Bibliography
- Adebanwi, Wale, and Ebenezer Obadare. “When Corruption Fights Back: Democracy and Elite Interest in Nigeria’s Anti-Corruption War.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 49 (2011): 185–213.10.1017/S0022278X11000012
- Aguwa, Jude. “Religious Conflict in Nigeria: Impact on Nation Building.” Dialectical Anthropology 22, no. 3/4 (1997): 335–351.10.1023/A:1006866525049
- Akanji, Olajide. “The Politics of Combating Domestic Terrorism in Nigeria.” In Domestic Terrorism in Africa: Defining, Addressing and Understanding Its Impact on Human Security, edited by Walufa Okumu and Anneli Botha. Terrorism and Research Programme, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, 2009.
- Akinbobola, T. O. “Niger Delta Crises: Implication on Nigeria’s Domestic Economic Output.” In Checkmating the Resurgence of Oil Violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, edited by Victor Ojakorotu and Lysias Gilbert. World Bank report, 2008.http://www.iags.org/Niger_Delta_book.pdf.
- Albert, Isaac. “The Sociocultural Politics of Ethnic and Religious Conflicts.” In Inter-Ethnic and Religious Conflict Resolution in Nigeria, edited by Earnest Uwazie, Isaac Albert and Godfrey Uzoigwe. Lagos: Lexington Books, 1999.
- Alexander, Harriet. 2015 “African Presidents’ Dilemma: Should I Stay or Should I Go?” The Telegraph, October 27. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burundi/11614000/African-presidents-dilemma-Should-I-stay-or-should-I-go.html.
- American Foreign Policy Council. Boko Haram: World Almanac of Islamism. 2014. Accessed May 12, 2016 http://almanac.afpc.org/boko-haram
- Amnesty International. “Nigeria: Senior Members of Military Must Be Investigated for War Crimes.” 2015. Accessed June 30, 2016. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/06/nigeria-senior-members-of-military-must-be-investigated-for-war-crimes/
- Azarya, Victor. “Reordering State-Society Relations: Incorporation and Disengagement.” In The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, edited by Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan, 3–21. Boulder: Westview Press, 1988.
- Bello, Abdulmajeed. “Boko Haram: The Greatest Security Threat to the Sovereignty of Nigeria.” International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) 2, no. 2 (2013): 66–72.
- Boas, Morten, and Kevin Dunn. “Understanding African Guerrillas: From Liberation Struggles to Warlordism and International Terrorism.” In Routledge Handbook of African Security, edited by James Hentz. London: Routledge, 2013.
- Clapham, Christopher. Third World Politics: An Introduction. London: Croom Helm, 1985.10.4324/9780203404577
- Courson, Elias. “Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND): Political Marginalization, Repression and Petro-Insurgency in the Niger Delta.” Discussion Paper No. 47. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, 2009.
- Dahl, Robert. “The Concept of Power.” Behavioural Science 2, no. 3 (1957): 201–215.
- Danjibo, Nathaniel. “Islamic Fundamentalism and Sectarian Violence: The ‘Maitatsine’ and ‘Boko Haram’ Crises in Northern Nigeria.” Peace and Conflict Studies Programme, Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, 2010. Accessed October 31, 2016. http://www.ifranigeria.org/IMG/pdf/N-_D-_DANJIBO_-_Islamic_Fundamentalism_and_Sectarian_Violence_The_Maitatsine_and_Boko_Haram_Crises_in_Northern_Nigeria.pdf
- Eberlein, Ruben. “On the Road to the State’s Perdition? Authority and Sovereignty in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 44 (2006): 573–596.10.1017/S0022278X06002096
- Einar Braathen, Morten Boas and Gjermund Saether, “Ethnicity Kills? Social Struggles for Power, Resources and Identities in Neo-Patrimonial State.” In Ethnicity Kills? The Politics of War, Peace and Ethnicity in Sub-Saharan Africa Einar Braathen, Morten Boas and Gjermund Saether, 3–22. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000.
- Evans, Peter. “Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State.” Sociological Forum 4, no. 4 (1989): 561–587.10.1007/BF01115064
- Florquin, Nicolas and Eric G. Berman. “Armed Groups and Small Arms in ECOWAS Member States (1998–2004).” In Armed and Aimless: Armed Groups, Guns, and Human Security in the ECOWAS Region. A Small Arms Survey Publication Commissioned by Human Security Network, 2005.
- Fox News. “Nigerian Generals Found Guilty of Arming Boko Haram.” June 3, 2014. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/06/03/report-courts-martial-finds-10-nigerian-generals-5-others-guilty-arming-boko/.
- Francis Paul, Lapin Deirdre and Rossiasco Paula. “Securing Development and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Social and Conflict Analysis for Change.” Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars. Accessed June 29, 2016. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/AFR_110929_Niger%20Delta_0113.pdf
- Human Rights Watch. “Political Shari’a? Human Rights and Islamic Law in Northern Nigeria.” September (16) (2004) 9 (A).
- Human Rights Watch. “Spiralling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria.” 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016 http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/nigeria1012webwcover.pdf
- International Crises Group. “The Swamps of Insurgency: Nigeria’s Delta Unrest.” Africa Report 115 (2006c).
- Joseph, Richard. “Class, State, and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria.” The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 21, no. 3 (1983): 21–38.10.1080/14662048308447434
- Kalyvas, Stathis N. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.10.1017/CBO9780511818462
- Kayode-Adedeji, Dimeji. “Nigeria 2015: Obasanjo Warns APC, PDP: Don’t Field Muslim-Muslim, Christian-Christian Ticket.” Premium Times, October 26.
