The dreaded body: disgust and the production of “appropriate” femininity

References

• Abrams, K. K., Allen, L. R., & Gray, J. J. (1993). Disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, psychological adjustment, and ethnic identity: A comparison of black and white female college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14, 49–57. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199307)14:13.0.CO;2-Z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adelman, M. (2008). The beautiful and the abject: Gender, identity and constructions of the body in contemporary Brazilian culture. Current Sociology, 56, 555–586. doi:10.1177/0011392108090942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aruguete, M. S., Yates, A., & Edman, J. (2006). Gender differences in attitudes about fat. North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 183–192.
   Google Scholar
• Basow, S. A., & Braman, A. C. (1998). Women and body hair: Social perceptions and attitudes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 637–645. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00182.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, M., & Dickerson, V. D. (2000). Recovering the black body: Self-representations by African American women. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, S., & Cash, T. F. (1992). Black beauty: Skin color and body images among African–American college women. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 874–888. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00930.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordo, S. (2003). Unbearable weight: Feminism, western culture, and the body. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bramwell, R. (2001). Blood and milk: Constructions of female bodily fluids in western society. Women & Health, 34, 85–96. doi:10.1300/J013v34n04_06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, S. (2010). Hypersexualization and the dark body: Race and inequality among black and Latina women in the exotic dance industry. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7, 70–80. doi:10.1007/s13178-010-0010-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrisler, J. (2011). Leaks, lumps, and lines: Stigma and women’s bodies. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 202–214. doi:10.1177/0361684310397698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coard, S., Breland, A. M., & Raskin, P. (2001). Perceptions of and preferences for skin color, black racial identity, and self-esteem among African Americans. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 2256–2274. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00174.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contento, I. R., Basch, C., & Zybert, P. (2003). Body image, weight, and food choices of Latina women and their young children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 35, 236–248. doi:10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60054-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, C. (2010). Fat studies: Mapping the field. Sociology Compass, 4, 1020–1034. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00336.x
   Google Scholar
• Dalley, S. E., & Buunk, A. P. (2011). The motivation to diet in young women: Fear is stronger than hope. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 672–680. doi:10.1002/ejsp.816
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalley, S. E., & Buunk, A. P. (2009). ‘Thinspiration’ vs. ‘fear of fat’: Using prototypes to predict frequent weight-loss dieting in females. Appetite, 52, 217–221. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.09.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, M. (2002). Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. Florence, KY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eldridge, A. (2010). Public panics: Problematic bodies in social space. Emotion, Space and Society, 3, 40–44. doi:10.1016/j.emospa.2010.01.008
   Google Scholar
• Fahs, B. (2011). Dreaded ‘otherness’: Heteronormative patrolling in women’s body hair rebellions. Gender & Society, 25, 451–472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feder, E. K. (2011). Tilting the ethical lens: Shame, disgust, and the body in question. Hypatia, 26, 632–650. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01193.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, R. (2007). Critical respect: The difficulties and dilemmas of agency and ‘choice’ for feminism. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 14, 69–80. doi:10.1177/1350506807072318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimlin, D. (2010). Imagining the other in cosmetic surgery. Body & Society, 16, 57–76. doi:10.1177/1357034X10383881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidt, J., Koller, S. H., & Dias, M. G. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 613–628.10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidt, J., McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 701–713. