Treatment of bypass wastewater using potassium ferrate(VI): assessing the role of mixing

References

• National Research Council. Water Reuse: Potential for Expanding the Nation’s Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Wiener M, Jafvert C, Nies L. The assessment of water use and reuse through reported data: A US case study. Sci Total Environ. 2016;539:70–77. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice J, Wutich A, White D, et al. Comparing actual de facto wastewater reuse and its public acceptability: a three city case study. Sustain Cities Soc. 2016;27:467–474. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struck S, Rowney A, Pechacek L. Innovative approaches for Urban watershed wet-weather flow management and control. Cincinnati (OH): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• City of Edmonton. The city of Edmonton combined sewer overflow (CSO) control Strategy - implementation plan. Edmonton; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Emerging technologies for wastewater treatment and in-plant wet weather management. Virginia: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Elnakar H, Buchanan I. The role of mixing in potassium ferrate(VI) consumption kinetics and disinfection of bypass wastewater. J Environ Manage. 2019;231:515–523. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang J-Q. Research progress in the use of ferrate(VI) for the environmental remediation. J Hazard Mater. 2007;146:617–623. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang J-Q, Lloyd B. Progress in the development and use of ferrate(VI) salt as an oxidant and coagulant for water and wastewater treatment. Water Res. 2002;36:1397–1408. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00358-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma VK. Potassium ferrate(VI): an environmentally friendly oxidant. Adv Environ Res. 2002;6:143–156. doi: 10.1016/S1093-0191(01)00119-8
   Google Scholar
• Tien KT, Graham N, Jiang J-Q. Evaluating the coagulation performance of ferrate: a preliminary study. In: Sharma VK, editor. Ferrates. ACS Symposium Series. Washington (DC): American Chemical Society; 2008. p. 292–305.
   Google Scholar
• Wood RH. The heat, free energy and entropy of the ferrate(VI) Ion. J Am Chem Soc. 1958;80:2038–2041. doi: 10.1021/ja01542a002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush J, Zhao Z, Bielski B. Reaction of ferrate(VI)/ferrate(V) with hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion - a stopped-flow and premix pulse radiolysis study. Free Radic Res. 1996;24:187–198. doi: 10.3109/10715769609088016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma VK, Chen L, Zboril R. Review on high valent FeVI (ferrate): a sustainable green oxidant in organic chemistry and transformation of pharmaceuticals. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2016;4:18–34. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang J-Q, Wang S, Panagoulopoulos A. The role of potassium ferrate(VI) in the inactivation of Escherichia coli and in the reduction of COD for water remediation. Desalination. 2007;210:266–273. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.05.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham NJD, Khoi TT, Jiang J-Q. Oxidation and coagulation of humic substances by potassium ferrate. Water Sci. Technol. 2010;62:929–936. doi: 10.2166/wst.2010.369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLuca SJ, Chao AC, Smallwood C. Ames test of ferrate treated water. J Environ Eng. 1983;109:1159–1167. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1983)109:5(1159)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf & Eddy Inc. Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse. Tchobanoglous G, Burton LF, Stensel HD, editors, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Vadasarukkai YS, Gagnon GA. Application of low-mixing energy input for the coagulation process. Water Res. 2015;84:333–341. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.07.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornwell DA, Bishop MM. Determining velocity gradients in laboratory and full-scale systems. J. Am. Water Work. Assoc. 1983;75:470–475. doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1983.tb05197.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field R. Combined sewer overflow seminar papers. Washington (DC): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1973.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Combined sewer overflow technology fact sheet: Alternative disinfection methods. Washington (DC): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Schink T, Waite TD. Inactivation of f2 virus with ferrate (VI). Water Res. 1980;14:1705–1717. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(80)90106-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu L, Page MA, Sigstam T, et al. Inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 with potassium ferrate(VI). Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46:12079–12087. doi: 10.1021/es3031962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazama F. Viral inactivation by potassium ferrate. Water Sci Technol. 1995;31:165–168. doi: 10.2166/wst.1995.0591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandala ER, Miranda J, Beltran M, et al. Wastewater disinfection and organic matter removal using ferrate (VI) oxidation. J Water Health. 2009;7:507–513. doi: 10.2166/wh.2009.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Liu W. Effectiveness of ferrate (VI) preoxidation in enhancing the coagulation of surface waters. Water Res. 2002;36:4959–4962. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00224-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberta Government. Wastewater systems standards for performance and design. Stand Guidel Munic waterworks, wastewater storm Drain. Syst. Alberta Queen’s Printer; 2013. p. 42.
   Google Scholar
• APHA AWWA WEF. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed Washington (DC): APHA-AWWA-WEF; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson G, Ockerman L, Schreyer J. Preparation and purification of potassium ferrate VI. J Am Chem Soc. 1951;425:67–69.
   Google Scholar
• Henze M, Comeau Y, et al. Wastewater characterization. In: Henze M, Loosdrecht MCM, van, Ekama GA, editor. Biological wastewater treatment: principles, modelling and design . London: IWA Publishing; 2008. p. 21.
   Google Scholar
• Olson JH, Stout LE. Mixing and cemical reactions. In: Uhl VW, Gray JB, editor. Mixing: theory and practice, vol. 2. London; 1967. p. 340.
   Google Scholar
• NSF, U.S. EPA. Performance of induction mixers for disinfection of wet weather flows. Bradley (IL): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Shah SIA, Kostiuk LW, Kresta SM. The effects of mixing, reaction rates, and stoichiometry on yield for mixing sensitive reactions - part I: model development. Int J Chem Eng. 2012;2012:1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Cho M, Lee Y, Choi W, et al. Study on Fe(VI) species as a disinfectant: Quantitative evaluation and modeling for inactivating Escherichia coli. Water Res. 2006;40:3580–3586. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.05.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang J-Q, Wang S, Panagoulopoulos A. The exploration of potassium ferrate(VI) as a disinfectant/coagulant in water and wastewater treatment. Chemosphere. 2006;63:212–219. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon JH, Kim IK, Park KY, et al. Removal of phosphorus and coliforms from secondary effluent using ferrate(VI). KSCE J Civ Eng. 2014;18:81–85. doi: 10.1007/s12205-013-0024-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amirtharajah A, Mills KM. Rapid-mix design for mechanisms of alum coagulation. J Am Water Works Assoc. 1982;74:210–216. doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1982.tb04890.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kralchevska RP, Prucek R, Kolařík J, et al. Remarkable efficiency of phosphate removal: ferrate(VI)-induced in situ sorption on core-shell nanoparticles. Water Res. 2016;103:83–91. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y, Zimmermann SG, Kieu AT, et al. Ferrate (Fe(VI)) application for municipal wastewater treatment: a novel process for simultaneous micropollutant oxidation and phosphate removal. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43:3831–3838. doi: 10.1021/es803588k
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ontario Government. F-5-5: Determination of treatment requirements for municipal and private combined [Internet]. Guidel. F-5 Levels Treat. Munic. Priv. Sew. Treat. Work. Discharging to Surf. Waters. 2016 [cited 2019 Jan 6]. Available from: https://www.ontario.ca/page/f-5-5-determination-treatment-requirements-municipal-and-private-combined#section-5.
   Google Scholar
• CCME. Canada-wide strategy for the management of municipal wastewater effluent. Winnipeg (MB): Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excerta, and greywater. Geneva: WHO Press, World Health Organization; 2006.
   Google Scholar