776
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Extremophiles and their application to veterinary medicine

Pages 857-869 | Received 01 Jan 2010, Accepted 05 Apr 2010, Published online: 14 Jun 2010

References

  • MacElroy , R.D. 1974 . Some comments on the evolution of extremophiles . Biosystems , 6 : 74 – 75 .
  • Rothschild , L.J. and Mancinelli , R.L. 2001 . Life in extreme environments . Nature , 409 : 1092 – 1101 .
  • Pikuta , E.V. , Hoover , R.B. and Tang , J. 2007 . Microbial extremophiles at the limits of life . Crit. Rev. Microbiol. , 33 : 183 – 209 .
  • Bowers , K.J. , Mesbah , N.M. and Wiegel , J. 2009 . Biodiversity of poly‐extremophilic bacteria: Does combining the extremes of high salt, alkaline pH and elevated temperature approach a physico‐chemical boundary for life? . Saline Syst. , 5 Available at http://www.salinesystems.org/content/5/1/9
  • Huber , R. , Huber , H. and Stetter , K.O. 2000 . Towards the ecology of hyperthermophiles: Biotopes, new isolation strategies, and novel metabolic properties . FEMS Microb. Rev. , 24 : 615 – 623 .
  • Hreggvidsson , G.O. and Kristánsson , J.K. “ Thermophily ” . In Extremophiles, volume 1, Encyclopedia of life support systems (EOLSS) , Edited by: Gerday , C. and Glansdorff , N. 117 – 157 . Oxford, , UK : EOLSS Publishers . see http://www.eolss.net
  • Morita , R.Y. 1975 . Psychrophilic bacteria . Bact. Rev. , 39 : 144 – 167 .
  • Deming , J.W. 2002 . Psychrophiles and polar regions . Curr. Opin. Microbiol. , 5 : 301 – 309 .
  • Feller , G. and Gerday , C. 2003 . Psychrophilic enzymes: Hot topics in cold adaptation . Nat. Rev. Microbiol. , 1 : 200 – 208 .
  • Garofalo , F. , Pellegrino , D. , Amelio , D. and Tota , B. 2009 . The Antarctic hemoglobinless fish, fifty five years later: A unique cardiocirculatory interplay of disaptation and phenotypic plasticity . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. , 154 : 10 – 28 .
  • Barrett , J. 2001 . Thermal hysteresis proteins . Int. J. Biochem Cell Biol. , 33 : 105 – 117 .
  • Sachs , G. , Weeks , D.L. , Melchers , K. and Scott , D.R. 2003 . The gastric biology of Helicobacter pylori . Annu. Rev. Physiol. , 65 : 349 – 369 .
  • Schleper , C. , Puehler , G. , Holz , I. , Gambacorta , A. , Janekovic , D. , Santarius , U. , Klenk , H.P. and Zillig , H.W. 1995 . Picrophilus gen. nov. fam. nov.: A novel aerobic, heterotrophic, thermoacidophilic genus and family comprising archaea capable of growth around pH 0 . J. Bacteriol. , 177 : 7050 – 7059 .
  • Sechbach , J. 1999 . “ The Cyanidiophyceae: hot spring acidophilic algae ” . In Enigmatic Microorganisms and Life in Extreme Environments , Edited by: Sechbach , J. 427 – 435 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic .
  • Pick , U. 1999 . “ Dunaliella acidophila: a most extremophilic acidophilic alga ” . In Enigmatic Microorganisms and Life in Extreme Environments , Edited by: Sechbach , J. 467 – 478 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic .
  • Oren , A. 2006 . “ Life at high salt conditions ” . In The Prokaryotes, a Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology and Biochemistry , Edited by: Dworkin , M. , Falkow , S. , Rosenberg , E. , Schleifer , K.‐H. and Stackebrandt , E. Volume 2 , 263 – 282 . New York : Springer .
  • Oren , A. 2008 . Microbial life at high salt concentrations: Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity . Saline Syst. , 4 Available at http://www.salinesystems.org/content/4/1/2
  • Gunde‐Cimerman , N. , Zalar , P. , Hoog , S. de and Plemenitaš , A. 2000 . Hypersaline waters in salterns – natural ecological niches for halophilic black yeasts . FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. , 32 : 235 – 240 .
