‘I am a traditional but caring father’: narratives of paternal masculinity in urban Chinese families

References

• Brandth, B., & Kvande, E. (1998). Masculinity and child care: The reconstruction of fathering. The Sociological Review, 46(2), 293–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.00120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandth, B., & Kvande, E. (2016). Fathers and flexible parental leave. Work, Employment and Society, 30(2), 275–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandth, B., & Kvande, E. (2018). Masculinity and fathering alone during parental leave. Men and Masculinities, 21(1), 72–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X16652659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Bridges, T., & Pascoe, C. J. (2014). Hybrid masculinities: New directions in the sociology of men and masculinities. Sociology Compass, 8(3), 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12134
   Google Scholar
• Cao, S., & Lin, X. (2019). Masculinizing fatherhood: Negotiation of Yang and Jiao among young fathers in China. Journal of Gender Studies, 28(8), 937–947. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2019.1625312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S. Y. P., & Peng, Y. (2016). Masculine compromise: Migration, family, and gender in China. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. (2000). The men and the boys. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connor, S., Edvardsson, K., Fisher, C., & Spelten, E. (2021). Perceptions and interpretation of contemporary masculinities in Western culture: A systematic review. American Journal of Men’s Health, 15(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883211061009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, M. (2008). Changing attitudes toward the male breadwinner, female homemaker family model: Influences of women’s employment and education over the lifecourse. Social Forces, 87(1), 299–323. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dermott, E. (2008). Intimate fatherhood: A sociological analysis. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Eerola, P., & Mykkänen, J. (2015). Paternal masculinities in early fatherhood: Dominant and counter narratives by Finnish first-time fathers. Journal of Family Issues, 36(12), 1674–1701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13505566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen, D. B., & Yamashita, L. (2019). Borrowing from femininity: The caring man, hybrid masculinities, and maintaining male dominance. Men and Masculinities, 22(5), 801–820. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17728552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, K. (2015). Caring masculinities: Theorizing an emerging concept. Men and Masculinities, 19(3), 240–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X15576203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enderstein, A. M., & Boonzaier, F. (2015). Narratives of young South African fathers: Redefining masculinity through fatherhood. Journal of Gender Studies, 24(5), 512–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2013.856751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, H. (2010). The gender of communication: Changing expectations of mothers and daughters in urban China. The China Quarterly, 204, 980–1000. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741010001050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Featherstone, B. (2009). Contemporary fathering: Theory, policy and practice. Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fong, V. L. (2004). Only hope: Coming of age under China’s one-child policy. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graf, T. E., & Wojnicka, K. (2021). Post-separation fatherhood narratives in Germany and Sweden: Between caring and protective masculinities. Journal of Family Studies, 29(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2021.2020148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon, N. (2012). Masculinities, care and equality: Identity and nurture in men’s lives. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hochschild, A. R. (2012). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. University of California press.
