Bibliography
- Abiola, Seun, Cedric e Coning, Eduarda Hamann, and Chander Prakesh. “The Large Contributors and UN Peacekeeping Doctrine.” In UN Peacekeeping Doctrine in a New Era: Adapting to Stabilization, Protection and New Threats, edited by Cedric de Coning, 152–185. London, UK: Routledge, 2017. doi:10.4324/9781315396941-7.
- Amnesty International. “Rwanda: The Hidden Violence: ‘Disappearances’ and Killings Continue.” June 22, 1998. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr47/023/1998/en/.
- Amnesty International. “What I Saw is Death”: War Crimes in Mozambique’s Forgotten Cape.” March 2, 2021. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr41/3545/2021/en/.
- Anna, Cara. “UN: Police Used ‘Excessive Force’ in Killing Mali Protesters.” Associated Press, April 2, 2015. https://apnews.com/article/0fcc2dcfe2184e238495adf35afb7035.
- Autesserre, Séverine. The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of International Peacebuilding. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
- Baker, Bruce. “Policing and the Rule of Law in Mozambique.” Policing and Society 13, no. 2 (2003): 139–158. doi:10.1080/10439460308025.
- Bareebe, Gerald. An Army with a State or a State with an Army? The Military and Post-Conflict Governance in Uganda and Rwanda. PhD diss., University of Toronto, 2020.
- Beaumont, Peter. “’Total Chaos’: Survivors Tell of Insurgent Attack in Mozambique.” The Guardian, March 21, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/total-chaos-survivors-tell-of-insurgent-attack-in-mozambique-palma
- Bekoe, Dorina A., Stephanie M. Burchard, and Sarah A. Daly. Extremism in Mozambique: Interpreting Group Tactics and the Role of the Government’s Response in the Crisis in Cabo Delgado. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analysis, 2020. March.
- Bell, Andrew M. “Military Culture and Restraint Toward Civilians in War: Examining the Ugandan Civil Wars.” Security Studies 25, no. 3 (2016): 488–518. doi:10.1080/09636412.2016.1195626.
- Beswick, Danielle. “Peacekeeping, Regime Security and ‘African Solutions to African Problems’: Exploring Motivations for Rwanda’s Involvement in Darfur.” Third World Quarterly 31, no. 5 (2010): 739–754. doi:10.1080/01436597.2010.503566.
- Beswick, Danielle. “The Risks of African Military Capacity Building: Lessons from Rwanda.” African Affairs 113, no. 451, April (2014): 212–231. doi:10.1093/afraf/adu003.
- Biddle, Stephen. Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
- Biddle, Stephen. Nonstate Warfare: The Military Methods of Guerillas, Warlords, and Militias. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021.
- Bode, Ingvild, and John Karlsrud. “Implementation in Practice: The Use of Force to Protect Civilians in United Nations Peacekeeping.” European Journal of International Relations 25, no. 2 (2019): 458–485. doi:10.1177/1354066118796540.
- Burgess, Stephen. “From Failed Power Sharing in Rwanda to Successful Top-Down Military Integration.” In New Armies from Old: Merging Competing Militaries After Civil Wars, edited by Roy Licklider, 87–102. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2014.
- Byman, Daniel. “‘Death Solves All Problems’: The Authoritarian Model of Counterinsurgency.” Journal of Strategic Studies 39, no. 1 (2016): 62–93. doi:10.1080/01402390.2015.1068166.
- Cannon, Brendon J., and Frederico Donelli. “Rwanda’s Military Deployments in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Neoclassical Realist Account.” The International Spectator 58, no. 1 (2023): 109–127. doi:10.1080/03932729.2022.2132046.
- Castelli, Emanuele, and Lorenzo Zambernardi. “Force Protection and Its Trade-Offs.” In The Sword’s Other Edge: Trade-Offs in the Pursuit of Military Effectiveness, edited by Dan Reiter, 31–57. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
- Caverley, Jonathan D., and Todd S. Sechser. “Military Technology and the Duration of Civil Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 61, no. 3 (2017): 704–720. doi:10.1093/isq/sqx023.
- Charbonneau, Louis, and Michelle Nichols. “Video Shows Rwandan Peacekeepers Shooting Protesters in Mali – Sources.” Reuters, May 5, 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-violence-un-idUSKBN0NQ2EA20150505.
