References
- Aikins, Matthieu. ‘Our Man in Kandahar’. The Atlantic, November 2011. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/11/our-man-in-kandahar/308653/.
- Axe, David. ‘War Is Boring: Fourth Time the Charm for NATO’s Afghan Militia Plan?’ World Politics Review, 21 July 2010. http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/6088/war-is-boring-fourth-time-the-charm-for-natos-afghan-militia-plan.
- Biddle, Stephen. ‘Lessons Learned in Afghanistan and Iraq’. In U.S. Policy in Afghanistan and Iraq: Lessons and Legacies, edited by Seyom Brown and Robert Scales, 89–98. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2012.
- Cloud, David. ‘U.S. Plans to Beef Up Rural Afghan Forces’. Los Angeles Times, 18 August 2012. http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/17/world/la-fg-us-afghan-20120818.
- Coll, Steve. Ghost Wars. New York, NY: Penguin Press, 2004.
- Davis, Anthony. “How the Taliban Became a Fighting Force.” In Fundamentalism Reborn: Afghanistan and the Taliban, edited by William Maley, 43–64. New York, NY: New York University Press, 1998.
- Derksen, Deedee. ‘The Politics of Disarmament and Rearmament in Afghanistan’. United States Institute of Peace (USIP), 20 May 2015. http://www.usip.org/publications/2015/05/20/the-politics-of-disarmament-and-rearmament-in-afghanistan.
- Edward-Poulton, Robin. DIAG Evaluation – Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups in Afghanistan, A Project of the United Nations Development Programme and Afghanistan’s New Beginnings Programme (ANBP). Oxford: EPES Mandala Consulting, April 2009, http://erc.undp.org/evaluationadmin/downloaddocument.html?docid=3451.
- Felbab-Brown, Vanda. Aspiration and Ambivalence: Strategies and Realities of Counterinsurgency and State-building in Afghanistan. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2013.
- Felbab-Brown, Vanda. ‘Blood and Hope in Afghanistan: A June 2015 Update’. The Brookings Institution, 26 May 2015. http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2015/05/26-isis-taliban-afghanistan-felbabbrown.
- Felbab-Brown, Vanda. ‘A Dispatch from Afghanistan: What the Taliban Offensive in Kunduz Reveals’. The Brookings Institution, 8 October 2015. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2015/10/08-afghanistan-kunduz-dispatch-felbabbrown.
- Felbab-Brown, Vanda. ‘No Easy Exit: Drugs and Counternarcotics Policies in Afghanistan’. Improving Global Drug Policy: Comparative Perspectives and UNGASS 2016, The Brookings Institution, April 2015. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/04/global-drug-policy/FelbabBrown–Afghanistan-final.pdf?la=en.
- Flynn, David. ‘Extreme Partnership in Afghanistan: Arghandab District, Kandahar Province, 2010–2011’. Military Review, March–April 2012: 27–35. http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20120430_art007.pdf.
- Goldstein, Joseph. “After U.S. Exit, Rough Justice of Afghan Militias.” New York Times 18 (March 2015).
- Goldstein, Joseph. ‘Police Force Is Studied for Ties to Taliban’. New York Times, 9 February 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/18/world/asia/afghan-militia-leaders-empowered-by-us-to-fight-taliban-inspire-fear-in-villages.html.
- Goodhand, Jonathan and Aziz Hakimi. ‘Counterinsurgency, Local Militias, and State-building in Afghanistan’. United States Institute of Peace (USIP), December 2014. http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW90-Counterinsurgency-Local-Militias-and-Statebuilding-in-Afghanistan.pdf.
- Green, Daniel. ‘Retaking a District Center: A Case Study in the Application of Village Stability Operations’. Military Review 95, no. 2 (March/April 2015): 118–124. http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20150430_art017.pdf.
- Hewad, Gran. ‘Legal, Illegal: Militia Recruitment and (Failed) Disarmament in Kunduz’. Afghanistan Analyst Network, 10 November 2012. https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/legal-illegal-militia-recruitment-and-failed-disarmament-in-kunduz/.
- House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Hearing on Afghan National Security Forces and Security Lead Transition: The Assessment Process, Metrics and Efforts to Build Capacity, Testimony of Kenneth Moorefield, Deputy Inspector General for Special Plans and Office of Inspector General, Operations, Department of Defense, 112 Cong. 2 sess., 24 July 2012.
- Hughes, Geraint. ‘The Soviet-Afghan War, 1978–1989: An Overview’. Defense Studies 8, no. 3 (2008): 326–50. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14702430802252511#.VbKSSypViko.
- Human Rights Watch. Just Don’t Call It a Militia: Impunity, Militias, and the ‘Afghan Local Police’. New York, 2011. www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/afghanistan0911webwcover.pdf.
- Inspector General, Department of Defense. Assessment of U.S. Government and Coalition Efforts to Develop the Afghan Local Police, Report DODIG-2012–109, 9 July 2012. http://www.dodig.mil/SPO/Reports/DODIG-2012-109.pdf.
- International Crisis Group (ICG). ‘The Future of the Afghan Local Police’. Asia Report No. 268, 4 June 2015. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/pakistan/268-the-future-of-the-afghan-local-police.pdf.
- IRIN. ‘Afghanistan: Fears over Child Recruitment, Abuse by Pro-government Militias’. IRIN, 20 January 2011. http://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-fears-over-child-recruitment-abuse-pro-government-militias.