  • Travis , J. 1998 . Meet the superbug . Sci. News , 154 : 376
  • Blasius , M. , Sommer , S. and Hübscher , U. 2008 . Deinococcus radiodurans: What belongs to the survival kit? . Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 43 : 221 – 238 .
  • De Long , E.F. 1992 . Archaea in coastal marine environments . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA , 89 : 5685 – 5689 .
  • Cavicchioli , R. , Curmi , P.M.G. , Saunders , N. and Thomas , T. 2003 . Pathogenic archaea: Do they exist? . BioEssays , 25 : 1119 – 1128 .
  • Eckburg , P.B. , Lepp , P.W. and Relman , D.A. 2003 . Archaea and their potential role in human disease . Infect. Immun. , 71 : 591 – 596 .
  • Brusa , T. , Conca , R. , Ferrara , A. , Ferrari , A. and Pecchioni , A. 1987 . The presence of methanobacteria in human subgingival plaque . J. Clin. Periodontol. , 14 : 470 – 471 .
  • Li , C.L. , Li , D.L. , Jiang , Y.T. , Zhang , M.Z. , Jiang , W. , Liu , B. and Liang , J.P. 2009 . Prevalence and molecular diversity of Archaea in subgingival pockets of periodontitis patients . Oral Microbiol. Immunol. , 24 : 343 – 346 .
  • Scanlan , P.D. , Shanahan , F. and Marchesi , J.R. 2008 . Human methanogen diversity and incidence in healthy and diseased colonic groups using mrcA gene analysis . BMC Microbiol. , 8 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/79
  • Conway de Macario , E. and Macario , A.J. 2009 . Methanogenic archaea in health and disease: A novel paradigm of microbial pathogenesis . Int. J. Med. Microbiol. , 299 : 99 – 108 .
  • Galdiero , F. , Sommese , L. , Marcatili , A. , Scarfogliero , P. , Capasso , C. , Morana , A. and Galdiero , M. 1993 . Biological activities of cell envelope fragments of the archaeobacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus: Lethal toxicity, local hypersensitivity, pyrogenicity and spleen lymphocyte mitogenicity . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 139 : 2167 – 2172 .
  • Kristjánsson , J.K. 1991 . “ Thermophilic bacteria ” . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Lavy , A. , Rusu , R. and Mates , A. 1992 . Mycobacterium xenopi, a potential human pathogen . Isr. J. Med. Sci. , 28 : 772 – 775 .
  • Acke , E. , McGill , K. , Golden , O. , Jones , B.R. , Fanning , S. and Whyte , P. 2009 . Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter species in household cats and dogs in Ireland . Vet. Rec. , 164 : 44 – 47 .
  • Tansey , M.R. , Fliermans , C.B. and Kern , C.D. 1979 . Aerosol dissemination of veterinary pathogens and human opportunistic thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi from thermal effluents of nuclear production reactors . Mycopathologia , 69 : 91 – 115 .
  • Rippon , J.W. , Gerhold , R. and Heath , M. 1980 . Thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi isolated from the thermal effluent of nuclear power generating reactors: Dispersal of human opportunistic and veterinary pathogenic fungi . Mycopathologia , 70 : 169 – 179 .
  • Ogundero , V.W. 1979 . Thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi in poultry droppings in Nigeria . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 115 : 253 – 254 .
  • Hoyoux , A. , Blaise , V. , Collins , T. , D’Amico , S. , Gratia , E. , Huston , A.L. , Marx , J.‐C. , Sonan , G. , Zeng , Y. , Feller , G. and Gerday , C. 2004 . Extreme catalysts from low‐temperature environments . J. Biosci. Bioeng. , 98 : 317 – 330 .
  • Davis , H.S. 1946 . “ Care and diseases of trout ” . 98 Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office . US Department of the Interior Research Report No. 12
  • Borg , A.F. 1960 . Studies on myxobacteria associated with salmonid fishes . Wildlife Dis. , 8 : 1 – 85 .
