478
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Gender factor in the expression of politeness in Farsi

&
Pages 373-385 | Received 31 Aug 2018, Accepted 03 Apr 2019, Published online: 22 Apr 2019

References

  • Afghari, A. (2007). A sociopragmatic study of apology speech act realization patterns in Persian. Speech Communication, 49, 177–185.
  • Ahangar, A. A., & Zeynali, D. S. (2018). Apology speech act realization in the Sarawani Balochi dialect: A case study of female university students. Studia Linguistica, 72(1), 39–75.
  • Beeman, W. O. (1976). Status, style, and strategy in Iranian interaction. Anthropological Linguistics, 18, 305–322.
  • Bradley, J. (2011). Yanyuwa: Men speak one way, women speak another. In J. Coates & P. Pichler (Eds.), Language and gender: A reader (2nd ed., pp. 13–19). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1978). Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In E. Goody (Ed.), Questions and politeness (pp. 56–289). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bucholtz, M. (2003). Theories of discourse as theories of gender: Discourse analysis in language and gender studies. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The handbook of language and gender (pp. 43–68). Malden: Blackwell.
  • Bucholtz, M. (2014). The feminist foundations of language, gender and sexuality research. In S. Ehrlich & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The handbook of language, gender and sexuality (pp. 23–47). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bucholtz, M., & Hall, K. (1995). Introduction: Twenty years after Language and Woman’s Place. In M. Bucholz & K. Hall (Eds.), Gender articulated: Language and the socially constructed self (pp. 1–22). New York: Routledge.
  • Coates, J. (1997). Competing discourses of femininity. In H. Kotthoff & R. Wodak (Eds.), Women, men and everyday talk (pp. 285–314). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Coates, J. (2004). Women, men and language. Harlow: Pearson.
  • Daif-Allah, A. S. (2012). Beliefs about foreign language learning and their relationship to gender. English Language Teaching, 5(10), 20–33.
  • Deuchar, M. (1989). A pragmatic account of women’s use of standard speech. In J. Coates & D. Cameron (Eds.), Women in their speech communities (pp. 27–32). London and New York: Longman.
  • Dobrushina, N., Kozhukhar, A., & Moroz, G. (2019). Gendered multilingualism in highland Daghestan: Story of a loss. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40(2), 115–132.
  • Ghajarieh, A., & Salami, A. (2016). Gendered representations of male and female social actors in Iranian educational materials. Gender Issues, 33(3), 258–270.
  • Glówka, D. (2014). The impact of gender on attainment in learning English as a foreign language. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(4), 617.
  • Gnisci, A., Graziano, E., Sergi, I., & Pace, A. (2018). Which criteria do naïve people use for identifying and evaluating different kinds of interruptions? Journal of Pragmatics, 138, 119–130.
  • Goodwin, M. H. (2002a). Building power asymmetries in girls’ interaction. Discourse and Society, 13(6), 715–730.
  • Goodwin, M. H. (2002b). Exclusion in girls’ peer groups: Ethnographic analysis of language practices on the playground. Human Development, 45(6), 392–415.
  • Gordon, E. (1997). Sex, speech and stereotypes: Why women use prestigious speech forms more than men. Language in Society, 26(2), 47–63.
  • Haghighat, G. (2016) Socio-cultural Attitudes to Ta’arof among Iranian Immigrants in Canada (Master’s thesis). University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.
  • Hampel, E. (2015). “Mama Zimbi, pls help me!” - Gender differences in (im)politeness in Ghanaian English advice-giving on Facebook. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behavior, Culture, 11(1), 99–130.
  • Holmes, J. (1986). Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English. Anthropological Linguistics, 28(4), 485–508.
  • Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men and politeness. London: Longman.
  • Holmes, J. (2013). An introduction to sociolinguistics (4th ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
  • Holmes, J., & Meyerhoff, M. (2003). Different voices, different views: an introduction to current research in language and gender. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The handbook of language and gender (pp. 1–18). Malden: Blackwell.
  • Ide, S. (1989). Formal forms and discernment: Two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness. Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 82(3), 223–248.
  • Izadi, A. (2016). Over-politeness in Persian professional interactions. Journal of Pragmatics, 102, 13–23.
  • James, D., & Clarke, S. (1993). Women, men, and interruptions. In D. Tannen (Ed.), Gender and Conversational Interaction (pp. 231–280). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Jaworska, S., & Ryan, K. (2018). Gender and the language of pain in chronic and terminal illness: A corpus-based discourse analysis of patients’ narratives. Social Science and Medicine, 215, 107–114.
  • Jones, J. F., & Adrefiza, A. (2017). Comparing apologies in Australian English and Bahasa Indonesia: Cultural and gender perspectives. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behavior, Culture, 13(1), 89–119.
  • Koutlaki, S. A. (2002). Offers and expressions of thanks as face enhancing acts: Tae‘arof in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics, 34(12), 1733–1756.
  • Kulick, D. (1999). Transgender and Language. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian & Gay Studies, 5(4), 604–622.
