References
- Anderson, E. (2008). Inclusive masculinity in a fraternal setting. Men and Masculinities, 10, 604–620.10.1177/1097184X06291907
- Angle, S. (2009, May 30). Sharron Angle U.S. Senate-Tea Party #3, Nevada Legislature. YouTube.
- Angle, S. (2010a, June 14). Interview with Sharron Angle. FOX.
- Angle, S. (2010b, June 30). Interview with Nevada Senatorial Candidate Sharron Angle. FOX.
- Angle, S. (2010c, October 14). Sen. Harry Reid, D-Nev., and Senatorial Candidate Sharron Angle, R-Nev., Participate in a Candidate Debate. C-SPAN.
- Bachmann, M. (2009, December 14). Interview with Rep. Michele Bachman. FOX.
- Beasley, C. (2008). Reply to Messerschmidt and to Howson. Men and masculinities, 11, 14–115.
- Braithwaite, A. (2011). “It’s the beast thing”. Feminist Media Studies, 11, 417–432.10.1080/14680777.2011.555959
- Bryson, L. (1987). Sport and the maintenance of masculine hegemony. Women's Studies International Forum, 10, 349–360.10.1016/0277-5395(87)90052-5
- Campbell, K. (1986). Style and content in the rhetoric of early Afro-American feminists. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 72, 434–445.10.1080/00335638609383786
- Campbell, K. (1989). Man cannot speak for her: A critical study of early feminist rhetoric, Vol. 1. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
- Campbell, K. (1998). The discursive performance of femininity: Hating hillary. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 1, 1–20.10.1353/rap.2010.0172
- Campbell, K. (2002). Consciousness-raising: Linking theory, criticism, and practice. Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 32, 45–64.10.1080/02773940209391220
- Carlin, D. B., & Winfrey, K. L. (2009). Have you come a long way, Baby? Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and Sexism in 2008 campaign coverage. Communication Studies, 60, 326–343.10.1080/10510970903109904
- Carroll, S. J. (2009). Reflections on gender and Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign: The good, the bad, and the misogynic. Politics and Gender, 5(1), 1–20.10.1017/S1743923X09000014
- Chaudhry, L. (2004, October 28). The wimp factor. AlterNet.
- Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person, and sexual politics. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
- Connell, R. W. (1990). An iron man: The body and some contradictions of hegemonic masculinity. In M. A. Messner & D. F. Sabo (Eds.), Sport, men and the gender order: Critical feminist perspectives ( pp. 83–96). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Connell, R. (2016). Masculinities in global perspective: Hegemony, contestation, and changing structures of power. Theory and Society, 45, 303–318.10.1007/s11186-016-9275-x
- Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity. Gender & Society, 19, 829–859.10.1177/0891243205278639
- Demetriou, D. Z. (2001). Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity: A critique. Theory and Society, 30, 337–361.10.1023/A:1017596718715
- Dole, B. (2004, June 7). Forever the optimist. The New York Times.
- Dorsey, L. G. (1995). The frontier myth in presidential rhetoric: Theodore Roosevelt’s campaign for conservation. Western Journal of Communication, 59(1), 1–19.10.1080/10570319509374504
- Dow, B. J., & Tonn, M. B. (1993). “Feminine style” and political judgment in the rhetoric of Ann Richards. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 79, 286–302.10.1080/00335639309384036
- Doyle, L. (2008, June 20). How the cookie crumbles: the great first lady bake-off. Independent.
- Ducat, S. J. (2004). The wimp factor: Gender gaps, holy wars, and the politics of anxious masculinity. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
- Fahey, A. C. (2007). French and feminine: Hegemonic masculinity and the emasculation of John Kerry in the 2004 presidential race. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24, 132–150.10.1080/07393180701262743
- Gardiner, J. K. (2009). Female masculinities: A review essay. Men and Masculinities, 11, 622–633.10.1177/1097184X08328448
- Gardiner, J. K. (2012). Female masculinity and Phallic Women – Unruly concepts. Feminist Studies, 38, 597–624.
- Gibson, K. L., & Heyse, A. L. (2014). Depoliticizing feminism: Frontier mythology and Sarah Palin’s “The rise of The Mama Grizzlies”. Western Journal of Communication, 78, 97–117.10.1080/10570314.2013.812744
- Halberstam, J. (1998). Female masculinity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Haley, N. (2010a). Nikki Haley governor-elect. http://www.nikkihaley.com.
- Haley, N. (2010b, August 9). Interview with Nikki Haley. FOX.
- Haley, N. (2010c, May 25). Television Ad – Possible. YouTube.
- Hamblin, J. (2016, August 8). Trump is a climax of American masculinity. The Atlantic.
- Hanke, R. (1990). Hegemonic masculinity in thirty something. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, 231–248.10.1080/15295039009360176
- Harris, A. (2005). Gender as soft assembly. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
- Hoffman, K. S. (2013). The presidential partnership: A gender seesaw. In J. S. Vaughn & L. J. Goren (Eds.), Women and the white House ( pp. 269–285 ). Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
- Howson, R. (2006). Challenging hegemonic masculinity. London: Routledge.