- Lefèvre, Mathieu. ‘The Afghanistan Public Protection Program and the Local Defense Initiative’. In Snapshots of an Intervention: The Unlearned Lessons of Afghanistan’s Decade of Assistance (2001–2011), edited by Martine van Bijlert and Sari Kouvo, 74–79. Kabul: Afghanistan Analysts Network, 2012. http://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/Snapshots_of_an_Intervention.pdf.
- Lynch, Marc. ‘Explaining the Awakening: Engagement, Publicity, and the Transformation of Iraqi Sunni Political Attitudes’. Security Studies 20, no. 1 (2011): 36–72. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09636412.2011.549017#.VbKSdypViko.
- Mashal, Mujib. “Afghan Plan to Expand Militia Raises Abuse Concerns.” The New York Times 16 (October 2015).
- McCary, John. ‘The Anbar Awakening: An Alliance of Incentives’. Washington Quarterly 32, no. 1 (2009): 43–59. http://www.iau-iraq.org/documents/266/09jan_McCary.pdf.
- Mogelson, Luke. ‘Bad Guys vs. Worse Guys in Afghanistan’. New York Times, 19 October 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/magazine/bad-guys-vs-worse-guys-in-afghanistan.html.
- Münch, Philipp. ‘Local Afghan Power Structures and the International Military Intervention: A Review of Developments in Badakhshan and Kunduz Provinces’. Afghan Analyst Network. http://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/20131110_PMunch_Kunduz-final.pdf.
- Nagl, John. ‘A Better War in Afghanistan’. Statement to Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 16 September 2009. http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNASTestimony_Nagl_SFRC_September_16_2009.pdf.
- Nordland, Rob. ‘Afghan Officer Sought in the Killing of 9 Colleagues’. New York Times, 8 March 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/09/world/asia/in-afghanistan-officer-sought-in-killing-of-9-colleagues.html.
- Rashid, Ahmed. “Pakistan and the Taliban.” In Fundamentalism Reborn: Afghanistan and the Taliban, edited by William Maley, 72–84. New York, NY: New York University Press, 1998.
- Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
- Riedel, Bruce. What We Won: America’s Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979 to 1989. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2014.
- Rosenberg, Matthew and Alissa Rubin. ‘Afghanistan to Disband Irregular Police Force Set Up under NATO’. New York Times, 26 December 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/world/asia/afghanistan-to-disband-critical-infrastructure-police.html.
- Rubin, Alissa. ‘Rape Case, in Public, Cites Abuse by Armed Groups in Afghanistan’. New York Times, 1 June 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/02/world/asia/afghan-rape-case-is-a-challenge-for-the-government.html.
- Rubin, Alissa and Sangar Rahimi. ‘Afghan Officials Cite Revenge Killings in Latest Outbreak of Ethnic Hatred’. New York Times, 3 August 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/04/world/asia/9-afghans-killed-in-latest-ethnic-violence.html.
- Rubin, Barnett. Fragmentation of Afghanistan. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.
- Rubin, Barnett. ‘Saving Afghanistan’. Foreign Affairs 86, no. 1 (2007): 57–78. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2007-01-01/saving-afghanistan.
- Shinwari, Shah Mahmoud and Abubakar Siddique. ‘Pakistani Militants Lead IS Push Into Eastern Afghanistan’. Gandhara, 30 June 2016. http://gandhara.rferl.org/content/afghanistan-pakistan-islamic-state-taliban/27102776.html.
- Strandquist, Jon. ‘Local Defense Forces and Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan: Learning from the CIA’s Village Defense Program in South Vietnam’. Small Wars and Insurgencies 26, no. 1 (2015: 90–113).
- Sultani, Feroz and Kay Johnson. ‘Stretched Afghan Army Falls Back on Militias to Help Defend Kunduz’. Reuters, 3 May 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/22/us-afghanistan-militias-insight-idUSKBN0O70XS20150522.
- Tariq, Mohammed Osman. ‘Tribal Security System (Arbakai) in Southeast Afghanistan’. Occasional Paper 7. London School of Economics, Crisis States Research Center, December 2008. http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/crisisStates/download/op/OP7Tariq.pdf.
- Vinay Bhatia, Michael and Robert Muggah. ‘The Politics of Demobilization in Afghanistan’. In Security and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Dealing with Fighters in the Aftermath of War, edited by Robert Muggah, 126–164. New York: Routledge, 2009.
- Whitlock, Craig and Greg Miller. ‘U.S. Covert Paramilitary Presence in Afghanistan Much Larger than Thought’. Washington Post, 22 September 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/22/AR2010092206241.html.
- Woodward, Bob. Obama’s Wars. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2010.
- Yoshikawa, Lynn and Matt Pennington. ‘Afghan Local Police: When the Solution Becomes the Problem’. Foreign Policy.com, 27 October 2011. http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/27/afghan-local-police-when-the-solution-becomes-the-problem/.
- Young, David. ‘An “Afghan Summer” of Revolt’. Foreign Policy.com, 12 September 2012. http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/09/12/an_afghan_summer_of_revolt.
- Young, David. ‘The Anatomy of an Anti-Taliban Uprising’. Foreign Policy.com, 12 September 2012. http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/09/12/the_anatomy_of_an_anti_taliban_uprising.