  • Bernardet , J.F. and Kerouault , B. 1989 . Phenotypic and genomic studies of ‘Cytophaga psychrophila’ isolated from diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in France . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 55 : 1796 – 1800 .
  • Bernardet , J.F. , Sergers , P. , Vancanneyt , M. , Berthe , F. , Kersters , K. and Vandamme , P. 1996 . Cutting a Gordian Knot: Emended classification and description of the genus Flavobacterium amended description of the family Flavobacteriaceae and proposal of Flavobacterium hydatis nom. nov. (basonym, Cytophaga aquatilis Strohl and Tait 1978) . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. , 6 : 128 – 148 .
  • Madsen , L. and Dalsgaard , I. 1998 . “ Characterization of Flavobacterium psychrophilum comparison of proteolytic activity and virulence of strains isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ” . In Methodology in fish diseases research , Edited by: Barnes , A.C. , Davidson , G.A. , Hiney , M.P. and McIntosh , D. 45 – 52 . Aberdeen : Fisheries Research Services .
  • Pacha , R.E. 1968 . Characterization of Cytophaga psychrophuila (Borg) isolated during outbreaks of bacterial cold‐water disease . Appl. Microbiol. , 16 : 97 – 101 .
  • Bertolini , J.M. , Wakabayashi , H. , Watral , V.G. , Whipple , M.J. and Rohovec , J.S. 1994 . Electrophoretic detection of protease from selected strains of Flexibacter psychrophilus and assessment of their variability . J. Aquat. Anim. Health. , 6 : 224 – 233 .
  • Secades , P. , Alvarex , B. and Guijarro , J.A. 2003 . Purification and properties of a new psychrophilic metalloprotease (Fpp2) in the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 226 : 273 – 279 .
  • Nematollahi , A. , Decostere , A. , Pasmans , F. and Haesebrouck , F. 2003 . Flavobacterium psychrophilum infections in salmonid fish . J. Fish Dis. , 26 : 563 – 574 .
  • Duchaud , E. , Boussaha , M. , Loux , V. , Bernardet , J.F. , Michel , C. , Kerouault , B. , Mondot , S. , Nicolas , P. , Bossy , R. , Caron , C. , Bessières , P. , Gibrat , J.F. , Claverol , S. , Dumetz , F. , Le Hénaff , M. and Benmansour , A. 2007 . Complete genome sequence of the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum . Nat. Biotechnol. , 25 : 763 – 769 .
  • Crump , E.M. , Burian , J. , Allen , P.D. , Gale , S. and Kay , W.W. 2007 . Identification of a ribosomal L10‐like protein from Flavobacterium psychrophilum as a recombinant vaccine candidate for rainbow trout fry syndrome . J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 13 : 55 – 64 .
  • Benediktsdóttir , E. , Helgason , S. and Sigurjónsdóttir , H. 1998 . Vibrio spp. isolated from salmonids with shallow skin lesions and reared at low temperature . J. Fish Dis. , 21 : 19 – 28 .
  • Lunder , T. , Evensen , Ø. , Holstad , G. and Håstein , T. 1995 . ‘Winter ulcer’ in the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: Pathological and bacteriological investigations and transmission experiments . Dis. Aquat. Org. , 23 : 39 – 49 .
  • Benediktsdóttir , E. , Verdonck , L. , Spröer , C. , Helgason , S. and Swings , J. 2000 . Characterization of Vibrio viscosus and Vibrio wodanis isolated at different geographical locations: A proposal for reclassification of Vibrio viscosus as Moritella viscosa comb. nov. . Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. , 50 : 479 – 488 .
  • Lunder , T. , Erdal , J.I. , Speilberg , L. , Colquhoun , D.J. , Pallapothu , M. and Grove , S. Reduced losses from Moritella viscosa /improved vaccine against Moritella viscosa . Abstract from conference programme of HAVBRUK 2008, Research Council of Norway .
  • Tunsjø , H.S. , Paulsen , S.M. , Mikkelsen , H. , L’Abée‐Lund , T.M. , Skjerve , E. and Sorum , H. 2007 . Adaptive response to environmental changes in the fish pathogen Moritella viscosa . Res. Microbiol. , 158 : 244 – 250 .