- Chemouni, Benjamin. “Explaining the Design of the Rwandan Decentralization: Elite Vulnerability and the Territorial Repartition of Power.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 8, no. 2 (2014): 246–262. doi:10.1080/17531055.2014.891800.
- Chemouni, Benjamin, and Assumpta Mugiraneza. “Ideology and Interests in the Rwandan Patriotic Front: Singing the Struggle in Pre-Genocide Rwanda.” African Affairs 119, no. 474, January (2020): 115–140. doi:10.1093/afraf/adz017.
- Clark, Phil. “Rwanda’s Recovery: When Remembrance is Official Policy.” Foreign Affairs 97, no. 1 (2018): 35–41.
- Columbo, Emilia. “The Enduring Counterterrorism Challenge in Mozambique.” CTC Sentinel 16, no. 3 (2023): 1–6.
- Damman, Erin Kimball. “Rwanda’s Strategic Humanitarianism: Lessons from a Janus-Faced State.” African Security 8, no. 1 (2015): 30–55. doi:10.1080/19392206.2015.998542.
- Davey, Christopher P. “A Soldier’s Journey: Banyamulenge Narratives of Genocide.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36, no. 23–24, December (2021): NP12548–NP12575. doi:10.1177/0886260519900281.
- Day, Adam, Charles T. Hunt, He Yin, and Liezelle Kumalo. Assessing the Effectiveness of the UN Mission in South Sudan. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2019.
- de Cherisey, Erwan. “Mozambique’s Bush War from the Sky.” Times Aerospace, December 8, 2021. https://www.timesaerospace.aero/features/defence/mozambiques-bush-war-from-the-sky.
- “DIGP Namuhoranye Briefs Police Officers Prior To Mozambique Deployment,” Taarifa, July 9, 2021, https://taarifa.rw/digp-namuhoranye-briefs-police-officers-prior-to-mozambique-deployment/.
- “Diplomatic Cat and Mouse From New York to Paris Over Rwanda’s Alleged Support for M23 Rebels.” Africa Intelligence. July 1, 2022, https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2022/07/01/diplomatic-cat-and-mouse-from-new-york-to-paris-over-rwanda-s-alleged-support-for-m23-rebels,109796465-eve?utm_source=AIA&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=PROS_EDIT_RUB&did=109600295.
- Donelli, Federico. “Rwanda’s Military Diplomacy: Kigali’s Political Use of the Military Means to Increase Prestige and Influence in Africa and Beyond.” Notes de l’Ifri, Ifri, April 2022. https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/donelli_rwanda_military_diplomacy_2022.pdf.
- Dutton, Jane E., Janet M. Dukerich, and Celia V. Harquail. “Organizational Images and Member Identification.” Administrative Science Quarterly 39, no. 2 (1994): 239. doi:10.2307/2393235.
- Engelhardt, Michael J. “Democracies, Dictatorships and Counterinsurgency: Does Regime Type Really Matter?” Conflict Quarterly 12, no. 3 (1992): 52–63.
- Fabricius, Peter. “‘Wars Can’t Be Fought on the Cheap’: Experts and Special Forces Call for More Infantry and Equipment in Mozambique.” Daily Maverick. January 11, 2022. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-01-11-wars-cant-be-fought-on-the-cheap-experts-and-special-forces-call-for-more-infantry-and-equipment-in-mozambique/
- Felter, Joseph H. Taking Guns to a Knife Fight: Effective Military Support to COIN. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 2008.
- Felter, Joseph H., and Jacob N. Shapiro. “Limiting Civilian Casualties as Part of a Winning Strategy: The Case of Courageous Restraint.” Daedalus 136, no. 1 (2017): 44–58. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00421.
- Fisher, Jonathan, and Nina Wilen. African Peacekeeping. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
- Friesendorf, Cornelius. How Western Soldiers Fight: Organizational Routines in Multinational Missions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Galula, David. Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice. London: Praeger Security International, 2006.
- Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. “The Kigali Principles on the Protection of Civilians.” Undated. https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/the-kigali-principles-on-the-protection-of-civilians.
- Handy, Paul-Simon. “Rwanda: The Emergence of an African ‘Smart Power’.” ISS Today, September 27, 2021. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/rwanda-the-emergence-of-an-african-smart-power.
- Harding, Andrew. “The Battle of Palma.” BBC Documentary Podcast, April 29, 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09g1r76.
