References
- Amnesty International. “Brazil: Police Killings, Impunity and Attacks on Defenders.” Amnesty International Submission for the UN Universal Periodic Review – 27th Session of the UPR Working Group, May 2017. London, September 2016.
- Araújo, Adriano. “Invasão Na Linha Vermelha Provoca Pânico Em Motoristas.” O Dia, July 31, 2015. http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/rio-de-janeiro/2015-07-31/arrastao-causa-panico-nos-motoristas-na-linha-vermelha.html.
- Arias, Enrique Desmond. “The Impacts of Differential Armed Dominance of Politics in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.” Studies in Comparative International Development 48, no. 3 (2013): 263–284.10.1007/s12116-013-9137-8
- Arias, Enrique Desmond, and Corinne Davis Rodrigues. “The Myth of Personal Security: Criminal Gangs, Dispute Resolution, and Identity in Rio De Janeiro’s Favelas.” Latin American Politics & Society 48, no. 4 (2006): 53–81.10.1353/lap.2006.0041
- Arias, Enrique Desmond. “Gang Politics in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.” In Global Gangs: Street Violence across the World, edited by Jennifer M. Hazen and Dennis Rodgers. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.
- BBC Brasil. “Como Grupo de Jovens Virou Referência Internacional Na Denúncia de Abusos Policiais.” BBC Brasil. Accessed December 10, 2015. http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2015/10/151028_coletivo_papo_reto_alemao_jp
- “Beltrame Diz Que Ataque a UPP É ‘Terrorismo’ E Não Descarta ‘Ações Desagradáveis.” Folha De São Paulo, March 13, 2104. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2014/03/1424827-beltrame-diz-que-ataque-a-upp-e-terrorismo-e-nao-descarta-acoes-desagradaveis.shtml.
- Calgaro, Fernanda. “Brasil Na Rota Do Tráfico.” Internacional, June 23, 2011. http://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2011/06/23/brasil-se-consolida-na-rota-do-trafico-internacional-de-cocaina-para-a-europa-aponta-relatorio-da-onu.htm.
- Cano, Ignácio. Os Donos do Morro. Rio de Janeiro: Forum Brasileiro de Segurança Publica, May 2012.
- Chade, Por Jamil, and Em Genebra. “Pressionado Na ONU, Brasil Declara Que Reduzirá População Carcerária Em 10%.” Agência Estado, May 5, 2017. https://noticias.r7.com/sao-paulo/pressionado-na-onu-brasil-declara-que-reduzira-populacao-carceraria-em-10-05052017.
- “Com Exército No RJ, Projeto Quer Justiça Militar Julgando Crimes Contra Civis.” Poder360, September 14, 2017. https://www.poder360.com.br/congresso/com-exercito-no-rj-projeto-quer-justica-militar-julgando-crimes-contra-civis/.
- Counterinsurgency Advisory & Assistance Team. “Less Boom for the Buck: Projects for COIN Effects and Transition.” CAAT Special Report. Kabul: ISAF, April 2011.
- Della Porta, Donatella. Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- Dowdney, Luke. Children of the Drug Trade: A Case Study of Children in Organised Armed Violence in Rio De Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: 7Letras, 2003.
- Elizabeth Leeds. “The Brazilian Prison System: Challenges and Prospects for Reform.” WOLA, November 22, 2016. https://www.wola.org/analysis/brazilian-prison-system-challenges-prospects-reform/.
- Estadão. “Trafico Fecha Acessos.” Estadão. Accessed December 12, 2015. http://brasil.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,forca-nacional-e-pm-atacam-e-trafico-fecha-acessos-no-rio,10163.
- “Evasão Escolar é Maior Nas Favelas Do Rio.” Governo Do Rio. CEDCA, August 18, 2014. http://www.cedca.rj.gov.br/NoticiaDetalhe.asp?ident=136.
- Fórum. “UPP: Os Cinco Motivos Que Levaram À Falência O Maior Projeto Do Governo Cabral.” Portal Fórum (blog), February 12, 2014. http://www.revistaforum.com.br/2014/02/12/upp-os-cinco-motivos-que-levaram-a-falencia-o-maior-projeto-do-governo-cabral/.
- Freeman, James. “Raising the Flag over Rio De Janeiro’s Favelas: Citizenship and Social Control in the Olympic City.” Journal of Latin American Geography 13, no. 1 (2014): 7–38.10.1353/lag.2014.0016
- Garzón Vergara, Juan Carlos. “Introduction.” In The Criminal Diaspora: The Spread of Transnational Organized Crime and How to Contain its Expansion, edited by Juan Carlos Garzón and Eric L. Olson. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2013.
- Goldstein, Donna M. Laughter out of Place: Race, Class, Violence, and Sexuality in a Rio Shantytown. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
- “Jovem Aprendiz.” Blog Do Planalto – Presidência Da República (blog), September 2014. http://blog.planalto.gov.br/iniciativa-do-governo-permite-a-5-milhoes-de-empresas-contratar-jovem-aprendiz/.
- Kaiser, Anna Jean. “Will Brazil’s Prison Riots Spur Needed Reforms?” Christian Science Monitor, February 9, 2017. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2017/0209/Will-Brazil-s-prison-riots-spur-needed-reforms-video.
- Kolenda, Christopher D. The Counterinsurgency Challenge: A Parable of Leadership and Decision Making in Modern Conflict. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2012.
- Leeds, Elizabeth. “Rio de Janeiro.” Fractured Cities: Social Exclusion, Urban Violence & Contested Spaces in Latin America, January 2007, 23–35.