  • Tunsjø , H.S. , Paulsen , S.M. , Berg , K. , Sørum , H. and L’Abée‐Lund , T.M. 2009 . The winter ulcer bacterium Moritella viscosa demonstrates adhesion and cytotoxicity in a fish cell model . Microb. Pathog. , 47 : 134 – 142 .
  • Lunder , T. , Sørum , H. , Holstad , G. , Steigerwalt , A.G. , Mowinckel , P. and Brenner , D.J. 2000 . Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Vibrio viscosus sp. nov. and Vibrio wodanis sp. nov. isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with ‘winter ulcer’ . Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. , 50 : 427 – 450 .
  • Urbanczyk , H. , Ast , J.C. , Higgins , M.J. , Carson , J. and Dunlap , P.V. 2007 . Reclassification of Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio logei, Vibrio salmonicida and Vibrio wodanis as Aliivibrio fischeri gen. nov., comb. nov., Aliivibrio logei comb. nov., Aliivibrio salmonicida comb. nov. and Aliivibrio wodanis comb. nov. . Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. , 57 : 2823 – 2829 .
  • Hjeltnes , B. and Roberts , R.J. 1993 . “ Vibriosis ” . In Bacterial Diseases of Fish , Edited by: Inglis , V. , Roberts , R.J. and Bromage , N.R. 109 – 121 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell, Scientific publications .
  • Egidius , E. , Wilk , R. , Andersen , K. , Hoff , K.A. and Hjeltnes , B. 1986 . Vibrio salmonicida sp. nov., a new fish pathogen . Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. , 36 : 518 – 520 .
  • Austin , B. and Austin , D.A. 1999 . Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish, , 3rd ed. , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Noga , E.J. 1996 . “ Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment ” . Mosby .
  • Colquhoun , D.J. , Alvheim , K. , Dommarsnes , K. , Syvertsen , C. and Sørum , H. 2002 . Relevance of incubation temperature for Vibrio salmonicida vaccine production . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 92 : 1087 – 1096 .
  • Karlsen , C. , Paulsen , S.M. , Tunsjø , H.S. , Krinner , S. , Sørum , H. , Haugen , P. and Willassen , N.‐P. 2008 . Motility and flagellin gene expression in the fish pathogen Vibrio salmonicida: Effects of salinity and temperature . Microb. Pathog. , 45 : 258 – 264 .
  • Riise , E.K. , Lorentzen , M.S. , Helland , R. and Willassen , N.P. 2006 . Crystallization and preliminary X‐ray diffraction analysis of a cold‐adapted catalase from Vibrio salmonicida . Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F: Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. , 62 : 77 – 79 .
  • Lorentzen , M.S. , Moe , E. , Jouve , H.M. and Willassen , N.P. 2006 . Cold‐adapted features of Vibrio salmonicida catalase; characterisation and comparison to the mesophilic counterpart from Proteus mirabilis . Extremophiles , 10 : 427 – 440 .
  • Altermark , B. , Helland , R. , Moe , E. , Willassen , N.P. and Smålas , A.O. 2008 . Structural adaptation of endonuclease I from the cold‐adapted and halophilic bacterium Vibrio salmonicida . Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D: Biol. Crystallogr. , 64 : 368 – 376 .
  • Niiranen , L. , Altermark , B. , Brandsdal , B.O. , Leiros , H.K. , Helland , R. , Smålas , A.O. and Willassen , N.P. 2008 . Effects of salt on the kinetics and thermodynamic stability of endonuclease I from Vibrio salmonicida and Vibrio cholera . FEBS J. , 275 : 1593 – 1605 .
  • Pedersen , H.L. , Willassen , N.P. and Leiros , I. 2009 . The first structure of a cold‐adapted superoxide dismutase (SOD): Biochemical and structural characterization of iron SOD from Aliivibrio salmonicida . Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F: Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. , 65 : 84 – 92 .