- Harding, Luke, and Jason Burke. “Russian Mercenaries Behind Human Rights Abuses in CAR, Say UN Experts.” The Guardian, March 30, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/30/russian-mercenaries-accused-of-human-rights-abuses-in-car-un-group-experts-wagner-group-violence-election.
- Harig, Christoph, and Nicole Jenne. “Whose Rules? Whose Power? The Global South and the Possibility to Shape International Peacekeeping Norms Through Leadership Appointments.” Review of International Studies 48, no. 4 (2022): 646–667. doi:10.1017/S0260210522000262.
- Hedlund, Anna. “’There Was No Genocide in Rwanda’: History, Politics, and Exile Identity Among Rwandan Rebels in the Eastern Congo Conflict.” Conflict and Society 1, no. 1 (2015): 23–40.
- Heuser, Beatrice, and Shamir. Eitan. “Universal Toolbox, National Styles, or Divergence of Civilizations?”. Insurgencies and Counterinsurgencies: National Styles and Strategic Cultures, Heuser and Shamir, Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press. (2016). 10.1017/9781316471364.
- Holmes, Georgina. Enhancing Operational Effectiveness? Pre-Deployment Training for Tactical-Level Rwandan Female Military Peacekeepers. In War Amongst the People: Critical Assessments, edited by David Brown, Donette Murray, Malte Riemann, Norma Rossi, and Martin A. Smith, 125–146. Havant:UK Howgate Publishing, 2019.
- Howard, Lise Morjé. Power in Peacekeeping. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
- “How Kigali is Exporting its Military Expertise Across Africa.” Africa Intelligence. December 10, 2021. https://www.africaintelligence.com/eastern-and-southern-africa_diplomacy/2021/12/10/how-kigali-is-exporting-its-military-expertise-across-africa,109710456-ar2.
- Human Rights Watch. World Report 1999: Rwanda. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/worldreport99/africa/rwanda.html.
- Human Rights Watch. “DR Congo: Resurgent M23 Rebels Target Civilians”. July 25, 2022. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/07/25/dr-congo-resurgent-m23-rebels-target-civilians.
- International Crisis Group (ICG). “Rwanda’s Growing Role in the Central African Republic”. Africa Briefing No.191, July 7, 2023.
- International Crisis Group (ICG). “Winning Peace in Mozambique’s Embattled North”. Africa Briefing No.178, February 10, 2022.
- International Peace Institute. “Accountability System for the Protection of Civilians – Case Study: South Sudan.” December 2020. https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/South-Sudan-Case-Study.pdf.
- Jackson, Colin F. Defeat in Victory: Organizational Learning Dysfunction in Counterinsurgency. PhD diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008.
- Jenna, Nicole. “Don’t Blame Authoritarianism for Bad Peacekeeping.” World Politics Review, 19 January 2022. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/30257/to-stop-abuse-by-peacekeepers-united-nations-needs-custom-solutions.
- Jones, Will. “Between Pyongyang and Singapore: The Rwandan State, Its Rulers, and the Military.” In Rwanda Fast Forward: Social, Economic, Military and Reconciliation Prospects, edited by Maddalena Campioni and Patrick Noack, 228–248. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. doi:10.1057/9781137265159_15.
- Jowell, Marco. Contributor Profile: Rwanda. New York, NY: International Peace Institute. 22 April 2018. https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ipi-pub-ppp-rwanda.pdf
- Jowell, Marco. “Cohesion Through Socialization: Liberation, Tradition and Modernity in the Forging of the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF).” Journal of Eastern African Studies 8, no. 2 (2014): 278–293. doi:10.1080/17531055.2014.891715.
- Jowell, Marco. “Rwanda: Civil-Military Relations”. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics, Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press. (2022). 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1900.
- Joyce, Renanah M. “Soldiers’ Dilemma: Foreign Military Training and Liberal Norm Conflict.” International Security 46, no. 4 (2022): 48–90. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00432.
- Kahl, Colin H. “In the Crossfire or the Crosshairs? Norms, Civilian Casualties, and U.S. Conduct in Iraq.” International Security 32, no. 1 (2007): 7–46. doi:10.1162/isec.2007.32.1.7. Summer.
- Karuhanga, James. “Cabo Delgado: Rwandan Forces Help Pregnant Woman Deliver.” The New Times, 29 September 2021. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/cabo-delgado-rwandan-forces-help-pregnant-woman-deliver.