- Kriesch, Adrian and Scholz, Jan-Philip. “Nigeria’s Almajiri Schools: Recruitment Ground for Terrorists?” DW, March 26, 2014. Accessed March 25, 2016. http://www.dw.de/nigerias-almajiri-schools-recruitment-ground-for-terrorists/a-17521389
- Kukah, Matthew. “Boko Haram: Some Reflections on Causes and Effects.” In Boko Haram: Religious Conflicts and Dialogue Initiatives in Nigeria, edited by Simon Anyanwu and Isidore Nwanaju. Owerri: Edu-Edy Press, 2010.
- Kwaja, Chris “Nigeria’s Pernicious Drivers of Ethno-Religious Conflicts,” Africa Security Brief. A publication of the African centre for strategic studies (2011), 4. Accessed June 27, 2016. http://africacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/AfricaBriefFinal_14.pdf
- Lewis, Peter. “Identity, Institutions and Democracy in Nigeria.” Afro Barometer, Working Paper No. 68 (2007).
- Merari, Ariel. “Terrorism as a Strategy of Insurgency.” Terrorism and Political Violence 5, no. 4 (1993): 213–251.10.1080/09546559308427227
- Metz, Steven and Millen, Raymond. “Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in the 21st Century: Re-Conceptualising Threats and Response.” Strategic Studies Institute, 2004. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.205.1585&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
- Nnochiri, Ikechukwu. “Boko haram: Court denies Kogi Varsity lecturer, 2 others bail.” Vanguard newspaper, December 11, 2016. http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/03/boko-haram-court-denies-kogi-varsity-lecturer-2-others-bail/
- Nwajiaku-Dahoe, Kathryn. “The Politics of Amnesty in the Niger Delta: Challenges Ahead.” IFRI Sub-Saharan Africa Programme, December, 2010
- Nwonwu, Francis. “The Politics of Oil Exploitation: Rationalising the Coexistence of Oil Wealth and Extreme Poverty in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.” In Checkmating the Resurgence of Oil Violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, edited by Victor Ojakorotu and Lysias Gilbert. World Bank report, 2008. http://www.iags.org/Niger_Delta_book.pdf
- Obi, Cyril, and Rustad, Siri Aas. Oil and Insurgency in the Niger Delta: Managing the Complex Politics of Petro-Violence. London: Zed Books, 2011.
- Okonkwo, Hilda Ifenyinwa. “Contemporary Issues in Nomadic, Minority and Almajiri Education, Problems and Prospects”. Journal of Education and Practice, 5 no. 24 (2014): 19-27.
- Okonta, Ike and Oronto Douglas. Where Vultures Feast: Shell, Human Rights and Oil. London: Verso, 2006.
- Onuoha, Freedom. “The Islamist Challenge: Nigeria’s Boko Haram Crisis Explained.” African Security Review 19, no. 2 (2010): 54–67.10.1080/10246029.2010.503061
- Oseni, Michael. “Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) in Nigeria: A Panacea for State Development.” European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 21, no. 10 (2013): 1050–1066.
- Oyeniyi, Bukola. “One Voice, Multiple Tongues: Dialoguing with Boko Haram.” Democracy and Security 10 (2014): 73–97.10.1080/17419166.2013.858031
- Punch Newspaper. “Boko Haram Has Infiltrated My Government- Jonathan.” January 9, 2012. http://www.punchng.com/news/boko-haram-has-infiltrated-my-govt-jonathan/.
- Punch Newspaper. “PDP Governors Bought Guns for Thugs- Atiku.” May 12, 2013. Accessed May 23, 2016 http://www.punchng.com/news/pdp-governors-bought-guns-for-thugs-atiku/
- Roett, Riordan. Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society. 5th ed. Westport: Praeger, 1999.
- Ross, Will. 2016. “Is Nigeria Serious about Tacking Corruption?” British Broadcasting Corporation. March 12, 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-26535530
- Schmitter, Philippe. “Still the Century of Corporatism?” The Review of Politics 36, no. 1 (1974): 93–107.
- Smith, David. “ANC’s Secrecy Bill Seen as Assault on South African Press Freedom.” The Guardian. June 6, 2012. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/06/south-africa-secrecy-bill-press-freedom
- Steven, Lukes. Power: A Radical View. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
- This Day Live. “PIB: Northerners Accused of Owning 83% of Oil Blocks.” March 7, 2013. http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/pib-northerners-accused-of-owning-83-of-oil-blocks/141448/.
- U.S Energy Information Administration. “Nigeria.” Accessed October 31, 2016. http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=NI
- Vogt, Manuel. “Ethnic Exclusion and Ethno-Nationalist Conflicts How the Struggle over Access to the State Can Escalate: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of West Africa.” National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century. Working Paper 18 (2007). Accessed October 31, 2016. http://www.nccr-democracy.uzh.ch/publications/workingpaper/pdf/WP18.pdf
- Weapons and Warfare. “Mercenaries in Africa.” Accessed May 19, 2017. https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2017/05/19/mercenaries-in-africa/ (06 September 2017)
- Yusuf, Alli. “N115b Loot: Ex-Air Chiefs, Politicians Top Refund List.” The Nation Newspaper. June 6, 2016. Accessed June 6, 2017 http://thenationonlineng.net/n115b-loot-ex-air-chiefs-politicians-top-refund-list/
- Zolberg, Aristide. “The Structure of Political Conflict in the New States of Tropical Africa.” American Political Science Review 62, no. 01 (1968): 70–87.10.1017/S0003055400115655