  • Saiki , R.K. , Scharf , S. , Faloona , F. , Mullis , K.B. , Horn , G.T. , Erlich , H.A. and Arnheim , N. 1985 . Enzymatic replication of beta‐globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle‐cell anemia . Science , 230 : 1350 – 1354 .
  • Kantenboeck , B. and Wang , C. 2005 . Advances in real‐time PCR: Application to clinical laboratory diagnostics . Adv. Clin. Chem. , 40 : 219 – 259 .
  • Hoffmann , B. , Beer , M. , Reid , S.M. , Mertens , P. , Oura , C.A.L. , van Rijn , P.A. , Slomka , M.J. , Banks , J. , Brown , I.H. , Alexander , D.J. and King , D.P. 2009 . A review of RT‐PCR techniques used in veterinary virology and disease control: Sensitive and specific diagnosis of five livestock diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health . Vet. Microbiol. , 139 : 1 – 23 .
  • Leutenegger , C.M. 2001 . The real‐time TaqMan PCR and applications in veterinary medicine . Vet. Sci. Tomorrow , 1 Available at http://www.vetscite.org/issue1/tools/leut_0800.pdf
  • Cattori , V. and Hofmann‐Lehmann , R. 2008 . Absolute quantification of feline leukemia virus proviral DNA and viral RNA loads by TaqMan real‐time PCR and RT‐PCR . Methods Mol. Biol. , 429 : 73 – 87 .
  • Pusterla , N. , Madigan , J.E. and Leutenegger , C.M. 2006 . Real‐time polymerase chain reaction: A novel molecular diagnostic tool for equine infectious diseases . J. Vet. Intern. Med. , 20 : 3 – 12 .
  • Adams , A. and Thompson , K.D. 2008 . Recent applications of biotechnology to novel diagnostics for aquatic animals . Rev. Sci. Tech. , 27 : 197 – 209 .
  • Zarlenga , D.S. and Higgins , J. 2001 . PCR as a diagnostic and quantitative technique in veterinary parasitology . Vet. Parasitol. , 101 : 215 – 230 .
  • Hodgkinson , J.E. 2006 . Molecular diagnosis and equine parasitology . Vet. Parasitol. , 136 : 109 – 116 .
  • O’Brien , S.J. , Johnson , W. , Driscoll , C. , Pontius , J. , Pecon‐Slattery , J. and Menotti‐Raymond , M. 2008 . State of cat genomics . Trends Genet. , 24 : 268 – 279 .
  • Menotti‐Raymond , M. , David , V.A. , Schäffer , A.A. , Tomlin , J.F. , Eizirik , E. , Phillip , C. , Wells , D. , Pontius , J.U. , Hannah , S.S. and O’Brien , S.J. 2009 . An autosomal genetic linkage map of the domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus . Genomics , 93 : 305 – 313 .
  • Zimin , A.V. , Delcher , A.L. , Florea , L. , Kelley , D.R. , Schatz , M.C. , Puiu , D. , Hanrahan , F. , Pertea , G. , Van Tassell , C.P. , Sonstegard , T.S. , Marcais , G. , Roberts , M. , Subramanian , P. , Yorke , J.A. and Salzberg , S.L. 2009 . A whole‐genome assembly of the domestic cow, Bos taurus . Genome Biol. , 10 Available at http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/4/R42
  • Tellam , R.L. , Lemay , D.G. , Van Tassell , C.P. , Lewin , H.A. , Worley , K.C. and Elsik , C.G. 2009 . Unlocking the bovine genome . BMC Genomics , 10 : 193
  • Gu , J. , Orr , N. , Park , S.D. , Katz , L.M. , Sulimova , G. , MacHugh , D.E. and Hill , E.W. 2009 . A genome scan for positive selection in thoroughbred horses . PLoS ONE , 4 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005767
  • Chowdhary , B.P. , Paria , N. and Raudsepp , T. 2008 . Potential applications of equine genomics in dissecting diseases and fertility . Anim. Reprod. Sci. , 107 : 208 – 218 .
  • O’Doherty , E. , Aherne , M. , Ennis , S. , Weavers , E. , Roche , J.F. and Sweeney , T. 2001 . Prion protein gene polymorphisms in pedigree sheep in Ireland . Res. Vet. Sci. , 70 : 51 – 56 .