- Karuhanga, James. “Cabo Delgado: What Rwandan and Mozambican Forces are Doing After Securing Two Districts.” The New Times, 1 October 2022. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/1445/news/security/cabo-delgado-what-rwandan-and-mozambican-forces-are-doing-after-securing-two-districts/.
- Karuhanga, James. “In Cabo Delgado, Rwandan Medics are Overwhelmed but Not Intimidated.” The New Times, 28 September 2022. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/1386/news/security/in-cabo-delgado-rwandan-medics-are-overwhelmed-but-not-intimidated.
- Karuhanga, James. “Inside the Rwandan Special Forces’ Operation in CAR.” The New Times, 2 January 2021. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/inside-rwanda-special-forces-operation-car.
- Karuhanga, James. “Nyusi: Kagame Understood Mozambicans’ Suffering, Gave His Best People to Help Mozambique.” The New Times, September 25, 2021. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/189684/News/nyusi-kagame-understood-mozambicansa-suffering-gave-his-best-people-tohelp-mozambique.
- Keeler, Rianne. The Kigali Principles on the Protection of Civilians. Master’s thesis, Utrecht University, 2017.
- Kiewit, Lester. “SA Troops in Mozambique. What’s Been Happening?” The Morning Review (CapeTalk567am). 14 July 2022. https://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/449673/sandf-losing-battle-against-insurgents-in-mozambique-says-military-journalist.
- “The Kigali Principles on the Protection of Civilians,” Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/the-kigali-principles-on-the-protection-of-civilians/.
- Kilcullen, David. The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009.
- Kisangani, Emizet F., and Jeffrey Pickering. African Interventions: State Militaries, Foreign Powers, and Rebel Forces. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2022. doi:10.1017/9781108550802.
- Krebs, Ronald R., and Roy Licklider. “United They Fall: Why the International Community Should Not Promote Military Integration After Civil War.” International Security 40, no. 3 (2015/16): 93–138. winter. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00228.
- Krepinevich, Andrew F. The Army and Vietnam. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
- Kuehnel, Josefine, and Nina Wilén. “Rwanda’s Military as a People’s Army: Heroes at Home and Abroad.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 12, no. 1 (2018): 154–171. doi:10.1080/17531055.2018.1418168.
- Kühnel Larsen, Josefine, and Lars Bangert Struwe. “Military Capacity Building: Risk-Taking in Danish Development Aid?” Copenhagen University Centre for Military Studies, 13 January 2013. https://cms.polsci.ku.dk/english/publications/risk-takers/.
- Kupatadze, Alexander, and Thomas Zeitzoff. “In the Shadow of Conflict: How Emotions and Past Victimization Influence Foreign Policy Attitudes.” British Journal of Political Science 51, no. 1, January (2021): 181–202. doi:10.1017/S0007123418000479.
- Lalwani, Sameer. Selective Leviathans: Explaining State Strategies of Counterinsurgency and Consolidation, PhD diss., MIT, 2013.
- Lamarque, Hugh. Insulating the Borderlands: Policing and State Reach in Rwanda. PhD diss., University of London SOAS, 2017.
- Lemarchand, René. The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
- Liégeois, Michel, and Damien Deltenre. “Astuteness in Commitment: Rwanda and UN Peacekeeping 1994–2014.” The Round Table 106, no. 4 (2017): 421–435. doi:10.1080/00358533.2017.1352149.
- Lyall, Jason. “Do Democracies Make Inferior Counterinsurgents? Reassessing Democracy’s Impact on War Outcomes and Duration.” International Organization 64, no. 1 (2010): 167–192. doi:10.1017/S0020818309990208.
- Lyall, Jason, and Isaiah Wilson III. “Rage Against the Machines: Explaining Outcomes in Counterinsurgency Wars.” International Organization 63, no. 1, January (2009): 67–106. doi:10.1017/S0020818309090031.
- Lynch, Justin. “UN Peacekeepers Accused of Child Abuse, Bestiality, and Cowardice.” Daily Beast, 13 April 2017. https://www.thedailybeast.com/un-peacekeepers-accused-of-child-abuse-bestiality-and-cowardice.
