a). Taking stock of expatriates’ career success after international assignments: A review and future research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 33(1), 100913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100913
  • Mello, R., Suutari, V., & Dickmann, M. (2023b). Career success of expatriates: The impacts of career capital, expatriate type, career type and career stage. Career Development International, 28(4), 406–425. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-07-2022-0196
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1999). Mplus user’s guide: The comprehensive modeling program for applied researchers. Authors.
  • Ng, T. W. H., Eby, L. T., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 58(2), 367–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00515.x
  • Ocampo, A. C. G., Restubog, S. L. D., Wang, L., Garcia, P., R., J., M., & Tang, R. L. & (2022). Home and away: How career adaptability andcultural intelligence facilitate international migrant workers’ adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 138, 103759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103759
  • Oleškevičiūtė, E., Dickmann, M., Andresen, M., & Parry, E. (2022). The international transfer of individual career capital: Exploring and developing a model of the underlying factors. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research, 10(3), 392–415. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-12-2020-0082
  • Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(3), 633–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308321554
  • Peltokorpi, V., & Froese, F. (2014). Expatriate personality and cultural fit: The moderating role of host country context on job satisfaction. International Business Review, 23(1), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.05.004
  • Peltokorpi, V., Froese, F. J., Reiche, B. S., & Klar, S. (2022). Reverse knowledge flows: How and when do preparation and reintegration facilitate repatriate knowledge transfer? Journal of Management Studies, 59(7), 1869–1893. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12802
  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.
  • Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  • Quińones, M. A., Ford, J. K., & Teachout, M. S. (1995). The relationship between work experience and job performance: A conceptual and meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 887–910. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01785.x
  • R Core Team. (2024). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.3.1). R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Raabe, B., Frese, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2007). Action regulation theory and career self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(2), 297–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.10.005
  • Ramaswami, A., Carter, N. M., & Dreher, G. F. (2016). Expatriation and career success: A human capital perspective. Human Relations, 69(10), 1959–1987. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726716630390
  • Ren, H., Bolino, M. C., Shaffer, M. A., & Kraimer, M. L. (2013). The influence of job demands and resources on repatriate career satisfaction: A relative deprivation perspective. Journal of World Business, 48(1), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2012.06.015
  • Rönkkö, M., & Cho, E. (2022). An updated guideline for assessing discriminant validity. Organizational Research Methods, 25(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428120968614
  • Rudolph, C. W., Lavigne, K. N., & Zacher, H. (2017). Career adaptability: A meta-analysis of relationships with measures of adaptivity, adapting responses, and adaptation results. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.09.002
  • Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). The Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 661–673.
  • Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work, 1, 42–70.
  • Schmid, S., & Wurster, D. J. (2017). International work experience: Is it really accelerating the way to the management board of MNCs? International Business Review, 26(5), 991–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2017.03.006
  • Shaffer, M. A., Kraimer, M. L., Chen, Y. P., & Bolino, M. C. (2012). Choices, challenges, and career consequences of global work experiences: A review and future agenda. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1282–1327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312441834
  • Shao, J. J., & Ariss, A. A. (2020). Knowledge transfer between self-initiated expatriates and their organizations: Research propositions for managing SIEs. International Business Review, 29(1), 101634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2019.101634
  • Shin, S. J., Morgeson, F. P., & Campion, M. A. (2007). What you do depends on where you are: Understanding how domestic and expatriate work requirements depend upon the cultural context. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(1), 64–83. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400247
  • Shortland, S., & Perkins, S. J. (2022). What do we know about diversity, intersectionality and inclusion in organisationally-assigned expatriation? A review of relocation management company/consultancy practitioner research. Career Development International, 27(2), 274–297. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-08-2021-0209
  • Simmering, M. J., Fuller, C. M., Richardson, H. A., Ocal, Y., & Atinc, G. M. (2015). Marker variable choice, reporting, and interpretation in the detection of common method variance: A review and demonstration. Organizational Research Methods, 18(3), 473–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114560023
  • Smale, A., Bagdadli, S., Cotton, R., Dello Russo, S., Dickmann, M., Dysvik, A., Gianecchini, M., Kaše, R., Lazarova, M., Reichel, A., Rozo, P., & Verbruggen, M, Cross-Cultural Collaboration on Contemporary Careers (5C) research collaborative. (2019). Proactive career behaviors and subjective career success: The moderating role of national culture. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2316
  • Spurk, D., Hirschi, A., & Dries, N. (2019). Antecedents and outcomes of objective versus subjective career success: Competing perspectives and future directions. Journal of Management, 45(1), 35–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318786563
  • Spurk, D., Volmer, J., Orth, M., & Göritz, A. S. (2020). How do career adaptability and proactive career behaviours interrelate over time? An inter-and intraindividual investigation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(1), 158–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12288
  • Stierncreutz, M., & Tienari, J. (2023). Shaped by resistance: Discursive politics in gender equality work. Gender, Work & Organization, 30(4), 1178–1198. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12960
  • Suutari, V., & Brewster, C. (2003). Repatriation: Empirical evidence from a longitudinal study of careers and expectations among Finnish expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(7), 1132–1151.
  • Suutari, V., Brewster, C., Mäkelä, L., Dickmann, M., & Tornikoski, C. (2018). The effect of international work experience on the career success of expatriates: A comparison of assigned and self-initiated expatriates. Human Resource Management, 57(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21827
  • Tesluk, P. E., & Jacobs, R. R. (1998). Toward an integrated model of work experience. Personnel Psychology, 51(2), 321–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00728.x
  • Tharenou, P. (2010). Women’s self-initiated expatriation as a career option and its ethical issues. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(1), 73–88. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40784939 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0348-x
  • Tinsley, H. E. (2000). The congruence myth: An analysis of the efficacy of the person–environment fit model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 147–179. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1727
  • Tornau, K., & Frese, M. (2013). Construct clean-up in proactivity research: A meta-analysis on the nomological net of work-related proactivity concepts and their incremental validities. Applied Psychology, 62(1), 44–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00514.x
  • Van den Broeck, A., Ferris, D. L., Chang, C. H., & Rosen, C. C. (2016). A review of self-determination theory’s basic psychological needs at work. Journal of Management, 42(5), 1195–1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316632058
  • Zimmerman, R. D. (2008). Understanding the impact of personality traits on individuals’turnover decisions: A meta-analytic path model. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 309–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00115.x