  • van den Burg , B. 2003 . Extremophiles as a source for novel enzymes . Curr. Opin. Microbiol. , 6 : 213 – 218 .
  • Gomes , J. and Steiner , W. 2004 . The biocatalytic potential of extremophiles and extremozymes . Food Technol. Biotechnol. , 42 : 223 – 235 .
  • Antranikian , G. , Vorgias , C.E. and Bertoldo , C. 2005 . Extreme environments as a resource for microorganisms and novel biocatalysts . Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. , 96 : 219 – 262 .
  • Ferrer , M. , Golyshina , O. , Beloqui , A. and Golyshin , P.N. 2007 . Mining enzymes from extreme environments . Curr. Opin. Microbiol. , 10 : 207 – 214 .
  • Irwin , J.A. and Baird , A.W. 2004 . Extremophiles and their application to veterinary medicine . Irish Vet. J. , 57 : 348 – 354 .
  • Ferrer , M. , Golyshina , O.V. , Chernikova , T.N. , Khachane , A.N. , Reyes‐Duarte , D. , Santos , V.A. , Strompl , C. , Elborough , K. , Jarvis , G. , Neef , A. , Yakimov , M.M. , Timmis , K.N. and Golyshin , P.N. 2005 . Novel hydrolase diversity retrieved from a metagenome library of bovine rumen microflora . Environ. Microbiol. , 7 : 1996 – 2010 .
  • German , A.J. 2006 . The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats . J. Nutr. , 136 : 1940S – 1946S .
  • D’Auria , S. , Herman , P. , Rossi , M. and Lakowicz , J.R. 1999 . The fluorescence emission of the apo‐glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger as probe to estimate glucose concentrations . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 263 : 550 – 553 .
  • D’Auria , S. , DiCesare , N. , Staiano , M. , Gryczynski , Z. , Rossi , M. and Lakowicz , J.R. 2002 . A novel fluorescence competitive assay for glucose determinations by using a thermostable glucokinase from the thermophilic microorganism Bacillus stearothermophilus . Biophys. Chem. , 84 : 167 – 176 .
  • de Champdoré , M. , Staiano , M. , Rossi , M. and D’Auria , S. 2007 . Proteins from extremophiles as stable tools for advanced biotechnological applications of high social interest . J. R. Soc. Interface , 4 : 183 – 191 .
  • Wilson , Z.E. and Brimble , M.A. 2009 . Molecules derived from the extremes of life . Nat. Prod. Rep. , 26 : 44 – 71 .
  • Roberts , M.F. 2005 . Organic compatible solutes of halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms . Saline Syst. , 1 Available at http://www.salinesystems.org/content/1/1/5
  • Lentzen , G. and Schwartz , T. 2006 . Extremolytes: Natural compounds from extremophiles for versatile applications . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 72 : 623 – 634 .
  • Kumar , R. , Patel , D.D. , Bansal , D.D. , Mishra , S. , Mohammed , A. , Arora , R. , Sharma , A. , Sharma , R.K. and Tripathi , R.P. 2010 . “ Extremophiles: Sustainable Resource of Natural Compounds – Extremolytes ” . In Sustainable Biotechnology , Edited by: Singh , O.V. and Harvey , S.P. 279 – 294 . Springer .
  • T. Schwarz, Use of compatible solutes as substances having free radical scavenging properties . United States Patent Application Publication, Pub. No. US 2009/0227523 A1 . 2009 . Available at http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20090227523.pdf
  • Sydlik , U. , Gallitz , I. , Albrecht , C. , Abel , J. , Krutmann , J. and Unfried , K. 2009 . The compatible solute ectoine protects against nanoparticle‐induced neutrophilic lung inflammation . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 180 : 29 – 35 .
  • S. Barth, Pharmaceutical preparation . European Patent EP000001183047, European Patent Office . 2000 .
  • S. Barth, Pharmaceutical formulation . United States Patent 7147849 . 2006 . Available at http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/7147849/description.html
  • Powell , D.B. , Palm , R.C. Jr. , MacKenzie , A.P. and Winton , J.R. 2009 . Extremophile extracts and enhancement techniques show promise for the development of a live vaccine against Flavobacterium columnare . Cryobiology , 59 : 158 – 163 .