- “‘Major Ambush on Militants’ Mozambique Forest Hideout – BBC report,” Club of Mozambique, August 18, 2021, https://clubofmozambique.com/news/major-ambush-on-militants-mozambique-forest-hideout-bbc-report-199294/.
- Martin, Guy. “Paramount-Supplied Military Hardware Displayed in Mozambique.” DefenceWeb, (27 September 2021). https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/paramount-supplied-military-hardware-displayed-in-mozambique/.
- Mathys, Gillian. “Bringing History Back In: Past, Present, and Conflict in Rwanda and the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.” The Journal of African History 58, no. 3 (2017): 465–487. doi:10.1017/S0021853717000391.
- Matisek, Jahara. Pathways to Military Effectiveness: Armies and Contemporary African States. PhD diss., Northwestern University, 2018.
- McDoom, Omar Shahabudin. “Securocratic State-Building: The Rationales, Rebuttals, and Risks Behind the Extraordinary Rise of Rwanda After the Genocide.” African Affairs 121, no. 485, October (2022): 535–567. doi:10.1093/afraf/adac031.
- Meyer, Thomas. “Flipping the Switch: Combat, State Building, and Junior Officers in Iraq and Afghanistan.” Security Studies 22, no. 2 (2013): 222–258. doi:10.1080/09636412.2013.786913.
- “Mocimboa da Praia Residents Return to the Port City.” DefenceWeb. June 10, 2022. https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/diplomacy-a-peace/mocimboa-da-praia-residents-return-to-the-port-city.
- Morgenstein, Jonathan. “Speak Softly and Let Others Carry the Big Stick.” Foreign Policy, 6 March 2013. https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/06/speak-softly-and-let-others-carry-the-big-stick/.
- “Mozambique: ‘Most Important Mission Yet to Come’, Says Army Commander – AIM,” Club of Mozambique, August 12, 2021, https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-most-important-mission-yet-to-come-says-army-commander-aim-198891/.
- Mugwiza, Oliver. “Cabo Delgado: When Rwandan Medics Treated 788 Patients in a Day.” The New Times, 4 October 2022. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/1509/video/cabo-delgado-when-rwandan-medics-treated-788-patients-in-a-day.
- Mwara, Fred. “Rwanda Sees Another Darfur Moment in Mozambique.” The Chronicle, 9 July 2021. https://www.chronicles.rw/2021/07/09/rwanda-sees-another-darfur-moment-in-mozambique.
- “Nascer em Mocímboa da Praia é motivo para ser Perseguido Pelas FDS (Being Born in Mocímboa da Praia is a Reason to be Persecuted by the SDF),” Ikweli, October 6, 2021, https://ikweli.co.mz/2021/10/06/nascer-em-mocimboa-da-praia-e-motivo-para-ser-perseguido-pelas-fds/.
- Nhachote, Luis. “Rwanda Eyes the Spoils of War in Mozambique.” The Continent, 28 March 2022. https://mg.co.za/africa/2022-03-28-rwanda-eyes-the-spoils-of-war-in-mozambique/.
- Nhamirre, Borges. “Cabo Delgado: Two Years Since the Palma Invasion.” ISS Today, 3 April 2023. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/cabo-delgado-two-years-since-the-palma-invasion.
- Nichols, Michelle. “U.N. Reaction to Malakal Violence in South Sudan Marred by Confusion.” Reuters, (21 June 2016). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-un/u-n-reaction-to-malakal-violence-in-south-sudan-marred-by-confusion-idUSKCN0Z731G.
- Odom, Thomas P. Journey into Darkness: Genocide in Rwanda. College Station, TX: Texa A&M University Press, 2005.
- Oksamytna, Kseniya, and Nina Wilen. “Adoption, Adaptation or Chance? Inter-Organisational Diffusion of the Protection of Civilians Norm from the UN to the African Union.” Third World Quarterly 43, no. 10 (2022): 2357–2374. doi:10.1080/01436597.2022.2102474.
- Onyango-Obbo, Charles. “In Mozambique’s Swahili-Speaking Region and Home of President Nyusi.” The East African. April 3, 2022. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/mozambique-swahili-speaking-home-of-president-nyusi-3768620.
- Onyango-Obbo, Charles. “In Mozambique’s War, Allies Rwanda and Tanzania Face Some Tricky Odds.” The East African, March 27, 2022. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/mozambique-s-war-allies-rwanda-tanzania-face-tricky-odds-3761198.