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90212-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell, E., & Dittmar, H. (2003). A qualitative investigation of women’s and men’s body image concerns and their attitudes toward aging. Sex Roles, 49, 675–684. doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000003137.71080.97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, L. (2007). Trading on heterosexuality: College women’s gender strategies and homophobia. Gender & Society, 21, 145–172. doi:10.1177/0891243206297604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, M. E. (2002). Skin color and the perception of attractiveness among African Americans: Does gender make a difference? Social Psychology Quarterly, 65, 77–91.10.2307/3090169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill Collins, P. (2000). Mammies, matriarchs, and other controlling images. In P. Hill Collins (Ed.), Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (pp. 69–96). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Horney, K. (1932, reprinted in 1966). The dread of woman. H. M. Ruitenbeek (Ed.), Psychoanalysis and male sexuality (pp. 83–96). New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, B. (2009). Wounded/monstrous/abject: A critique of the disabled body in the sociological imaginary. Disability & Society, 24, 399–410. doi:10.1080/09687590902876144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, K., Linn, M. W., & Pratt, T. C. (1979). Minority women’s attitudes about aging. Experimental Aging Research, 5, 95–108. doi:10.1080/03610737908257190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaksen, L. W. (2000). Toward a sociology of (gendered) disgust: Perceptions of the organic body and the organization of care work. Working paper of the Center for Working Families, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe, K., & Worobey, J. (2006). Mothers’ attitudes toward fat, weight, and dieting in themselves and their children. Body Image, 3, 113–120. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.03.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson-Robledo, I., Sheffield, K., Voigt, J., & Wilcox-Constantine, J. (2007). Reproductive shame: Self-objectification and young women’s attitudes toward their reproductive functioning. Women & Health, 46, 25–39. doi:10.1300/J013v46n01_03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenway, J., & Bullen, E. (2011). Skin pedagogies and abject bodies. Sport, Education and Society, 16, 279–294. doi:10.1080/13573322.2011.565961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawler, S. (2005). Disgusted subjects: The making of middle-class identities. The Sociological Review, 53, 429–446. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2005.00560.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, E. (2001). The woman in the body: A cultural analysis of reproduction. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meleo-Irwin, Z. C. (2011). ‘A beautiful show of strength’: Weight loss and the fat activist self. Health, 15, 188–205. doi:10.1177/1363459310361601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montepare, J. M., & Lachman, M. E. (1989). ‘You’re only as old as you feel’: Self-perceptions of age, fears of aging, and life satisfaction from adolescence to old age. Psychology and Aging, 4, 73–78.10.1037/0882-7974.4.1.73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucherah, W., & Frazier, A. D. (2013). How deep is skin-deep? The relationship between skin color satisfaction, estimation of body image, and self-esteem among women of African descent. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 1177–1184. doi:10.1111/jasp.12081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, S. (2004). Locating aesthetics: Sexing the fat woman. Social Semiotics, 14, 237–247. doi:10.1080/10350330408629678
   Google Scholar
• Owen, L. (2012). Living fat in a thin-centric world: Effects of spatial discrimination on fat bodies and selves. Feminism & Psychology, 22, 290–306. doi:10.1177/0959353512445360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersoo, P. (2007). Reconsidering otherness: Constructing Estonian identity. Nations and Nationalism, 13, 117–133. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00276.x
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, C. (2001). Re-imagining the (dis)abled body. Journal of Medical Humanities, 22, 195–208. doi:10.1023/A:1016612116909
   Google Scholar
• Rice, C. (2007). Becoming the ‘fat girl’: Acquisition of an unfit identity. Women’s Studies International Forum, 30, 158–174. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2007.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich, E., & Evans, J. (2005). Fat ethics: The obesity discourse and body politics. Social Theory & Health, 3, 341–358. doi:10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700057
   Google Scholar
• Ringrose, J., & Walkerdine, V. (2008). Regulating the abject: The TV make-over as site of neo-liberal reinvention toward bourgeois femininity. Feminist Media Studies, 8, 227–246. doi:10.1080/14680770802217279