- Jamieson, K. H. (1995). Beyond the double bind: Women and leadership. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Jeffords, S. (1994). Hard bodies: Hollywood masculinity in the Reagan era. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
- Johansson, T., & Ottemo, A. (2015). Ruptures in hegemonic masculinity: The dialectic between ideology and utopia. Journal of Gender Studies, 24, 192–206.10.1080/09589236.2013.812514
- Johnson, D. I. (2005). Feminine style in presidential debate discourse, 1960–2000. Communication Quarterly, 53, 3–20.10.1080/01463370500055814
- Kahn, J. S., Goddard, L., & Coy, J. M. (2013). Gay men and drag: Dialogical resistance to hegemonic masculinity. Culture & Psychology, 19, 139–162.10.1177/1354067X12464984
- Kahn, J. S., Holmes, J. R., & Brett, B. L. (2011). Dialogical masculinities: Diverse youth resisting dominant masculinity. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 24, 30–55.10.1080/10720537.2011.530486
- Keith, T. (2016, August 18). Cooked up after a Hillary Clinton gaffe, the first spouse cookie battle is back. NPR.
- Khan, K., & Blair, D. M. (2013). Writing Bill Clinton: Mediated discourses on hegemonic masculinity and the 2008 presidential primary. Women’s Studies in Communication, 36, 56–71.10.1080/07491409.2012.754387
- Kimmel, M. (1996). Manhood in America: A cultural history. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Kluch, Y. (2015). ‘The man your name should be like’: Consumerism, patriarchy and the construction of twenty-first-century masculinities in 2010 and 2012 Old Spice campaigns. Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture, 6, 361–377.
- Kristof, N. (2016, October 15). If Hillary Clinton groped man. The New York Times.
- Levasseur, D. G., Sawyer, J. K., & Kopacz, M. A. (2011). The intersection between deep moral frames and rhetorical style in the struggle over U.S. immigration reform. Communication Quarterly, 59, 547–568.10.1080/01463373.2011.614210
- Lewis, W. F. (1987). Telling America’s story: Narrative form and the Reagan presidency. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 73, 280–302.10.1080/00335638709383809
- Mead, W. R. (2011). The Tea Party and American foreign policy: What populism means for globalism. Foreign Affairs, 90, 28–44.
- Messner, M. A. (2007). The masculinity of the governator: Muscle and compassion in American politics. Gender & Society, 21, 461–480.10.1177/0891243207303166
- Messner, M. A., & Sabo, D. F. (1994). Sex, violence & power in sports. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press.
- Miller, L. (2010, September 27). Hear them growl. Newsweek.
- Mooney, A. (2010, September 18). O’Donnell in 1999: I dabbled in witchcraft. CNN.
- O’Donnell, C. (2010a, October 18). Politicians man up. CNN.
- O’Donnell, C. (2010b, October 11). Interview with Christine O’Donnell. FOX.
- O’Donnell, C. (2010c, September 13). Interview with Christine O’Donnell, Republican Delaware senatorial candidate. CNN.
- O’Donnell, C. (2010d, September 14). For September 14, 2010. CBS.
- O’Donnell, C. (2010e, October 4). Christine O’Donnell: I’m you. YouTube.
- Palin, S. (2014, March 25). Mama Grizzlies roaring again! Facebook.
- Parry-Giles, S. J., & Parry-Giles, T. (1996). Gendered politics and presidential image construction: A reassessment of the “feminine style”. Communication Monographs, 63, 337–353.10.1080/03637759609376398
- Pascoe, C. J. (2007). Dude you’re a fag: Masculinity and sexuality in high school. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Perry, S. P. (2012). Douglas MacArthur as frontier hero: Converting frontiers in MacArthur’s farewell to congress. Southern Communication Journal, 77, 263–286.10.1080/1041794X.2012.659791
- Reingold, B., & Harrell, J. (2011). Women and the 2010 midterm elections: A mixed bag. Center for Women at Emory, 39, 823–850.
- Rodino-Colocino, M. (2012). Man up, woman down: Mama Grizzlies and anti-feminist feminism during the year of the (conservative) woman and beyond. Women & Language, 35, 79–95.
- Spillius, A. (2010, October 29). US midterm elections 2010: Mama Grizzlies are a new breed of political animal. The Telegraph.
- Suzuki, S. (2006). Gender-linked differences in informal argument: Analyzing arguments in an online newspaper. Women’s Studies in Communication, 29, 193–219.10.1080/07491409.2006.10162498
- Torregrosa, L. L. (2010, November 23). The women who would be Ms. Palin; the female factor. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/24/us/24iht-letter.html
- Trujillo, N. (1991). Hegemonic masculinity on the mound: Media representations of Nolan Ryan and American sports culture. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 8, 290–308.
- Turner, F. J. (1894). The significance of the frontier in American history. Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 197–227.
- Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2000). Constructing masculinities in U.S. presidential campaigns: The case of 1992. In A. Sreberny & V. Z. Liesbet (Eds.), Gender, politics and communication ( pp. 53–78 ). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
- Winter, N. J. G. (2010). Masculine republicans and feminine democrats: Gender and Americans’ explicit and implicit images of the political parties. Political Behavior, 32, 587–618.10.1007/s11109-010-9131-z