- Orth, Richard. “Rwanda’s Hutu Extremist Insurgency: An Eyewitness Perspective.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 12, no. 1, January (2006): 76–109. doi:10.1080/714005381.
- Paul, Christopher, Colin P. Clarke, Beth Grill, and Molly Dunigan. “Moving Beyond Population-Centric Vs. Enemy-Centric Counterinsurgency.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 27, no. 6 (2016): 1019–1042. doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1233643.
- Peacekeeping Data: Fatalities. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/fatalities (accessed February 9, 2022).
- Podder, Sukanya, and Kaushik Roy. “Use of Force to Protect Civilians in United Nations Peacekeeping: Military Culture, Organisational Learning and Troop Reticence.” Civil Wars (April 2022): 1–24. doi:10.1080/13698249.2022.2119506
- Purdeková, Andrea, Filip Reyntjens, and Nina Wilen. “Militarisation of Governance After Conflict: Beyond the Rebel-To-Ruler Frame – the Case of Rwanda.” Third World Quarterly 39, no. 1 (2018): 158–174. doi:10.1080/01436597.2017.1369036.
- “RDF Completes Level Two Hospital Deployment to CAR.” IGIHE. August 12, 2015. https://en.igihe.com/news/rdf-completes-level-two-hospital-deployment-to.
- “RDF Deploys Level 2 Hospital Under UN Mission in CAR.” The New Times, January 21, 2015. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/185157.
- RDF in Peacekeeping Mission. Rwanda Ministry of Defence. https://www.mod.gov.rw/rdf/peacekeeping
- Rehder, Robert Beeland., Jr From Guerillas to Peacekeepers: The Evolution of the Rwandan Defense Forces. Master’s thesis, US Marine Corps University, 2008.
- Rever, Judi. In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front. Toronto: Random House Canada, 2018.
- Rolland, Antoine. “Bullets and Panic: Rebels Attack Central African Republic Capital.” Reuters, January 13, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-security-idUSKBN29I0ZI.
- Rubin, Michael. “The Islamic State Isn’t Defeated, but the United States is AWOL.” The National Interest. February 16, 2022. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/islamic-state-isn’t-defeated-united-states-awol-200565.
- Rubin, Michael. “Once the Victim, Rwanda is Fixing Peacekeeping Across Africa.” The National Interest, June 21, 2022. https://www.aei.org/op-eds/once-the-victim-rwanda-is-fixing-peacekeeping-across-africa/.
- Ruffa, Chiara. “What Peacekeepers Think and Do: An Exploratory Study of French, Ghanaian, Italian, and South Korean Armies in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.” Armed Forces & Society 40, no. 2 (2014): 199–225. doi:10.1177/0095327X12468856.
- Ruffa, Chiara. “Military Cultures and Force Employment in Peace Operations.” Security Studies 26, no. 3 (2017): 391–422. doi:10.1080/09636412.2017.1306393.
- Ruffa, Chiara. Military Cultures in Peace and Stability Operations. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
- Ruffa, Chiara, Christopher Dandeker, and Pascal Vennesson. “Soldiers Drawn into Politics? The Influence of Tactics in Civil–Military Relations.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 24, no. 2 (2013): 322–334. doi:10.1080/09592318.2013.778035.
- Rusagara, Frank K. Resilience of a Nation: A History of the Military in Rwanda. Indianapolis IN: Fountain Publishing, 2009.
- “Rwandan Police Kill Suspected Islamic State Recruiter,” Reuters, January 25, 2016, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-security/rwandan-police-kill-suspected-islamic-state-recruiter-idUSKCN0V322S.
- “Rwanda Police Shoot Dead ‘Terror suspect’ in Kigali,” BBC News, August 18, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37118166.
- “Rwanda Says Two Soldiers Detained in Congo Have Been Released,” Reuters, June 11, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwanda-says-two-soldiers-detained-congo-have-been-released-2022-06-11/.
- “Rwanda Security Forces, Mozambican Security Organs and Residents of Palma Conduct Community Work in Palma Town, Cabo Delgado Province, Mozambique.” Rwanda Ministry of Defence. November 27, 2021. https://www.mod.gov.rw/news-detail/rwanda-security-forces-mozambican-security-organs-and-residents-of-palma-conduct-community-work-in-palma-town-cabo-delgado-province-mozambique.