- Leeds, Elizabeth. “Cocaine and Parallel Polities in the Brazilian Urban Periphery.” Latin American Research Review 31, no. 3 (July 1996): 47.
- Luhnow, David. “Guatemala Outsources a Corruption Crackdown.” Wall Street Journal, September 11, 2015, sec. World. http://www.wsj.com/articles/guatemala-outsources-a-corruption-crackdown-1442001944.
- “Mapa Turístico Do Rio.” Accessed December 14, 2015. http://www.riodejaneiroaqui.com/pt/mapa-turistico.html.
- Muggah, Robert. “Caught between Police and Gangs, Rio De Janeiro Residents Are Dying in the Line of Fire.” The Conversation, September 4, 2017. https://theconversation.com/caught-between-police-and-gangs-rio-de-janeiro-residents-are-dying-in-the-line-of-fire-83016.
- OECD. “Brazil.” OECD Economic Surveys, November 2015. https://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Brazil-2015-overview.pdf.
- Ospina, Carlos, and Thomas A. Marks. “Colombia: Changing Strategy amidst the Struggle.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 25, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 354–371.
- Pero, Valéria, Alberto Cardoso, and Peter Elias. “Discriminação No Mercado De Trabalho: O Caso Dos Moradores De Favelas Cariocas.” Coleção Estudos Cariocas, no. 20050301 (March 2005). http://portalgeo.rio.rj.gov.br/.
- Prada, Paulo. “Demonstrators March in Brazil to Support Corruption Crackdown.” Reuters, December 4, 2016. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-protests-idUSKBN13T0O1.
- Prazeres, Leandro. “Facção Que Comanda Tráfico No Norte Tem ‘conexões Estreitas’ com as Farc, Diz MPF.” Cotidiano, January 4, 2017. https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2017/01/04/fdn-tinha-conexoes-estreitas-com-as-farc-diz-mpf.htm.
- Prefeitura do Rio. “Armazém de Dados.” Prefeitura do Rio. Armazem de dados – Informações sobra a cidade do Rio, 2015. http://www.armazemdedados.rio.rj.gov.br/.
- Puff, Jefferson. “Como Grupo de Jovens Virou Referência Internacional Na Denúncia de Abusos Policiais.” BBC Brasil, October 30, 2015. http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2015/10/151028_coletivo_papo_reto_alemao_jp.
- “Rio’s Murder Rate Soared Last Year despite Calm during Olympics.” Reuters, February 1, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-violence/rios-murder-rate-soared-last-year-despite-calm-during-olympics-idUSKBN15G5K6.
- R7. “Desvio de Armas No Rio.” R7 Noticias, October 22, 2015. http://noticias.r7.com/rio-de-janeiro/policia-federal-aponta-desvio-de-854-armas-em-4-anos-no-estado-do-rio-22102015.
- Sampaio, Antonio. “Out of Control: Criminal Gangs Fight Back in Rio’s Favelas.” Jane’s Intelligence Review 26, no. 12 (December 2014): 44–48.
- Shelley, Louise I.. Dirty Entanglements: Corruption, Crime, and Terrorism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
- Skaperdas, Stergios. “The Political Economy of Organized Crime: Providing Protection When the State Does Not.” Economics of Governance 2, no. 3 (November 2001): 173.
- “Slum Lords - Comando Vermelho’s Hold on Brazil’s Favelas.” Jane’s Intelligence Review, August 31, 2011.
- Stanford CDDRL. Ignacio Cano, Armed Violence in Rio De Janeiro, 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBVK1oMafVk.
- Stanford CDDRL. Jailson Silva, towards a New Paradigm of Public Policy in Rio’s Favelas, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oyl1nI1TRaA.
- Stanford CDDRL. Mariano Beltrame, Secretary of Security, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwMvwiFX47 M&feature=youtu.be.
- Stark, Rodney. Sociology. Internet ed., 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2004.
- Straubhaar, Rolf. “A Broader Definition of Fragile States: The Communities and Schools of Brazil’s Favelas.” Current Issues in Comparative Education 15, no. 1 (2012): 41–51.
- Sullivan, John P. “How Illicit Networks Impact Sovereignty.” In Convergence: Illicit Networks and National Security in the Age of Globalization, edited by Michael Miklaucic and Jacqueline Brewer, 171–188. Washington, DC: NDU Press, 2013.
- Torres, Fernando. “Micro-Ondas Do Tráfico: No Alto Do Morro, Um Símbolo de Terror E Poder.” Extra Online, October 31, 2010. http://extra.globo.com/casos-de-policia/micro-ondas-do-trafico-no-alto-do-morro-um-simbolo-de-terror-poder-361377.html.
- Tse Tung, Mao. “Problems of Strategy in China’s Civil War.” In Strategic Studies: A Reader. 2nd ed., 274–308. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
- Ucko, David H. “Beyond Clear-Hold-Build: Rethinking Local-Level Counterinsurgency after Afghanistan.” Contemporary Security Policy 34, no. 3 (2013): 526–551.10.1080/13523260.2013.839258
- Ucko, David H. “Militias, Tribes and Insurgents: The Challenge of Political Reintegration in Iraq: Analysis.” Conflict, Security & Development 8, no. 3 (October 2008): 341–373.
- The World Bank. “Changing the Lives of Millions in Brazil.” News & Broadcast, 2004. http://go.worldbank.org/3QI1C7B5U0.
- Yo, Michael. “Presalt Oil and Natural Gas Provide an Increasing Share of Brazil’s Production.” U.S. Energy Information Administration, January 9, 2015. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=19511.