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, T., & Waters, P. L. (2004). Self-objectification and that ‘not so fresh feeling’. Women & Therapy, 27, 5–21. doi:10.1300/J015v27n03_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothblum, E. D. (1992). The stigma of women's weight: Social and economic realities. Feminism & Psychology, 2, 61–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37, 433–440. doi:10.1093/geront/37.4.433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, L. R., Fitts, M. L., & Becker, A. E. (2003). ‘Whatever feels good in my soul’: Body ethics and aesthetics among African American and Latina woman. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 27, 49–75. doi:10.1023/A:1023679821086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saucier, M. G. (2004). Midlife and beyond: Issues for aging women. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 420–425. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00329.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnall, S., Benton, J., & Harvey, S. (2008). With a clean conscience: Cleanliness reduces the severity of moral judgments. Psychological Science, 19, 1219–1222. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02227.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L., & Jordan, A. H. (2008). Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1096–1109. doi:10.1177/0146167208317771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulken, E. D. (1997). Sorority women’s body size perceptions and their weight-related attitudes and behaviors. Journal of American College Health, 46, 69–74. doi:10.1080/07448489709595590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakespeare, T. (1994). Cultural representation of disabled people: Dustbins for disavowal? Disability & Society, 9, 283–299. doi:10.1080/09687599466780341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. (2008). Imagining being disabled through playing sport: The body and alterity as limits to imagining others’ lives. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 2, 142–157. doi:10.1080/17511320802222040
   Google Scholar
• Smith, L., Baranowski, K., Allen, A., & Bowen, R. (2013). Poverty, crime seriousness, and the ‘politics of disgust’. Journal of Poverty, 17, 375–393. doi:10.1080/10875549.2013.833160
   Google Scholar
• Snow, D. A., & Anderson, L. (1993). Down on their luck: A study of homeless street people. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Soldatic, K., & Meekosha, H. (2012). The place of disgust: Disability, class and gender in spaces of workfare. Societies, 2, 139–156. doi:10.3390/soc2030139
   Google Scholar
• Speight, S. L. (2007). Internalized racism: One more piece of the puzzle. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 126–134. doi:10.1177/0011000006295119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taleporos, G., & McCabe, M. P. (2001). The impact of physical disability on body esteem. Sexuality and Disability, 19, 293–308. doi:10.1023/A:1017909526508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, K. (2007). Disgust is a factor in extreme prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 597–617. doi:10.1348/014466606X156546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M., & Lewis, C. (2004). Attitudes toward women’s body hair: Relationship with disgust sensitivity. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 381–387. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00155.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toerien, M., & Wilkinson, S. (2004). Exploring the depilation norm: A qualitative questionnaire study of women’s body hair removal. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1, 69–92. doi:10.1191/1478088704qp006oa
   Google Scholar
• Vartanian, L. R. (2010). Disgust and perceived control in attitudes toward obese people. International Journal of Obesity, 34, 1302–1307. doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versey, H. S., Stewart, A. J., & Duncan, L. E. (2013). Successful aging in late midlife: The role of personality among college-educated women. Journal of Adult Development, 20, 63–75. doi:10.1007/s10804-013-9157-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viladrich, A., Yeh, M., Bruning, N., & Weiss, R. (2009). ‘Do real women have curves?’ Paradoxical body images among Latinas in New York City. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 11, 20–28. doi:10.1007/s10903-008-9176-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A. (2006). Breasts are for men: Media, masculinity ideologies, and men’s beliefs about women’s bodies. Sex Roles, 55, 703–714. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9125-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, A., Isaksen, L. W., & Malterud, K. (2004). ‘I am not the kind of woman who complains of everything’: Illness stories on self and shame in women with chronic pain. Social Science & Medicine, 59, 1035–1045. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, L. (1998). Eating disorders and the cultural forces behind the drive for thinness. Social Work in Health Care, 28, 61–73. doi:10.1300/J010v28n01_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthen, M. (2013). An invitation to use Craigslist ads to recruit respondents from stigmatized groups for qualitative interviews. Qualitative Research, 14 (371–383). doi:10.1177/1468794113481791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wray, S., & Deery, R. (2008). The medicalization of body size and women’s healthcare. Health Care for Women International, 29, 227–243. doi:10.1080/07399330701738291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee, L. (2010). Aging and sexuality. Australian Family Physician, 39, 718–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar