Understanding the Legitimacy of Armed Groups: A Relational Perspective

Bibliography

• Allen, Tim, and Kyla Reid. “Justice at the Margins: Witches, Poisoners, and Social Accountability in Northern Uganda.” Medical Anthropology 34, no. 2 (2015): 106–123.10.1080/01459740.2014.936060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hawat, Sinan, and Wisam Elhamoui. “Civilian Interaction with Armed Groups in the Syrian Conflict.” Accord, Insight 2 (2016): 30–34.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, Morten Skumsrud. “Legitimacy in State-building: A Review of the IR Literature1.” International Political Sociology 6, no. 2 (2012): 205–219.10.1111/ips.2012.6.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arjona, Ana. Civilian Resistance to Rebel Government. HICN Working Paper 170. Accessed February 19, 2017. http://www.anamarjona.net/docs/Arjona_Resistance.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Aronson, Jacob, Paul Huth, Mark Lichbach, and Kiyoung Chang. “How Rebels Win (and Why They Lose).” Accessed November 26, 2016. http://unige.ch/sciences-societe/speri/files/9314/5294/8814/Paul_Huth_-_how_rebels_win_11_26_15.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ayoob, Mohammed. “The Myth of the Islamic Sate: The History of a Political Idea.” Accessed April 3, 2016. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-04-03/myth-islamic-state
   Google Scholar
• Bakonyi, Jutta, and Kirsti Stuvøy. “Violence & Social Order beyond the State: Somalia & Angola.” Review of African Political Economy 32, no. 104–105 (2005): 359–382.10.1080/03056240500329379
   Google Scholar
• Balcells, Laia, and Stathis N. Kalyvas. “Revolutionary Rebels and the Marxist Paradox.” April 2015. http://cpd.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/MarxIns_4_15.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Barbelet, Veronique. CAR: Addressing the Protection Crisis. HPG Working Paper. Accessed November 2015. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/33060
   Google Scholar
• Beetham, David. The Legitimation of Power. London: MacMillan Education, 1991.10.1007/978-1-349-21599-7
   Google Scholar
• Bellina, Séverine, Dominique Darbon, Stein Sundstøl Eriksen, and Ole Jacob Sending. The Legitimacy of the State in Fragile Situations. Report for the OECD-DAC International Network on Conflict and Fragility. Oslo: NORAD, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Berti, Benedetta. “Rebel Politics and the State: Between Conflict and Post-conflict, Resistance and Co-existence.” Civil Wars 18, no. 2 (2016): 118–136.10.1080/13698249.2016.1205560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya, Srobana. “Strategic Interaction between Rebels and the State: A Study of the Maoist Conflict in Nepal.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36, no. 7 (2013): 574–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau, Peter. “A Formal Theory of Differentiation in Organizations.” American Sociological Review 35, no. 2 (1970): 201–218.10.2307/2093199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, David. “Ashes of Co-optation: From Armed Group Fragmentation to the Rebuilding of Popular Insurgency in Myanmar.” Conflict, Security & Development 15, no. 4 (2015): 337–358.10.1080/14678802.2015.1071974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buur, Lars. “Democracy & Its Discontents: Vigilantism, Sovereignty & Human Rights in South Africa.” Review of African Political Economy 35, no. 118 (2008): 571–584.10.1080/03056240802569250
   Google Scholar
• Carey, Sabine C., and Neil J. Mitchell. Pro-Government Militias and Conflict. Working Paper, University of Mannheim, 2015. http://www.sowi.uni-mannheim.de/lspol4/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Carey-Mitchell-ORE-web-version.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Carey, Sabine C., Neil J. Mitchell, and Will Lowe. “States, the Security Sector, and the Monopoly of Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 50, no. 2 (2013): 249–258.10.1177/0022343312464881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesterman, Simon. Civilians in War. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, David E. “Blocking Resolution: How External States Can Prolong Civil Wars.” Journal of Peace Research 47, no. 2 (2010): 115–127.10.1177/0022343309353488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, David E. “It Takes Two: A Dyadic Analysis of Civil War Duration and Outcome.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53, no. 4 (2009): 570–597.10.1177/0022002709336458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Waal, A.. “When Kleptocracy Becomes Insolvent: Brute Causes of the Civil War in South Sudan.” African Affairs 113, no. 452 (2014): 347–369.10.1093/afraf/adu028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta, Donatella. “Terror against the State.” In The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology, edited by Kate Nash and Alan Scott, 208–216. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, Stephen. “The New Frontiers of Crime in South Africa.” In The Criminalization of the State in Africa, edited by Jean-Francois Bayart, Stephen Ellis, Beatrice Hibou, 49–68. London: James Currey, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Emirbayer, Mustafa. “Manifesto for a Relational Sociology.” American Journal of Sociology 103, no. 2 (1997): 281–317.10.1086/231209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen, Stein Sundstøl, and Ole Jacob Sending. Seeing beyond the State: The Moral and Political Economy of the State. NUPI Working Paper, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Förster, Till. “Maintenant, on Sait Qui Est Qui: Statehood and Political Reconfiguration in Northern Côte D’Ivoire.” Development and Change 41, no. 4 (2010): 699–722.10.1111/dech.2010.41.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hangzo, Pau Khan Khup, and Manpavan Kaur. “Progovernment Armed Groups: A Source of Peace or Multipliers of Conflict?” NTS Alert, Issue 2, Accessed March 2011. http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/rsis/nts/HTML-Newsletter/alert/NTS-alert-mar-1102.html
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, Stig Jarle. Al Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamic Group. London: Hurst & Co., 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Hazen, Jennifer M. “Understanding Gangs as Armed Groups.” International Review of the Red Cross 92, no. 878 (2010): 369–386.10.1017/S1816383110000378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heger, Lindsay, and Idean Salehyan. “Ruthless Rulers: Coalition Size and the Severity of Civil Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 51, no. 2 (2007): 385–403.10.1111/isqu.2007.51.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrie, Barbara. Now the People Are like a Lord': Local Effects of Revolutionary Reform in a Tigray Village, Northern Ethiopia. PhD diss.: University of London, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, Kasper. “Myths Set in Motion: The Moral Economy of Maï-Maï Governance.” In Rebel Governance in Civil War, edited by Ana Arjona, Nelson Kasfir and Zachariah Mampilly, 158–179. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015.10.1017/CBO9781316182468
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, Patrick T., and Daniel Nexon. “Relations before States:: Substance, Process and the Study of World Politics.” European Journal of International Relations 5, no. 3 (1999): 291–332.10.1177/1354066199005003002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaquier, Romain. “The Islamic State, Legitimacy and the Institution of Caliphate: A Reflection on the Theological and Political Legitimacy of the Jihadist Group.” Unpublished Graduate Thesis, University College Dublin, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, Nash. “Opposed to the Islamic State.” Time. Accessed July 9, 2014. http://time.com/2968426/the-vast-majority-of-syrians-are-opposed-to-an-islamic-caliphate/
   Google Scholar
• Corinna, Jentzsch, Stathis Kalyvas, and Livia I. Schubiger. “Militias in Civil Wars.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59, no. 5 (2015): 755–769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, Bruce, Rahul Chandran, Elizabeth Cousens, Jenna Slotin, Jake Sherman. From Fragility to Resilience: Concepts and Dilemmas of Statebuilding in Fragile States.  A Research Paper for the OECD Fragile States Group. New York: Center on International Cooperation at New York University & International Peace Academy, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Kalyvas, Stathis N. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.10.1017/CBO9780511818462
   Google Scholar
• Kalyvas, Stathis N. “Micro-level Studies of Violence in Civil War: Refining and Extending the Control-collaboration Model.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24, no. 4 (2012): 658–668.10.1080/09546553.2012.701986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasfir, Nelson. “Guerrilla Governance: Patterns and Explanations.” Presented at the Speakers Series of the Program on Order, Conflict, and Violence at Yale University. October 9, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Kingsbury, Damien. Power Politics and the Indonesian Military. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Lasley, Trace, and Clayton Thyne. “Secession, Legitimacy and the Use of Child Soldiers.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 32, no. 3 (2015): 289–308.10.1177/0738894214526541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecomte-Tilouine, Marie. “Terror in a Maoist Model Village, Mid-western Nepal.” Dialectical Anthropology 33, no. 3–4 (2009): 383–401.10.1007/s10624-009-9132-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemay-Hébert, Nicolas. “Statebuilding without Nation-building? Legitimacy, State Failure and the Limits of the Institutionalist Approach.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 3, no. 1 (2009): 21–45.10.1080/17502970802608159
   Google Scholar
• Levi, Margaret, and Audrey Sacks. “Legitimating Beliefs: Sources and Indicators.” Regulation & Governance 3, no. 4 (2009): 311–333.10.1111/rego.2009.3.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund, Christian. “Twilight Institutions: Public Authority and Local Politics in Africa.” Development and Change 37, no. 4 (2006): 685–705.10.1111/dech.2006.37.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyall, Jason. “Are Coethnics More Effective Counterinsurgents? Evidence from the Second Chechen War.” American Political Science Review 104, no. 01 (2010): 1–20.10.1017/S0003055409990323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood, Mona. 2015. “Life in Mosul One Year on.” The Guardian, June 10, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/10/mosul-residents-one-year-on-isis-brutality
   Google Scholar
• Malthaner, Stefan. “Violence, Legitimacy, and Control: The Microdynamics of Support Relationships between Militant Groups and Their Social Environment.” Civil Wars 17, no. 4 (2015): 425–445.10.1080/13698249.2015.1115575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mampilly, Zachariah C. Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life during War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Mampilly, Zachariah C. “Insurgent Governance in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” In Inducing Compliance with International Humanitarian Law, Lessons from the African Great Lakes Region, edited by Heike Krieger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, Aoife. The Legitimacy of States and Armed Non-State Actors: Topic Guide. Birmingham, AL: GSDRC, University of Birmingham, January 1, 2015. http://www.gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Legitimacy.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Meehan, Patrick. “Drugs, Insurgency and State-building in Burma: Why the Drugs Trade is Central to Burma's Changing Political Order.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 42, no. 3 (2011): 388–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migdal, Joel S., and Klaus Schlichte. “Rethinking the State.” In The Dynamics of States: The Formation and Crises of State Domination, edited by Klaus Schlichte, 1–40. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, Neil J., Sabine C. Carey, and Christopher K. Butler. “The Impact of Pro-government Militias on Human Rights Violations.” International Interactions 40, no. 5 (2014): 812–836.10.1080/03050629.2014.932783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munive, Jairo, and Jonathan Somer. Counter-terrorism and the Protection of Civilians: Armed Non-State Actors. No.14. DIIS Report, Danish Institute for International Studies, 2015. http://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/368159/DIIS_RP_2015_14_WEB.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nexon, Daniel. “Relationalism and New Systems Theory.” In New Systems Theories of World Politics, edited by Mathias Albert, Lars-Erik Cederman and Alexander Wendt, 99–126. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• North, Douglass C. Limited Access Orders in the Developing World: A New Approach to the Problems of Development. Vol. 4359. World Bank Publications, 2007.10.1596/prwp
   Google Scholar
• Olson, Mancur. “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.” American Political Science Review 87, no. 3 (1993): 567–576.10.2307/2938736