  • O’Connor , E.M. and Shand , R.F. 2002 . Halocins and sulfolobicins: The emerging story of archaeal protein and peptide antibiotics . J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 28 : 23 – 31 .
  • Alberola , A. , Meseguer , I. , Torreblanca , M. , Moya , A. , Sancho , S. , Polo , B. , Soria , B. and Such , L. 1998 . Halocin H7 decreases infarct size and ectopic beats after myocardial reperfusion in dogs . J. Physiol. , 509 : 148
  • Sánchez , L.A. , Gómez , F.F. and Delgado , O.D. 2009 . Cold‐adapted microorganisms as a source of new antimicrobials . Extremophiles , 13 : 111 – 120 .
  • Jacquemet , A. , Barbeau , J. , Lemiègre , L. and Benvegnu , T. 2009 . Archeal tetraether bipolar lipids: Structures, functions and applications . Biochimie , 91 : 711 – 717 .
  • Tolson , D.L. , Latta , R.K. , Patel , G.B. and Sprott , G.D. 1996 . Uptake of archaeobacterial liposomes and conventional liposomes by phagocytic cells . J. Liposome Res. , 6 : 755 – 776 .
  • Stierle , A.A. , Stierle , D.B. and Kelly , K. 2006 . Berkelic acid, a novel spiroketal with selective anticancer activity from an acid mine waste fungal extremophile . J. Org. Chem. , 71 : 5357 – 5360 .
  • Molinski , T.F. , Dalisay , D.S. , Lievens , S.L. and Saludes , J.P. 2009 . Drug development from marine natural products . Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery , 8 : 69 – 85 .
  • Glaser , K.B. and Mayer , A.M.S. 2009 . A renaissance in marine pharmacology: From preclinical curiosity to clinical reality . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 78 : 440 – 448 .
  • Bailly , C. 2009 . Ready for a comeback of natural products in oncology . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 77 : 1447 – 1457 .
  • Singh , R. , Sharma , M. , Joshi , P. and Rawat , D.S. 2008 . Clinical status of anti‐cancer agents derived from marine sources . Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. , 8 : 603 – 617 .
  • Simmons , T.L. , Andrianasolo , E. , McPhail , K. , Flatt , P. and Gerwick , W.H. 2005 . Marine natural products as anti‐cancer drugs . Mol. Cancer Ther. , 4 : 333 – 342 .
  • Carter , N.J. and Kearn , S.J. 2010 . Trabectidin: A review of its use in soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer . Drugs , 70 : 335 – 376 .
  • Johnson , A.C. and Castenholz , R.W. 2000 . Preliminary observations of the benthic cyanobacteria of Waldo Lake and their potential contribution to lake productivity . Lake and Reservoir Manage. , 16 : 85 – 90 .
  • Stevenson , C.S. , Capper , E.A. , Roshak , A.K. , Marquez , B. , Grace , K. , Gerwick , W.H. , Jacobs , R.S. and Marshall , L.A. 2002 . Scytonemin – a marine natural inhibitor of kinases key in hyperproliferative inflammatory diseases . Inflamm. Res. , 51 : 112 – 114 .
  • Polton , G. 2008 . Getting started with veterinary chemotherapy . Irish Vet. J. , 61 : 468 – 472 .
  • Haskell , S.R.R. 2008 . “ Blackwell’s Five‐Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant ” . 400 – 402 . Oxford : Wiley‐Blackwell .
  • Jing , Y. , He , Z. and Yang , X. 2007 . Role of soil rhizobacteria in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils . J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B , 8 : 192 – 207 .
  • Nies , D.H. 2000 . Heavy‐metal resistant bacteria as extremophiles: Molecular physiology and biotechnological use of Ralstonia sp. CH34 . Extremophiles , 4 : 77 – 82 .
  • McEntee , M.C. 2006 . Veterinary radiation therapy: Review and current state of the art . J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. , 42 : 94 – 109 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.