  • Kulick, D. (2000). Gay and lesbian language. Annual Review of Anthropology, 29, 243–285.
  • Kulick, D. (2005). The importance of what gets left out. Discourse Studies, 7(4/5), 615–624.
  • Kyratzis, A., & Guo, J. (2001). Preschool Girls‘ and Boys‘ Verbal Conflict Strategies in the U.S. and China: Cross-cultural and contextual and considerations. Research on Language & Social Interaction, 4(1), 45–74.
  • Labov, W. (2001). Studies in Sociolinguistics. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.
  • Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and Women’s place. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Litosseliti, L. (2013). Gender and Language: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.
  • López, R. P. (2006). The sex variable in foreign language learning: An integrative approach. Porta Linguarum, 6, 99–114.
  • Maltz, D. N., & Borker, R. A. (1982). A cultural approach to male–Female miscommunication. In J. J. Gumperz (Ed.), Language and social identity (pp. 196–216). Cambridge: CambridgeUniversityPress.
  • McElhinny, B. (2003). Three approaches to the study of language and gender. American Anthropologist, 105, 848–852.
  • McElhinny, B. (2007). Language, gender and economies in global transitions: Provocative and provoking questions about how gender is articulated. In B. McElhinny (Ed.), Words, worlds and material worlds: Language, gender, globalization (pp. 1–40). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • McElhinny, B. (2014). Theorizing gender in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology: Toward effective interventions in gender inequity. In S. Ehrlich, M. Meyerhoff, & J. Holmes (Eds.), The handbook of language, gender, and sexuality (2d ed., pp. 21–42). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  • McElhinny, B., Davidson, L., Catungal, J. P., Tungohan, E., & Coloma, R. (2012). Spectres of (In)visibility: Filipina/o labour, culture and youth in Canada. In R. Coloma, B. McElhinny, E. Tungohan, J. P. Catungal, & L. Davidson (Eds.), Filipinos in Canada: Disturbing Invisibility (pp. 10–64). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2006). Muslim women’s quest for equality: Between Islamic law and feminism. Critical Inquiry, 32, 629–645.
  • Okamoto, S. (1995). “Tasteless” Japanese: Less feminine speech among young Japanese women. In K. Hall & M. Bucholz (Eds.), Gender articulated: Language and the socially constructed self (pp. 297–328). New York: Routledge.
  • Pak-Shiraz, N. (2017). Shooting the isolation and marginality of masculinities in Iranian cinema. Iranian Studies, 50(6), 945–967.
  • Radwan, A. (2014). Gender and learning style preferences of EFL learner. Arab World English Journal, 5(1), 21–32.
  • Razmjoee, M., Harnett, P. H., & Shahaeian, A. (2016). Language development mediates the relationship between gender and relational aggression: A study of Iranian preschool children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 68, 312–318.
  • Reed, S. A., Keerie, N., & Palomares, N. A. (2003). Language, gender salience, and social influence. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 22(2), 210–233.
  • Reynolds, K. A. (1991). Aspects of Japanese women’s language. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers.
  • Saeli, H. (2016). Persian favour asking in formal and informal academic contexts: The impact of gender and academic status. Pragmatics, 26(2), 315–344.
  • Salami, A., & Ghajarieh, A. (2016). Culture and gender representation in Iranian school textbooks. Sexuality & Culture, 20(1), 69–84.
  • Schegloff, E. (1987). Recycled turn beginnings: A precise repair mechanism in conversation‘s turn-taking organization”. In G. Button & J. R. E. Lee (Eds.), Talk and social organization (pp. 70–85). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
  • Schegloff, E. A., & Sacks, H. (1973). Opening up closings. Semiotica, 8, 289–327.
  • Sharifian, F. (2011). Cultural conceptualizations and language: theoretical framework and applications. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Sheldon, A. (1996). ‘You can be the baby brother, but you aren’t born yet: Preschool girls’ negotiation for power and access in pretend play. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 29(1), 57–80.
  • Sungren, E. (2001). Men and women in language change. A Swedish Case Study. Nordic Journal of Women’s Studies, 9(2), 113–123.
  • Tannen, D. (1990). You just don’t understand: women and men in conversations. New York: William Morrow.
  • Trudgill, P. (1974). Sociolinguistics: An introduction. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Trudgill, P. (2011). Sex and covert prestige. In J. Coates & P. Pichler (Eds.), Language and Gender: A Reader (2nd ed., pp. 20–26). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Wardhaugh, R. (2010). An introduction to sociolinguistics (6th ed.).Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Weirich, M., & Simpson, A. P. (2018). Individual differences in acoustic and articulatory undershoot in a German diphthong: variation between male and female speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 71, 35–50.
  • West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1983). Small insults: A study of interruptions in cross-sex conversations between unacquainted persons. In B. Thorne, C. Kramarae, & N. Henley (Eds.), Language, gender and society (pp. 102–117). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
  • Zimmerman, D. H., & West, C. (1975). Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation. In B. Thorne & N. Henley (Eds.), Language and sex: Difference and dominance (pp. 105–129). Rowley: Newbury.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.