Improved borate fusion technique for determination of rare earth elements in electronic waste components

References

• Stehrer T, Heitz J, Pedarnig JD, et al. LA-ICP-MS analysis of waste polymer materials. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010 Sep 1;398(1):415–424. doi:10.1007/s00216-010-3963-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costa VC, Aquino FWB, Paranhos CM, et al. Identification and classification of polymer e-waste using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and chemometric tools. Polym Test. 2017;59:390–395. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.02.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquino FW, Santos JM, Carvalho RR, et al. Obtaining information about valuable metals in computer and mobile phone scraps using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). RSC Adv. 2015;5(82):67001–67010. doi:10.1039/C5RA07609A.
   Google Scholar
• Schramm R. Use of X-ray fluorescence analysis for the determination of rare earth elements. Phys Sci Rev. 2016 Sep 30;1(9). doi:10.1515/psr-2016-0061.
   Google Scholar
• Duarte AT, Dessuy MB, Silva MM, et al. Determination of cadmium and lead in plastic material from waste electronic equipment using solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem J. 2010 Sep 1;96(1):102–107. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2010.02.008.
   Google Scholar
• Andrade DF, Machado RC, Pereira-Filho ER. Proposition of electronic waste as a reference material–part 2: homogeneity, stability, characterization, and uncertainties. J Anal At Spectrom. 2019;34(12):2402–2410. doi:10.1039/c9ja00284g.
   Google Scholar
• Maragkos KG, Hahladakis JN, Gidarakos E. Qualitative and quantitative determination of heavy metals in waste cellular phones. Waste Manage. 2013 Sep 1;33(9):1882–1889. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norom IC, Osibanjo O, Okechukwu K, et al. Evaluation of heavy metal release from the disposal of waste computer monitors at an open dump. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development. 2010 Aug;1(3):227–233. doi:10.7763/ijesd.2010.v1.44.
   Google Scholar
• Das S, Ting YP. Evaluation of wet digestion methods for quantification of metal content in electronic scrap material. Resources. 2017 Dec;6(4):64. doi:10.3390/resources6040064.
   Google Scholar
• Knoop J, Oppermann U, Schram J. Interference-free determination of REEs in electronic waste using ICP optical emission spectroscopy. J Chem Chem Eng. 2014;8(6):635–640.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira JS, Krzyzaniak SR, Picoloto RS, et al. Determination of inorganic contaminants in electrical and electronic equipment after digestion using microwave-assisted single reaction chamber. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2017;28(9):1657–1664. doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20160317.
   Google Scholar
• Adams ML, Chaudri AM, Rousseau I, et al. A practical evaluation of microwave and conventional wet digestion techniques for the determination of Cd, Cu and Zn in wheat grain. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 2003 Apr 1;83(4):307–314. doi:10.1080/0306731031000083988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishak I, Rosli FD, Mohamed J, et al. Comparison of digestion methods for the determination of trace elements and heavy metals in human hair and nails. The Malaysian J Med Sci: MJMS. 2015 Nov;22(6):11–20. PMID: 28223880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuboyama K, Sasaki N, Nakagome Y, et al. Wet digestion. Anal Chem. 2005;360:184–191. doi:10.1016/B0-12-369397-7/00539-2.
   Google Scholar
• Ehi-Eromosele CO, Adaramodu AA, Anake WU, et al. Comparison of three methods of digestion for trace metal analysis in surface dust collected from an ewaste recycling site. Nature Sci. 2012;10(10):1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Dimitrakakis E, Janz A, Bilitewski B, et al. Determination of heavy metals and halogens in plastics from electric and electronic waste. Waste Manage. 2009 Oct 1;29(10):2700–2706. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mello PA, Diehl LO, Oliveira JS, et al. Plasma-based determination of inorganic contaminants in waste of electric and electronic equipment after microwave-induced combustion. Spectrochim Acta Part B. 2015 Mar 1;105:95–102. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2014.09.002.
   Google Scholar
• Oguchi M, Sakanakura H, Terazono A, et al. Fate of metals contained in waste electrical and electronic equipment in a municipal waste treatment process. Waste Manage. 2012 Jan 1. doi:org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.012.
   Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez SC, Coulon F, Jiang Y, et al. Rare earth elements and critical metal content of extracted landfilled material and potential recovery opportunities. Waste Manage. 2015 Aug 1;42:128–136. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Li Y, Ma X, et al. Comparison of dry ashing, wet ashing and microwave digestion for determination of trace elements in periostracum serpentis and periostracum cicadae by ICP-AES. J Chil Chem Soc. 2013 Sep;58(3):1876–1879. doi:10.4067/s0717-97072013000300018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida S, Tagami K, Tabei K. Comparison of alkaline fusion and acid digestion methods for the determination of rhenium in rock and soil samples by ICP-MS. Anal Chim Acta. 2005 Apr 11;535(1-2):317–323. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.065.
   Google Scholar
• Panteeva SV, Gladkochoub DP, Donskaya TV, et al. Determination of 24 trace elements in felsic rocks by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after lithium metaborate fusion. Spectrochim Acta Part B. 2003 Feb 3;58(2):341–350. doi:10.1016/s0584-8547(02)00151-9.
   Google Scholar
• Pinto FG, Junior RE, Saint'Pierre TD. Sample preparation for determination of rare earth elements in geological samples by ICP-MS: a critical review. Anal Lett. 2012 Aug 1;45(12):1537–1556. doi:10.1080/00032719.2012.677778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makombe M, van der Horst C, Silwana B, et al. Antimony film sensor for sensitive rare earth metal analysis in environmental samples. J Environ Sci Health. Part A. 2016 Jul 2;51(8):597–606. doi:10.1080/10934529.2016.1159857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang S, Sholkovitz ER, Conte MH. Application of high-temperature fusion for analysis of major and trace elements in marine sediment trap samples. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 2007 Jan;5(1):13–22. doi:10.4319/lom.2007.5.13.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos SS, Cubillos MJ, Adelantado JG, et al. Quantitative analysis of chromite ores using glass discs in moderate dilutions of lithium tetraborate by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. X-Ray Spectrometry: An Int J. 2006 Jul;35(4):243–248. doi:10.1002/xrs.902.
   Google Scholar
• Aguirre MÁ, Hidalgo M, Canals A, et al. Analysis of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and multivariate analysis. Talanta. 2013;117:419–424. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.046.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holgersson S, Steenari BM, Björkman M, et al. Analysis of the metal content of small-size waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) printed circuit boards—part 1: internet routers, mobile phones and smartphones. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2018 Jun 1;133:300–308. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.02.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terena LM, Neto AA, Gimenes ML, et al. Characterisation of printed circuit boards of mobile phones discarded in Brazil. Chem Eng Trans. 2017 Mar 20;56:1945–1950. doi:1756325.
   Google Scholar
• Yamane LH, de Moraes VT, Espinosa DCR, et al. Recycling of WEEE: characterization of spent printed circuit boards from mobile phones and computers. Waste Manage. 2011;31(12):2553–2558. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malherbe J, Claverie F, Alvarez A, et al. Elemental analyses of soil and sediment fused with lithium borate using isotope dilution laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 2013 Sep 2;793:72–78. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.031.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Makombe M, Van der Horst C, Silwana B, et al. Optimisation of parameters for spectroscopic analysis of rare earth elements in sediment samples. INTECH: Rijeka, Croatia. 2017 Jul 26: 63–81. doi:10.5772/intechopen.68280.
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe M. Sample preparation for X-ray fluorescence analysis IV. Fusion bead method part 1 basic principals. Rigaku J. 2015 Aug 21;31(2):12–17.
   Google Scholar
• Ling MX, Liu Y, Zhang H, et al. Sample preparation and X-ray fluorescence analysis of sulfide ores. Anal Lett. 2014 Jun 13;47(9):1598–1605. doi:10.1080/00032719.2013.876542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loubser M, Strydom C, Potgieter H. A thermogravimetric analysis study of volatilization of flux mixtures used in XRF sample preparation. X-Ray Spectrometry: An Int J. 2004 May;33(3):212–215. doi:10.1002/xrs.700.
   Google Scholar
• Claisse F. Glass disks and solutions by fusion for users of claisse fluxers. Corporation Scientifique Claisse Inc., Saint-Foy, Quebec. 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Gaines PR. ICP operations guide. A guide for using ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Inorganic Ventures. 2011;1:4–8.
   Google Scholar