   Google Scholar
• Ishii-Kuntz, M. (2015). Fatherhood in Asian contexts. In S. R. Quah (Ed.), Routledge handbook of families in Asia (pp. 161–174). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, T., & Andreasson, J. (2017). Fatherhood in transition: Masculinity, identity and everyday life. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. (2013). From Obama to Abbott: Gender identity and the politics of emotion. Australian Feminist Studies, 28(75), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2012.759311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, M. (2021). “I do not want to be a Weekend papa”: The Demographic “Crisis,” active fatherhood, and emergent caring masculinities in Berlin. Journal of Family Issues, 42(5), 883–907. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X21994154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. Y., & Lee, S. J. (2016). Caring is masculine: Stay-at-home fathers and masculine identity. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 19(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. (2018). Chinese fathers in the twentieth century: Changing roles as parents and as men. NORA-Nordic Journal of Feminist & Gender Research, 26(4), 331–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2018.1534138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. (2020). How do Chinese fathers express love? Viewing paternal warmth through the eyes of Chinese fathers, mothers, and their children. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 22(3), 500–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000312
   Google Scholar
• Li, X., & Jankowiak, W. (2016). The Chinese father: Masculinity, conjugal love, and parental involvement. In K. Louie (Ed.), Changing Chinese masculinities: From imperial pillars of state to global real men (pp. 186–203). Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X., & Lamb, M. E. (2015). Fathering in Chinese culture: Traditions and transitions. In J. L. Roopnarine (Ed.), Fathers across cultures: The importance, roles, and diverse practices of dads (pp. 273–306). Praeger/ABC-CLIO.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, X., & Macan Ghaill, M. (2019). Shifting discourses from boy preference to boy crisis: Educating boys and nation building in neoliberal China. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 40(3), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2017.1312284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liong, M. (2017). Chinese fatherhood, gender and family: Father mission. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., & Zheng, J. (2021). Rural masculinities and fathering: The lived experiences of Chinese farmers. Journal of Family Issues, 42(11), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20988070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardo, E., & Meier, P. (2008). Framing gender equality in the European Union political discourse. Social Politics, 15(1), 101–129. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxn001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louie, K. (2015). Chinese masculinities in a globalizing world. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McGill, B. S. (2014). Navigating new norms of involved fatherhood: Employment, fathering attitudes, and father involvement. Journal of Family Issues, 35(8), 1089–1106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14522247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, T. (2011). Making sense of fatherhood: Gender, caring and work. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nomaguchi, K., Milkie, M., Allen, A., & Gustafson, K. (2021). Racial/Ethnic variation in residential fathers’ time in childcare and Co-presence with children. Bowling Green State University/Center for Family and Demographic Research Working paper Series, 11, 1–54 . https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xmgfu
   Google Scholar
• Pleck, J. H. (2010). Fatherhood and masculinity. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 27–57). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Randles, J. (2018). “Manning up” to be a good father: Hybrid fatherhood, masculinity, and US responsible fatherhood policy. Gender & Society, 32(4), 516–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243218770364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambath, M. (2022). A continuum of caring masculinities: Evidence from Khmer men’s childcare practices. NORMA, 18(3) , 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2022.2151274
   Google Scholar
• Scheibling, C. (2018). “Real heroes care”: How dad bloggers are reconstructing fatherhood and masculinities. Men and Masculinities, 23(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X18816506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, G., & Hird, D. (2014). Men and masculinities in contemporary China. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, Y., Li, W., & Zhao, X. (2010). Saving boys. Writers Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, T. (2020). Official discourse on family and fatherhood in post-1949 China. Masculinities & Social Change, 9(2), 174–206. https://doi.org/10.17583/mcs.2020.4943
   Google Scholar
• Wang, L. (2023). On the “new fatherhood” in childcare. Studies in Early Childhood Education, 2, 56–67. (In Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X. (2020). The difficult transition to the “new” caring fatherhood: An examination of paternity leave. Social Sciences in China, 41(1), 182–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2020.1719739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojnicka, K. (2021). Men and masculinities in times of crisis: Between care and protection. NORMA, 16(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2021.1885860
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, S. (2016). Intimate power: The intergenerational cooperation and conflicts in childrearing among urban families in contemporary China. Journal of Chinese Sociology, 3(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-016-0037-y
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Q., & O’Brien, M. (2014). Fathers and teenage daughters in Shanghai: Intimacy, gender and care. Journal of Family Studies, 20(3), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2014.11082014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Q., & Wang, J. (2019). Father involvement and its impacts on youth development in China. In Chinese. Journal of Social Development, 6(1), 68–85.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Q., & Yeung, W. J. (2013). Hoping for a phoenix: Shanghai fathers and their daughters. Journal of Family Issues, 34(2), 182–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12461245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, Y. (2018). Neo-familism and the state in contemporary China. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, 47(3/4) , 181–224. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45172908
   Google Scholar
• Zelditch, M. (1955). Role differentiation in the nuclear family: A comparative study. In T. Parsons & R. F. Bales (Eds.), Family, socialization and interaction process (pp. 307–351). Free Press.
   Google Scholar