- “SAMIM Seemingly Going Nowhere,” DefenceWeb, February 2, 2022, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/samim-seemingly-going-nowhere/.
- Scarinzi, Fausto. “Force Structure and Counterinsurgency Outcome: The Case of the Cyprus Emergency (1955-1959).” Defence Studies 21, no. 2 (2021): 204–225. doi:10.1080/14702436.2021.1880270.
- Shamir, Eitan. Transforming Command: The Pursuit of Mission Command in the U.S., British, and Israeli Armies. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011.
- Shield, Ralph. “The Sources of Rwandan Military Effectiveness: State Building, Security Assistance, and the Cabo Delgado Campaign.” Journal of Southern African Studies (forthcoming).
- Sieff, Kevin, and Jennifer Amur. “Peacekeepers Made Major Errors That Contributed to South Sudan Massacre, U.N. Report Finds.” Washington Post, August 6, 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/08/06/peacekeepers-made-major-errors-that-led-to-south-sudan-massacre-u-n-report-finds/.
- Smith, Niel, and Nathan Toronto. “It’s All the Rage: Why Mechanization Doesn’t Explain COIN Outcomes.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 21, no. 3, September (2010). doi:10.1080/09592318.2010.505484.
- Stearns, Jason. From CNDP to M23: The Evolution of an Armed Movement in Eastern Congo. London, UK: Rift Valley Institute, 2012.
- Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. New York NY: Public Affairs Press, 2012.
- Stearns, Jason K. The War That Doesn’t Say Its Name: The Unending Conflict in the Congo. NJ Press: Princeton University Press, 2022. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1nwbr0n.
- Talmadge, Caitlin. The Dictator’s Army: Battlefield Effectiveness in Authoritarian Regimes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015. doi:10.7591/9781501701764.
- Thomson, Susan. Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018. doi:10.12987/9780300235913.
- Tripodi, Paolo. “Peacekeepers, Moral Autonomy, and the Use of Force.” Journal of Military Ethics 5, no. 3 (2006): 214–232. doi:10.1080/15027570600913338.
- Ucko, David H. “‘The People are Revolting’: An Anatomy of Authoritarian Counterinsurgency.” Journal of Strategic Studies 39, no. 1 (2016): 29–61. doi:10.1080/01402390.2015.1094390.
- Umurerwa, Ines Rutayisire, “Rwanda, Mozambique Sign Agreements to Reinforce Justice.” The New Times, June 3, 2022. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/rwanda-mozambique-sign-agreements-reinforce-justice.
- “UN Experts Say Rwanda Intervened Militarily in Eastern Congo,” Reuters, August 4, 2022, https://www.voanews.com/a/un-experts-say-rwanda-intervened-militarily-in-eastern-congo/6686670.html.
- United Nations. “Opinions Divided Over Protection of Civilians as Fourth Committee Concludes General Debate on Peacekeeping Matters.” November 5, 2015. https://press.un.org/en/2015/gaspd597.doc.htm.
- United Nations. “Speakers Warn Security Council Terrorism Spreading Across Africa at Alarming Rate, Call for Greater Support, Enhanced International, Regional Cooperation.” March 28, 2023. https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15245.doc.htm.
- U.S. State Department. “2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Mozambique”. 2022. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/mozambique/.
- Van, Wie, C. Ryan, and Jacob A. Walden. “Troops or Tanks? Rethinking COIN Mechanization and Force Employment.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 33, no. 6 (2022): 1032–1058. doi:10.1080/09592318.2022.2067431.
- Wax, Emily. “In Darfur, Rwandan Soldiers Relive Their Past.” Washington Post, September 28, 2004. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/09/28/in-darfur-rwandan-soldiers-relive-their-past/e7458852-f4e5-4c93-9cf6-cf03ba279d1f/
- Wells, Matt. A Refuge in Flames: The February 17-18 Violence in Malakal POC. Washington, DC: Center for Civilians in Conflict, 2016. https://civiliansinconflict.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ViolenceMalakalPOC_HighResSingle.pdf.
- Wilen, Nina. “From ‘Peacekept’ to Peacekeeper: Seeking International Status by Narrating New Identities.” Journal of Global Security Studies 7, no. 1 (2022). doi:10.1093/jogss/ogab030.
- Wrong, Michela. Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad. New York NY: PublicAffairs, 2021.