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Policzer, Pablo. “Democracy and Non-state Armed Groups.” Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott, Loews Philadelphia, and the Pennsylvania Convention Center, Philadelphia, PA, August 31, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Pratten, David. “The Politics of Vigilance in Southeastern Nigeria.” Development and Change 37, no. 4 (2006): 707–734.10.1111/dech.2006.37.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan, Patrick M. “Third-party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46, no. 1 (2002): 55–73.10.1177/0022002702046001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reno, William. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Reyntjens, Filip. “Briefing: The Second Congo War: More Than a Remake.” African Affairs 98, no. 391 (1999): 241–250.10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehyan, Idean, David Siroky, and Reed M. Wood. “External Rebel Sponsorship and Civilian Abuse: A Principal-agent Analysis of Wartime Atrocities.” International Organization 68, no. 3 (2014): 633–661.10.1017/S002081831400006X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehyan, Idean, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and David E. Cunningham. “Explaining External Support for Insurgent Groups.” International Organization 65, no. 4 (2011): 709–744.10.1017/S0020818311000233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, Radha, and Amar Sarkar. “The Rebels’ Resource Curse: A Theory of Insurgent-Civilian Dynamics.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (2016): 1–29.10.1080/1057610X.2016.1239992
   Google Scholar
• Schlichte, Klaus. In the Shadow of Violence: The Politics of Armed Groups. Frankfurt: Campus Publisher, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Schlichte, Klaus, and Ulrich Schneckener. “Armed Groups and the Politics of Legitimacy.” Civil Wars 17, no. 4 (2015): 409–424.10.1080/13698249.2015.1115573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppard, Si. 2016. “What the Syrian Kurds Have Wrought.” The Atlantic. October 25. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/10/kurds-rojava-syria-isis-iraq-assad/505037/
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Martin. Myanmar: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Books, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, Richard. “Does Lootable Wealth Breed Disorder?.” Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 8 (2006): 943–968.10.1177/0010414006288724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somers, Margaret R. “The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach.” Theory and Society 23, no. 5 (1994): 605–649.10.1007/BF00992905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staniland, Paul. “States, Insurgents, and Wartime Political Orders.” Perspectives on Politics 10, no. 02 (2012): 243–264.10.1017/S1537592712000655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, Mark C. “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches.” Academy of Management Review 20, no. 3 (1995): 571–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, Rod. “The Kurds as Proxies.” Sustainable Security. April 20, 2016. https://sustainablesecurity.org/2016/04/20/the-kurds-as-proxies-in-iraq-and-syria-a-problematic-relationship-for-western-powers/
   Google Scholar
• Tilly, Charles. The Politics of Collective Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.10.1017/CBO9780511819131
   Google Scholar
• Toros, Harmonie. “‘We Don’t Negotiate with Terrorists!’: Legitimacy and Complexity in Terrorist Conflicts.” Security Dialogue 39, no. 4 (2008): 407–426.10.1177/0967010608094035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tull, Denis M. “A Reconfiguration of Political Order? The State of the State in North Kivu (DR Congo).” African Affairs 102, no. 408 (2003): 429–446.10.1093/afraf/adg046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unsworth, Sue. The State’s Legitimacy in Fragile Situations: Unpacking Complexity. Paris: OECD, 2010. http://www.gsdrc.org/document-library/the-states-legitimacy-in-fragile-situations-unpacking-complexity/
   Google Scholar
• Verweijen, Judith. Stable Instability: Political Settlements and Armed Groups in the Congo. London: Rift Valley Institute, 2016. Accessed February 19, 2017. http://www.politicalsettlements.org/files/2016/09/Stable-Instability-by-Judith-Verweijen-RVI-PSRP-Usalama-Project-2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Walzer, Michael. “The Moral Standing of States: A Response to Four Critics.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 9, no. 3 (1980): 209–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, Jeremy M. Inside Rebellion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.10.1017/CBO9780511808654
   Google Scholar
• Wesley, Michael. “The State of the Art on the Art of State Building.” Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 14, no. 3 (2008): 369–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willms, Jan. Justice through Armed Groups' Governance–An Oxymoron? Berline: SFB Working Paper 40, October 2012. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/154533/WP40.pdf
   Google Scholar